Orientadores: Christiane de Arruda Rodrigues, Rodnei Bertazzoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T16:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_JulianaPiresde_M.pdf: 2352216 bytes, checksum: 36449200a80f1740bb7e26db1412d9de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Na indústria de cloro-soda, há um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de tecnologias que resultem numa redução do consumo de energia destinado ao processo de produção de cloro. As células eletroquímicas empregadas no processo cloro-soda são: Mercúrio, Diafragma e Membrana. Atualmente está havendo uma substituição progressiva dos processos empregando mercúrio e difragma por células com membranas trocadoras de íons, pois este processo apresenta melhor eficiência, menor gasto energético e a não geração de resíduos tóxicos. O objetivo deste trabalho envolve a aplicação de eletrodos de difusão gasosa (EDG) modificado com catalisador ferro para a redução do oxigênio, visando à otimização da produção de cloro e maior economia energética nos processos de cloro-soda. Na produção do EDG empregou-se a adição de catalisador ferro nas seguintes proporções: 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% (m/m) em relação à massa de carbono Printex 6L. Duas granulometrias de partículas do catalisador Fe foram empregadas para o preparo dos eletrodos. Ensaios voltamétricos foram realizados para avaliar o efeito da introdução do catalisador de Fe no EDG na reação de redução do oxigênio, além de identificar qual a melhor concentração de Fe e granulometria do catalisador. Os ensaios de voltametria foram realizados em uma célula de compartimento único na temperatura de 25 ºC e solução de trabalho NaOH 320 g/L. Em seguida, ensaios de eletrólises foram realizados para avaliar o desempenho dos EDG, modificado ou não com catalisador Fe, na geração de cloro e DDP da célula, empregando as melhores condições de operação encontradas nos estudos voltamétricos. Os ensaios de eletrólise foram realizados em uma célula com dois compartimentos, separados por uma membrana catiônica Náfion® N242. Nos ensaios de eletrólise foi utilizada uma solução de NaOH 320 g/L, com temperatura de 25 ºC, no compartimento catódico e no compartimento anódico, uma solução de NaCl 250 g/L com temperatura de 70 ºC. A condição de trabalho que apresentou maior redução do consumo de energia e maior geração de cloro foi empregando o EDG com 10% Fe com tamanho de partículas em torno de 0,16 mm2. Comparado ao EDG sem catalisador, verificou-se uma redução no gasto energético de aproximadamente 66%. Isto comprova que o metal de transição Fe atua como o centro ativo e que a atividade eletrocatalítica depende principalmente das propriedades redox do eletrodo modificado / Abstract: The interesting in the developing of technologies that contribute in a reduction of energy consumption in chlor-alkali process is growing. The electrochemical cells used in production of chlorine area: Mercury, Diaphragm and membrane. Currently, the mercury and diaphragm cell have been replaced for membrane technology because this cell is more efficient, presents low energy consumption and does not generate toxic waste. The main of this work involves the investigation the performance of gaseous diffusion electrodes modified with particles of iron, for reduction of oxygen in the production of chorine during the electrolysis of brine. In preparing the cathodes of diffusion of oxygen, was used a mass precursor, composed of carbonaceous pigment Printex and suspension of the PTFE powder. The catalyst was introduced in form of Fe metal power in the following percentages: 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% (m/m). For sintering of the electrode of gaseous diffusion (GDE) was weighed 0.2 g of mass precursor and placed on the mold. The mold was heated to a temperature of 340ºC for the sintering of the electrode, under pressure of 146 Kgf/cm2 for 2 hours. After sintering, the electrodes were tested for permeability. In next stage, the electrodes of gaseous diffusion were used in voltammetric studies to examine the influence of catalyst in the reactions of reduction of oxygen in the GDE and identify the best grain size and percentage of iron in electrode. Then, the tests were performed using a single cell compartment, with the type DSA® as counter electrode and the Ag/AgCl as reference electrode in 320 g/L NaOH solution at 25ºC. After, the electrolysis were performed using constant current electrolysis to the GDE or pyrolytic graphite as cathode and DSA® as anode. These tests were carried out in a cell with two compartments, separated by a membrane cationic Nafion N242. The anolyte was a solution of 250 g/L NaCl at 70 ºC and the catholyte was a solution of 320 g/L NaOH, at 25 ºC. During the electrolysis the chorine dissolved in the form of hypochlorite and chlorine gas were quantified by iodometry titration. The electrode that had a better performance in chlorine generation and lower energy consumption was modified with Fe 10% (m/m) with small particle size. This electrode shown around 66% reduction of energy consumption when compared to GDE without iron metal catalyst. This behavior proves that the transition metal Fe acting as the active center and that the electrocatalytic activity depends mainly on the redox properties of the modified electrode / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

This thesis concerns the development and the study of Iron-based water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) and how to immobilize them onto the hydrophobic surface of a carbon paste electrode. In the introductory chapter a general background of the field of water splitting and this thesis is given. In the second chapter, experimental performance is described from synthesis to measurements of a complete complex-doped electrode. The third chapter deals with the results and the discussion of the performed experiments. In chapter four, a descriptive conclusion of the obtained data is held. / Det här arbetet berör studien och utvecklingen utav järnbaserade katalysatorer, speciellt framtagna för för delning utav vatten. Utöver detta undersöks även om dessa katalysatorer (WOCs) kan immobiliseras på den hydrofoba ytan hos elektroder gjorda på kol-pasta. I det inledande kapitlet ges en generell bakgrund till området som berör delning utav vatten. I det andra kapitlet presenteras det experimentella utförandet utav synteser samt elektrokemiska mätningar som berörts under arbetets gång i jakten på en komplexdopad elektrod. I det tredje kapitlet diskuteras resultaten från mätningarna samt möjliga framtidsutsikter. I det fjärde kapitlet presenteras slutsatserna utav studien.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20391号 / 工博第4328号 / 新制||工||1671(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科物質エネルギー化学専攻 / (主査)教授 中村 正治, 教授 辻 康之, 教授 小澤 文幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of iron catalyst thickness on the straightness of growth of carbon nanotube microelectromechanical systems (CNT-MEMS). One of the key benefits of CNT-MEMS is that they can potentially have very high aspect ratios. One of the challenges in attaining these high aspect ratios is maintaining device straightness; as these devices get taller, the edges tend to curve rather than grow straight vertically. Scanning electron mi- croscope images of samples grown using various iron catalyst thicknesses show that both straight growth and relatively good edge definition can be achieved using iron thicknesses between 7 and 8 nm. Below this thickness, individual CNT are well-aligned, but CNT forests are not necessarily straight. Above this thickness, the CNT forests are relatively straight, but individual CNT are not well-aligned and edge definition is very poor. Iron availability for CNT growth is also affected by a device's or feature's proximity to other regions of iron. By using an iron catalyst thickness ap- propriate for straight growth, and by adding borders of iron around features or devices, a designer can greatly improve straightness of growth for CNT-MEMS.

This work investigates a novel iron Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalyst preparation and describes the development of a trickle fixed-bed recycle reactor model (TFBRRM) for the FT synthesis applicable to both iron and cobalt catalysts. The iron catalyst preparation was developed using a novel solvent deficient precipitation reaction. Fifteen Fe/Cu/K/SiO2 catalysts were prepared to investigate key preparation variables including timing of promoter addition, washing or not washing after precipitation, and drying temperature. Adding promoters to starting materials before precipitation (1S) gives more uniform promoter distributions which gives higher water-gas shift activity and lower methane selectivity. Unwashed catalysts have smaller average pore and crystallite diameters (3.9-10.8 nm versus 15.3-29.5 nm) and 30% smaller pore volumes, but 65% higher rates of reaction than washed catalysts. Catalysts dried first at 100 °C have up to 50% smaller average pore and crystallite diameters, but 10-20% higher rates of reaction than catalysts dried first at 60 °C. Overall, 1S catalysts, left unwashed, and dried first at 100 °C are best suited in activity, selectivity, and stability for wax production from hydrogen-deficient feed stocks such as coal, biomass, or municipal waste. The activity of the most active catalyst of this study is greater than or equal to the activities of two of three catalysts reported in the literature. This dissertation describes in detail the TFBRRM, reports its validation, and presents results of varying fundamental, theoretically-based parameters (e.g. effective diffusivity, Prandtl number, friction factor, etc.) as well as physical process parameters (i.e. recycle ratio, pressure, flow rate, tube diameter, cooling temperature, and pellet diameter and shape). For example, the model predicts that decreasing effective diffusivity from 7.1E-9 to 2.8E-9 m^2/s results in a lower maximum temperature (from 523 to 518 K) and a longer required bed length to achieve 60% conversion of CO (from 5.7 to 8.5 m). Using the Tallmadge equation to estimate friction losses as recommended by the author results in a pressure drop 40% smaller than using the Ergun equation. Validation of the model was accomplished by matching published full-scale plant data from the SASOL Arge reactors.

Den internationella medvetenheten om hotet med växthusgaser har bidragit till en prioriterad utveckling av alternativa och rena tekniker baserade på förnybara i stället för fossila bränslen. Biomassaförgasning är en teknik för framställning av icke-fossil energigas från biomassa. Den har flera tillämpningsområden, vilket bland annat inkluderar kraftgenerering genom förbränning i motorer. Ett av huvudproblemen med denna teknik är produktionen av tjärföreningar under processen. Detta leder till ett behov av ett gasrenings- och uppgraderingssteg med hjälp av en katalytisk bäddreaktor, vilket ökar kostnaderna och minskar den termiska effektiviteten. Nickel är den vanligast använda katalysatorn för ångreformering, men den är tyvärr giftig. I detta projekt studeras järn, som ett alternativ till nickel. Järn är miljövänlig, giftfri och mer rikligt förekommande jämfört med nickel. Specifikt så användes ett sintrat järnpulver tillverkat av Höganäs AB, Sverige, med toluen som en modellförening för tjära. För att förstå hur oxidationen av järn och järnoxider fungerar mer i detalj under den katalytiska omvandlingen så utfördes testerna med ånga och toluen en temperatur av 750°C och ett tryck av 1 bar. I experimenten observerades att ju större mängd ånga som tillfördes till reaktorn, desto fler problem observerades under katalytiska processen. Den negativa effekten av oxidationen av järnkatalysatorn var mycket större än de fördelar som ånga normalt har på den katalytiska processen. / The international community’s awareness of the danger of greenhouse gases has contributed to prioritising the development of alternative and clean technologies, using renewable sources, over fossil fuels. Biomass gasification is a technology for the production of non-fossil synthesis gas from biomass. It has numerous applications including power generation through combustion in engines. One of the main problems with this technology is the production of tars during the process. This leads to the need to implement a gas cleaning and upgrading step using a catalytic bed reactor, which increases costs and reduces thermal efficiency. nickel is the common catalyst for steam reforming but it is toxic. Therefore, to overcome these drawbacks and to be environmentally friendly, iron, a non-toxic and more abundant catalyst, was used in this project. Specifically, sintered iron powder manufactured at Höganäs AB, Sweden, was used and toluene was taken as the model tar compound.  To understand the iron reactions in more detail, namely the behaviour of iron oxidation during re- forming, the toluene tests were carried out with steam as gasification agent at a temperature of 750°C and pressures below 1 bar. In the experiments, it was observed that the higher the amount of steam in the reactor, the more problems were observed in the catalyst. The negative effect of the oxidation of the catalyst far outweighed the benefits that steam could have on the catalysis.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A reaÃÃo de sÃntese de Fischer-Tropsch tem merecido grande atenÃÃo pelo seu interesse tecnolÃgico e cientÃfico. Este interesse està associado a conversÃo do gÃs natural em produtos lÃquidos de alta qualidade (gasolina e diesel) e elevado valor agregado. No presente trabalho à descrito a metodologia empregada na sÃntese e caracterizaÃÃo de catalisadores de ferro usados na sÃntese de Fischer-Tropsch, com Ãnfase nos catalisadores suportados em sÃlica e catalisadores industriais (utilizados na sÃntese de amÃnia) promovidos com potÃssio e cobre. Pretende-se com esta discussÃo, identificar possÃveis vias para o desenvolvimento de catalisadores mais ativos e seletivos, variando a composiÃÃo do promotor estrutural para fins de otimizar a distribuiÃÃo dos produtos em fraÃÃes de hidrocarbonetos especÃficos (gasolina, diesel e graxa). A reaÃÃo foi conduzida em um reator de leito de lama. O estudo seguiu um planejamento experimental do tipo fatorial quadrado com ponto central e os resultados foram analisados baseados na metodologia dos grÃficos de superfÃcie de respostas. Os efeitos das diferentes condiÃÃes operacionais (temperatura e pressÃo) e dos diferentes teores de potÃssio na distribuiÃÃo dos produtos lÃquidos foram comparados baseados nos cromatogramas, nÃmero mÃdio de carbono (Nn) e no grau de dispersÃo dos produtos. Para todos os catalisadores de ferro empregados neste trabalho, observou-se um aumento no Ãndice que representa o comprimento da cadeia de hidrocarboneto (Nn) com o aumento do teor de potÃssio. Indicando um maior grau de polimerizaÃÃo para os catalisadores de ferro suportados com 18K em ralaÃÃo aos outros (12K, 6K e industrial). Os resultados mostram que, para catalisadores suportados, em pressÃes elevadas (25 e 30atm) favorecem a produÃÃo de graxa, enquanto a seletividade para hidrocarbonetos lÃquidos à favorecida a baixa pressÃo (20atm) e baixa temperatura (240ÂC). Para os catalisadores industriais, observou-se um aumento na fraÃÃo graxa em baixas temperaturas (240-255ÂC) e elevadas pressÃes (30atm). Contudo, os resultados de todas as corridas para o catalisador suportado e o industrial promovido e nÃo-promovido apresentaram quantidades significativas de n-parafinas com no mÃximo 35 Ãtomos de carbono que pode ser causados atravÃs das limitaÃÃes geomÃtricas e espaciais dentro dos poros do catalisador que tambÃm podem explicar o motivo pelo qual o Ãndice de dispersÃo da distribuiÃÃo de hidrocarbonetos serem mais baixos para um maior nÃmero de carbonos mÃdio. / The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has been focus of attention of the scientific and industrial community. This interest is related to the conversion of natural gas into high quality liquid products, such as gasoline and diesel, which have high commercial value. In this work the methodology applied to synthesize and characterize iron-based catalyst used in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was described. Emphasis was given to catalysts supported in silica and to industrial catalysts (used in the synthesis of ammonia) impregnated with potassium and copper. The catalysts were tested to identify more active and selective catalysts, changing the amount of structural promoter in order to optimize the product distribution of specific hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel, wax). The reaction was carried out in a slurry phase reactor. The experiments followed a 22 factorial experimental planning with central point and the results were analyzed based on the surface response methodology. The effects of the operating conditions (temperature and pressure) and of the amount of potassium in the catalyst on the liquid product distribution were compared based on the chromatographs, number average number of carbons (Nn) and distribution dispersion. In all iron based catalyst used in the research, the number average number of carbons (Nn) increased with increasing amount of potassium in the catalyst formulation. This result indicates that the catalyst with 18 K supported in silica showed the highest degree of polymerization in comparison with all other catalysts produced in this research. The results showed that for the catalyst supported in silica high pressures (25 to 30 atm) favor the production of wax, while higher selectivity towards liquid fuels was favored by low pressure (20 atm) and low temperature (240ÂC). For the industrial catalyst, an increase in the wax cat was observed at low temperatures (240-255ÂC) and high pressures (30 atm). The experiments carried out with the both catalysts (silica-supported and alumina-supported) have presented significant amounts of n-paraffins with a maximum of 35 carbons and low dispersion of the product distribution which can be caused by space limitations within the catalyst pores.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Diante das atuais exigÃncias ambientais e uma possÃvel instabilidade no mercado internacional de petrÃleo, o processo de SÃntese de Fischer-Tropsch (SFT) representa uma nova trajetÃria tecnolÃgica na busca de combustÃveis alternativos limpos. A SFT Ã uma reaÃÃo de polimerizaÃÃo, na qual o gÃs de sÃntese (H2 + CO) reage na presenÃa de um catalisador produzindo uma mistura de hidrocarbonetos. A fim de se estudar o efeito das condiÃÃes operacionais (temperatura e pressÃo) e do teor de lÃtio como promotor em catalisadores de ferro para a (SFT) foram sintetizados trÃs catalisadores suportados em sÃlica. A composiÃÃo desses catalisadores em base molar seguiu o padrÃo: 100Fe/5Cu/24K/240SiO2, variando apenas a concentraÃÃo de lÃtio, em 06Li, 12Li e 24Li. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados atravÃs das tÃcnicas de fluorescÃncia de raios-X, difraÃÃo de raios-X, anÃlise termogravimÃtrica, anÃlise textural e reduÃÃo a temperatura programada. Foi realizado um planejamento experimental fatorial para cada catalisador e as variÃveis respostas selecionadas foram o nÃmero mÃdio de carbono (Nm), a dispersÃo e a curtose da distribuiÃÃo dos produtos. A pressÃo variou de 240 a 270ÂC e a pressÃo de 20 a 30 atm. As reaÃÃes foram conduzidas em um reator de leito de lama de alta pressÃo e os produtos gerados foram analisados por cromatografia gasosa e identificados atravÃs de padrÃes internos e quantificados a partir de balanÃos molares e programa computacional de estimativa de Ãrea dos picos. A distribuiÃÃo de hidrocarbonetos resultantes da reaÃÃo da SÃntese de Fischer-Tropsch apresentou comportamento de uma distribuiÃÃo normal para fraÃÃo diesel e graxa, semelhante ao comportamento de uma Gaussiana para todos os catalisadores nas condiÃÃes estudadas. Os produtos lÃquidos obtidos nas corridas experimentais da SFT sÃo constituÃdos principalmente de n-parafinas. Os resultados de todos os experimentos para os trÃs tipos de catalisador apresentaram quantidades significativas de n-parafinas na faixa de 20 a 36 Ãtomos de carbono. A anÃlise estatÃstica da perturbaÃÃo das variÃveis independentes do processo (temperatura, pressÃo e concentraÃÃo de lÃtio no catalisador) sobre o nÃmero mÃdio de carbonos mostra que apenas a concentraÃÃo de lÃtio no catalisador tem um efeito significativo para um intervalo de confianÃa de 90%. A concentraÃÃo de lÃtio apresenta influÃncia negativa, indicando que sua utilizaÃÃo desfavorece a produÃÃo de hidrocarbonetos de maior peso molecular. / New environmental regulations and a possible instability in the international oil market have led to a renewal interest in the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS), which is an alternative to produce more environmental friendly fuels. The FTS is a polymerization reaction, in which syngas (H2 + CO) reacts in the presence of catalyst to produce hydrocarbons. Three iron-based catalysts supported in silica and promoted with lithium were synthesized and the effects of lithium content and operating conditions (temperature and pressure) were studied. The composition of the catalysts was based on 100Fe/5Cu/24K/240SiO2 (molar basis) with varying lithium concentration 06Li, 12Li e 24Li. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, textural analysis and temperature programming reduction. An experimental planning was carried out for each catalyst, varying the temperature from 240 to 270 ÂC and the pressure from 20 to 30 atm. The answer variables were the average carbon number (Nm), dispersion and curtosis of the product distribution. The reactions were carried out in a slurry bed reactor and the products were analyzed by gas chromatography. The products were identified by means of internal standards and quantified by mass balance. The product distribution of the FTS presented a normal distribution in the diesel and wax region. The distribution was similar to a Gaussian curve for all catalysts. The liquid products consisted mainly of n-parafins. The results for all catalysts presented significant quantities of n-parafins in the range of 20 to 36 carbons. The perturbation analysis of the independent variables (temperature, pressure and lithium content) showed that only the lithium content has a significant effect over the average carbon number, at a 90% confidence level. The lithium content presented a negative effect over the average carbon number.

L'intérêt pour la synthèse de Fischer-Tropsch (FTS) est d'actualité. Elle permet la conversion de matière première (biomasse) en combustible liquide. Comparés aux catalyseurs à base de cobalt, ceux à base de fer présentent une désactivation rapide, une activité et une sélectivité faibles en produisant une quantité non désirable de CO2. Après plusieurs décennies d'études, l'origine de ces défauts reste méconnue. Les catalyseurs classiques sont généralement fortement chargés en fer (>70 wt.%) et composés de nombreuses phases empêchant l'établissement d'une relation structure-activité. Il est nécessaire de développer des catalyseurs contenant du fer plus actifs, plus sélectifs et plus stables par une approche rationnelle. La synthèse de nanoparticules de taille contrôlée (3.5 nm) encapsulées dans les murs d'une silicalite-1 creuse (Fe@hollow-silicalite-1) est présentée. L'encapsulation empêche le frittage pendant la synthèse de Fischer-Tropsch, permettant de garder une bonne dispersion du fer. Contrairement aux autres catalyseurs, le catalyseur Fe@hollow-silicalite-1actif ne produit pas de CO2. L'hydrophobicité de la silicalite-1 est très certainement à l'origine de la non-production de CO2 par inhibition de la réaction directe du gaz à l'eau. On démontre que le catalyseur Fe@hollow-silicalite-1convertit le CO2 en CO par réaction du gaz à l'eau inversée (R-WGS). Afin d'établir une relation structure-activité, des catalyseurs à base de fer de taille bien contrôlée sont synthétisés et caractérisés (MET, in-situ XANES, in-situ Mössbauer). Deux catégories de TOF suivant la taille des particules, ~10-2 s-1 pour les plus larges (>20 nm) et ~10-3 s-1 pour les plus petites, sont observées / Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is gaining renewed interests as it allows converting alternative feedstocks (biomass) into liquid fuels. Compared to Co-based catalysts, state of the art Fe catalysts show lower activity, faster deactivation and lower selectivity as it produces an undesirable amount of CO2. Despite decades of studies, the origins of low activity and selectivity and fast deactivation are still unclear. Typical Fe based catalysts are highly metal loaded (>70 wt.%) and composed of many different phases, which strongly impedes the establishment of structure-activity relationships. There is a need to develop more active, more selective and more stable iron FTS catalysts by rational approaches.The synthesis of well-controlled 3.5 nm iron nanoparticles encapsulated in the walls of a hollow-silicalite-1 zeolite (Fe@hollow-silicalite-1) is presented. The encapsulation prevents particle sintering under FTS conditions leading to a high and stable Fe dispersion. The catalyst Fe@hollow-silicalite-1 is active and highly selective in FTS. Most importantly, Fe@hollow-silicalite-1 does not produce CO2 in contrast to all other Fe-based catalysts. The strong hydrophobicity of the silicalite-1 is likely the origin of the lack of CO2 production by inhibition of the forward WGS reaction. We demonstrated that Fe@hollow-silicalite-1converts CO2 into CO by the reverse WGS reaction. In order to establish a structure-activity relationship, a series of Fe-based catalysts with well-controlled particle sizes were synthesized and characterized (TEM, in-situ XANES, in-situ Mössbauer, XRD). We observed two distinct categories of TOFs depending on the particle size, ~10-2 s-1 for larger (>20 nm) and ~10-3 s-1 for smaller ones

Higher alcohol synthesis (HAS) from syngas or biomass-derived syngas is an important process for the production of oxygenate fuels, fuel additives and other intermediates for valueded chemical feedstock to produce medicine, cosmetics, lubricants, detergents, and polyesters. Chapter I reviews biomass to liquid fuels technology, higher alcohols being used as alternative fuels and fuel additives, the historical perspective and commercial status of higher alcohols, the catalyst system and the reaction mechanism for HAS from syngas. Chapter II discusses the Zn-Mn promoted Cu-Fe based catalyst that was synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The reaction temperature has been tested to study the influence on the catalytic performance. The maximal CO conversion rate was 72%, and the yield of alcohol and hydrocarbon was also very high. Cu was the active site for alcohol synthesis, iron carbide was the active site for olefin and paraffin synthesis. The reaction mechanism of HAS from syngas over Zn-Mn promoted Cu-Fe based catalyst was proposed. Chapter III documents the three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) Cu-Fe catalyst developed using a glyoxylate route colloidal crystal template method. The high intrinsic activity was ascribed to three factors. First, the unique ordered structure has a large pore size and interconnected macroporous tunnels of the catalyst with a large accessible surface area to improve the catalytic activity. Second, a high density of uniformly distributed defective Cu0 and Fe5C2 nanoparticles derived from the glyoxylate route helps to provide abundant, active, and stable dual sites. Third, atomic steps on the Cu surface, induced by planar defects and lattice strain, serve as high-activity oxygenation sites. Active Fe5C2 chain-growth sites intimately surround the defective and strained form of the Cu surface, which results in a synergetic effect between the active and stable Cu–FexCy dual site for HAS. In Chapter IV, in situ ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ synchrotron powder diffraction were applied to identify the active site of 3DOM Cu-Fe catalyst for HAS. The results show that after syngas pretreatment of the 3DOM Cu-Fe catalyst, Cu0 is the active oxygenation site for alcohol synthesis, and Fe5C2 is the active site for carbon chain growth.