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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Filter Materials for Sorption of Cu and Zn in Stormwater Treatment: A Batch Equilibrium and Kinetic study

Norman, Per-Albin January 2018 (has links)
Urban stormwater is today recognized as a significant source of pollution that has contributed to the deterioration of water quality in lakes and streams. Of the pollutants, metals are commonly occurring in stormwater and can cause major damage when released into the receiving waters. A promising treatment method for removing these metals before it reaches the receiving waters is to filter the water in various filter technologies such as catch basin inserts. In this study, the potential of five materials to remove dissolved copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from stormwater was investigated. The study was initiated with batch equilibrium tests to assess the sorption capacity of the materials at different metal concentrations relevant for stormwater. This was done in both single and binary batches to investigate whether or not any competitive sorption occurred between the metals. Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models were adapted to the obtained data. Through geochemical modelling, it was also possible to investigate whether precipitation of metals was likely. Finally, kinetic studies were conducted to investigate whether the reaction rate of Cu and Zn was relevant in the context of catch basin inserts. The results showed that the biochar had the highest sorption capacity followed by peat, bark, milkweed, and polypropylene. It could also be noted that Cu competed with Zn binding sites at high concentrations and that the sorption capacity of biochar, peat and bark, at concentrations between 50-100 μg/l Cu and 50-500 μg/l Zn, was sufficient to meet the limits set for stormwater emissions. For these sorbents, the reaction rate was also significant. Kinetics tests showed that at an initial concentration of 1,000 μg/l, 83% of the metals were sorbed after 5 minutes and after 10 minutes this number was 93%. Bark and peat also showed low effluent pH and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The Langmuir and pseudo-second order equation could be well adapted to the data while geochemical modelling showed that precipitation of metals was unlikely. This suggests that chemical adsorption may be the mechanism that largely accounted for the removal of Cu and Zn. The results of this study can hardly be used to estimate the field performance of stormwater filters, but can be used as a basis for comparing and selecting sorbents for subsequent column tests. / I denna studie undersöktes potentialen för fem material att avskilja löst koppar (Cu) och zink (Zn) från dagvatten. Studien inleddes med skaktest för att testa sorptionsförmågan hos materialen vid olika metallkoncentrationer relevant för dagvatten. Detta gjordes i både singel och binära test för att undersöka om någon konkurrerande sorption skedde mellan metallerna. Langmuirs, Freundlichs och Sips isotermmodeller anpassades även till resultatet. Genom geokemisk modellering var det även möjlig att undersöka om utfällning av metaller var sannolik. Till sist gjordes kinetiska studier för att undersöka om reaktionshastigheten för sorption av Cu och Zn till filtermaterialen var relevanta i ett brunnsfiltersammanhang. Resultaten visar att biokol hade den största sorptionsförmågan följt av torv, bark, sidenört och polypropylen. Det kunde även konstateras att koppar konkurrerade om sorptionsplatser för zink vid högre koncentrationer och att sorptionskapaciteten för biokol, torv och bark, vid koncentrationer mellan 50-100 µg/l Cu och 50-500 µg/l Zn, är tillräckligt hög för att uppfylla gränsvärdena för utsläpp av dagvatten. För dessa sorbenter var reaktionshastigheten betydande. Kinetiktesten visade att vid en initial koncentration på 1,000 µg/L var 83% av metallerna sorberade efter 5 minuter och efter 10 minuter var denna siffra uppe i 93%. Bark and torv uppvisade även ett lågt uppmätt pH och lakade löst organisk kol (DOC). Langmuir och pseudo-andra ordningens ekvation kunde anpassas väl till datat samtidigt som den geokemiska modelleringen visade att utfällning av metaller var osannolikt. Detta antyder att kemisk adsorption kan vara den mekanism som till störst del stod för avskiljningen av Cu och Zn. Studien kan inte fastställa något om filtermaterialens fältprestanda, men kan användas som underlag för att jämföra och att välja sorbenter för efterföljande kolumntester. / Formas project 2016-75
62

Poly(acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate) copolymers and clay nanocomposites : structural and property relationships

Zengeni, Eddson 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Polymer Science) at University of Stellenbosch. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The preparation of poly(acrylonitrile/methyl acrylate) [poly(AN-co-MA)] copolymers and poly(AN-co-MA)/clay nanocomposites, via emulsion polymerization, their characterisation, and the relationships between their molecular structures and physical properties are described. The copolymer composition was varied, and the properties of the products were analysed and correlated to copolymer composition. The free volume properties of the copolymer were dependent on the glass transition temperature (Tg), which is dependant on the copolymer composition. The copolymer crystallinity decreased with increasing MA content. The decrease in crystallinity and increase in both o-Ps lifetime and o-Ps intensity with decreasing Tg was caused by the enhanced chain mobility brought about by the incorporation of methyl acrylate. The poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate)/clay nanocomposites with 60% AN:40% MA (mol:mol) ratio were prepared using montmorillonite clay modified via adsorption, using 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (AMPS), via in-situ intercalation polymerization. The poly(AN-co-MA)/clay nanocomposites with different clay loadings showed no difference in morphology. They exhibited improved thermomechanical properties and higher thermal stability than the neat copolymers. The melt rheology results of these nanocomposites showed an improved storage modulus as well as increased shear thinning behaviour with increasing clay content. However, the nanocomposites exhibited long-time relaxation behaviour and their chemical structures evolved during analysis. This was attributed to cyclisation reactions taking place at the temperature used during the oscillatory tests. The sorption isotherms of water vapour in these nanocomposites followed a dualmode sorption behaviour (BET type II mode). Hysteresis was observed in sorption/desorption isotherms of these nanocomposites. The equilibrium water uptake was higher in the nanocomposites compared to the neat copolymers, and it increased with increasing clay content, especially at high water activities (0.8). Although diffusion and permeability decreased with increasing clay content the solubility increased due to the hydrophilic nature of the clay. Despite the decrease in diffusion and permeability parameters the free volume hole radius of the nanocomposites remained constant, but a slight decrease in free volume hole number was observed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bereiding van poli(akrilonitriel/metielakrilaat) [poli(AN-ko-MA)] kopolimere en poli(AN-ko-MA)/klei nanosamestellings deur middel van emulsiepolimerisasie, hul karakterisering asook die ooreenkoms tussen hul molekulêre strukture en fisiese eienskappe is beskryf. Die kopolimeersamestelling is gevarieer, en eienskappe is geanaliseer en dan gekorreleer met die kopolimeersamestelling. Die vrye-volume eienskappe van die kopolimeer was afhanklik van die glasoorgangstemperatuur (Tg) wat weer afhanklik is van die kopolimeersamestealling. Die kristalliniteit van die kopolimeer het verminder met die hoeveelheid MA teenwoordig. Die afname in kristalliniteit en toename in beide die o-Ps leeftyd en o-Ps intensiteit met afname in Tg is veroorsaak deur die beter kettingbeweegbaarheid wat veroorsaak is deur die byvoeging van metielakrilaat. Die poli(akrilonitriel-ko-metielakrilaat)/klei nanosamestellings met 60% AN:40% MA (mol:mol) verhouding is berei deur die gebruik van montmorillonietklei, gemodifiseer deur die adsorpsie van 2-akrielamido-2-metiel-1-propaansulfoonsuur (AMPS) deur middel van 'n in-situ interkaleringspolimerisasie. Die poli(AN-ko-MA)/klei nanosamestellings het, ten spyte van die verskillende hoeveelhede klei wat gebruik is, geen verandering in morfologie getoon nie. Hulle het wel beter termodinamiese eienskappe en hoër termiese stabiliteit as die oorspronklike kopolimere getoon. Die smeltreologie resultate van hierdie nanosamestellings het ‘n beter stoormodulus getoon, sowel as toenemende skuifverdunningsgedrag met 'n verhoogde klei inhoud. Tog het die nanosamestellings lang tyd-ontspanningsgedrag getoon en die chemiese struktuur het verander tydens analise. Dit word toegeskryf aan die sikliese reaksies wat plaasvind by die temperatuur wat gebruik is tydens die ossillatoriese toetse. Die sorpsie isoterme van waterdamp in hierdie nanosamestellings het ‘n dubbel-styl sorpsiegedrag gevolg (BET tipe II styl). Histerese is waargeneem in sorpsie/desorpsie isoterme van hierdie nanosamestellings. Die ewewig in wateropname van die nanosamestellings was hoër as vir dié van die oorspronklike kopolimere en dit het toegeneem met 'n toenemende klei inhoud, veral by hoë humiditeit (0.8). Al het die diffusie en deurlaatbaarheid afgeneem met 'n toename in die klei inhoud, het die oplosbaarheid toegeneem as gevolg van die hidrofiliese karakter van die klei. Ten spyte van die afname in diffusie en deurlaatbaarheidsparameters, het die radius van die vryevolume openinge van die nanosamestellings konstant gebly, maar ‘n klein afname in die aantal vrye-volume openinge is gevind.
63

The Onsager heat of transport at the liquidvapour interface of p-tert-butyltoluene

Biggs, Georgina Aimee January 2007 (has links)
The Onsager heat of transport for p-tert-butyltoluene was measured, as part of a series of preliminary experiments towards the determination of the importance of temperature gradients on the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide. The results presented in this thesis imply that the temperature gradient is a major contributor to the magnitude of the air-sea flux. The heat of transport has been measured for the p-tert-butyltoluene system by measuring stationary-state pressure changes for known temperature differences on the vapour side of the interface. At the pressure ranges used the number of mean free paths was always outside the Knudsen zone, but the values of Q* were approximately 100 % of the latent heat of vaporisation. Departures from linearity of plots of P against ΔT are attributed to temperature jumps at the surface of the dry upper plate. Both the results taken for p-tert-butyltoluene and the earlier results for water from this laboratory fit to a Type III BET isotherm, where the c parameter is not constant. They also reveal the importance of the temperature gradient in determining the value of the thermal accommodation coefficient, and provide a new method of measuring thermal accommodation coefficients for a variety of surfaces and vapours
64

Síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas de magnetita e aplicação na obtenção do 99Mo de fissão / Systhesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles and its application in fission 99Mo obtaining

Holland, Helber 29 July 2014 (has links)
Um dos radionuclídeos que se destaca mundialmente é o molibdênio-99. O 99Mo é o gerador do radioisótopo mais amplamente usado para a preparação de radiofármacos para fins de diagnóstico em medicina nuclear, o tecnécio-99m. Neste estudo, as nanopartículas de magnetita foram sintetizadas por precipitação de íons Fe2+ em meio alcalino e tratadas por irradiação de microondas e foram aplicadas na separação do 99Mo por adsorção. O material foi caracterizado por FTIR, MEV, DRX, DSC, TGA e EDS. Os estudos de adsorção foram realizados utilizando a técnica em batelada e em colunas de leito fixo. Verificou-se a influência das espécies de Al e os radioisótopos Te, I e Ru na adsorção de 99Mo. Os efeitos do pH, tempo de contato, temperatura, concentração e dose do adsorvente foram investigados. Modelos de isotermas de adsorção Langmuir e Freundlich foram usados para obter informações sobre o processo de adsorção e os modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira ordem, pseudo-segunda ordem e difusão intrapartículas foram estudados para avaliar a cinética de adsorção. Soluções de dessorventes para a recuperação do 99Mo foram investigadas. A nova via de síntese de nanomagnetita proposta mostrou-se simples e rápida, fazendo uso de um único reagente. As nanopartículas de magnetita apresentaram forma esférica de aproximadamente de 20 nm e polidispersão heterogênea. As caracterizações por DRX, DSC e TGA confirmaram a predominância da fase magnetita nas amostras. A adsorção de 99Mo nas nanopartículas de magnetita foi próxima de 100% no intervalo de pH entre 1 e 11, durante 30 min de tempo de contato e 15 mg de dose do adsorvente. O modelo de isoterma de adsorção de Langmuir apresentou melhor acordo para a remoção 99Mo pelas nanopartículas de magnetita, e a cinética de adsorção foi melhor descrita pelo modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem. A caracterização por EDS indicou ausência de contaminação. A recuperação do 99Mo da nanomagnetita com solução de NaOH foi superior a 95% e os elementos Ru, Te, Al e I não interferiram na propriedade adsortiva da nanomagnetita. Estes resultados mostraram que nanopartículas de magnetita são bons adsorventes para o Mo e, por conseguinte, tem grande potencial para aplicação no processo de separação e purificação do 99Mo de fissão. / One of radionuclides that stand out globally is the Molybdenum-99. The 99Mo is the radionuclide generator most widely used radioisotope for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine, Technetium-99m. In this study, magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation of Fe2+ ions in an alkaline medium and treated by microwave irradiation and were studied for 99Mo adsorption and recovery The synthesized material was characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA and EDS. Adsorption studies were carried out using the batch technique and fixed bed columns. The influence of the Al and the radioisotopes of Te, I and Ru species on 99Mo adsorption of was verified. Effects of pH, contact time, temperature, concentration and adsorbent dosage were investigated. Adsorption isotherm models of Langmuir and Freundlich were used to obtain information on the adsorption process and the kinetic models of pseudo first-order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion were studied to evaluate the adsorption. Desorbent solutions for 99Mo recovery were investigated. The new route for nanomagnetite synthesis was found to be simple and fast using of just one reagent. The magnetite nanoparticles showed spherical shape with about 20 nm in diameter and heterogeneous polydispersion. The characterizations by XRD, DSC and TGA confirmed the predominance of magnetite phase. The adsorption of 99Mo was close to 100% by the magnetite nanoparticles in the pH range from 1 to 11 for 30 min of contact time and 15 mg of adsorbent dosage. Langmuir adsorption isotherm model showed better agreement for the 99Mo adsorption by nanomagnetite nanoparticles, and the adsorption kinetics was better described by the pseudo second order model. The nanoparticle characterization by EDS indicated no contamination. The recovery of 99Mo with NaOH 2 mol L-1 from the magnetite nanoparticles was higher than 95% and the elements Ru, Te, Al and I did not interfere in the adsorption property of magnetite nanoparticles. These results showed that magnetite nanoparticles were good adsorbent for 99Mo and therefore have great potential for application in the process of separation and purification of fission 99Mo.
65

Avaliação de inibidores de corrosão em meios agressivos que simulam os de produção de petróleo. / Corrosion inhibitors evaluation in aggressive media that simulate those in the oil gas prodution.

Vespa, Alfredo Sahade 24 February 2017 (has links)
Através de técnicas eletroquímicas (espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, resistência à polarização linear e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica), gravimétrica e analítica, compostos orgânicos foram estudados para avaliar suas possibilidades de emprego como inibidores de corrosão. Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado puro, modificado com dicloro-fosfato, funcionalizado com grupo tiol, funcionalizado com grupo sulfeto e com grupo sulfonato de potássio - foram os compostos sintetizados e testados. Além desses, compostos comerciais, um contendo a função fosfinato e outro a função imidazolina quaternária foram testados com o mesmo intuito. Isotermas de adsorção foram ajustadas aos dados obtidos para imidazolina quaternária. Para simular condições próximas às encontradas na produção de petróleo, água do mar sintética acidificada com ácido clorídrico até pH 3 foi o meio utilizado, tendo o aço carbono 1020 empregado como substrato metálico. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado gerou resultados eletroquímicos e gravimétricos que mostraram que em concentrações de até 600 ppm desse composto o processo corrosivo é incentivado ao invés de ser desacelerado, indicando que tal composto não deve ser usado como inibidor de corrosão. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado modificado com dicloro-fosfato apresentou resultados insatisfatórios para as condições testadas tanto nos ensaios eletroquímicos como nos gravimétricos. Nas concentrações de 200, 400 e 600 ppm desse composto, a concentração intermediária é a única que diminui ligeiramente a taxa de corrosão, e para as demais concentrações a corrosão é incentivada. Os ensaios eletroquímicos das outras três moléculas obtidas por funcionalização do poliglicerol hiper-ramificado com grupos tiol, sulfonato e sulfeto indicaram aumento da deterioração do substrato. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica indicaram que o composto à base de fosfinato e na concentração de 2000 ppm e maiores tempos de imersão resultaram em melhores resultados protetores. O ajuste dos dados às isotermas de adsorção para a imidazolina quaternária apresentou melhores resultados para o modelo de Flory-Huggins, porém, os elevados valores de coeficiente de determinação R2 das isotermas de Langmuir e Temkin também permitem dizer que tais modelos de adsorção são seguidos. / Organic compounds were studied by lectrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potenciodynamic polarization curves), analytical and gravimetric techniques, to analyze the possibilities of their use as corrosion inhibitors. Hyper branched polyglycerol only and modified with dichloro-phosphate, functionalized with thiol group, functionalized with sulfide and also with sulphonate group were synthesized and tested as corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, commercial compounds, one based on phosphinate and a quaternary imidazoline were tested with the same objective. Adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the data obtained for quaternary imidazoline. To simulate the conditions close to those found in petroleum production, synthetic sea water acidified with hydrochloric acid up to pH 3 was the medium used, with 1020 carbon steel used as a metal substrate. The hyper branched polyglycerol generated electrochemical and gravimetric results which showed that, in concentrations up to 600 ppm of this compound, the corrosive process is favored rather than decelerated, indicating that this compound should not be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The hyper branched polyglycerol modified with dichloro-phosphate presented unsatisfactory results for the tested conditions for both electrochemical and gravimetric measurements. At concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm of this compound, the intermediate concentration is the only one that slightly decreases the corrosion rate, and for the other concentrations corrosion is favored. The electrochemical measurements for the other three molecules obtained by functionalization of the hyper branched polyglycerol with thiol, sulphonate and sulfide groups indicated an increase on the substrate deterioration. The electrochemical impedance results showed that the compound based on phosphinate at 2000 ppm concentration and for higher immersion times resulted in better protective results. The adjustment of the data of the adsorption isotherms for quaternary imidazoline presented better results for the Flory-Huggins model. However, the high values of correlation factor R2 of Langmuir and Temkin isotherms show that these adsorption models are also followed.
66

Estudos da modificação da resina não-iônica Amberlite XAD-7 com monoetanolamina (MEA) para retenção de espécies de S(IV) / Studies about the loading of monoethanolamine (MEA) onto the non-ionic Amberlite XAD-7 resin for retention of S(IV) species

Ferreira, Flavia Alves 30 August 2007 (has links)
A monoetanolamina (MEA) é um composto bifuncional pertencente à classe dos amino-álcoois, muito utilizado em processos industriais envolvendo a remoção de gases ácidos como SO2 , CO2 e H2S. A resina Amberlite XAD-7 é uma resina não-iônica de polaridade intermediária muito utilizada em procedimentos de pré-concentração de compostos orgânicos e íons metálicos. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a interação entre a superfície da resina XAD-7 e a MEA. Massas conhecidas da resina foram colocadas em contato com soluções de MEA em concentrações conhecidas, sob agitação durante certo intervalo de tempo. A quantidade de MEA adsorvida foi calculada considerando-se a diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração remanescente no sobrenadante, ambas obtidas a partir de medidas de absorbância, com utilização da reação de Berthelot modificada. Modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira e -segunda ordens, além do modelo de difusão intra-partícula, foram aplicados aos dados experimentais obtidos no estudo cinético. Entre estes modelos aplicados, o de pseudo-segunda ordem apresentou excelente ajuste aos dados experimentais. O estudo realizado em um determinado tempo de contato e variando-se a concentração inicial de MEA forneceu resultados experimentais que foram aplicados a três modelos de isotermas (Langmuir, Freundlich e Dubinin-Radushkevich). Destes ajustes, que mostraram excelente concordância, foram obtidos diferentes parâmetros termodinâmicos que definiram algumas características do processo de adsorção. Finalmente, estudos preliminares evidenciaram a retenção de SO32- na superfície da resina XAD-7 modificada com MEA, mostrando a possibilidade da utilização da XAD- 2 7/MEA para extração de SO32- presente em soluções ou de SO2 recolhido em solução alcalina. / Monoethanolamine (MEA) is a bifunctional compound which belongs to the amino- alcohol group, and it is widely used in industrial \"sweetening process\", which is based on the acidic gas (such as SO2 , CO2 and H2S) absorption. Amberlite XAD-7 is a non-polar resin with an intermediate polarity used to pre-concentrate organic compounds and transition metals. In this work, the interaction between the resin surface and MEA was studied. Known amounts of the resin were kept in contact with aqueous solutions of MEA and shaked under a constant rotation and during some defined intervals of time. The amount of adsorbed MEA was calculated as the difference between the initial concentration and remained concentration in the supernatant solution, which was determined applying the Berthelot´s reaction and the spectrophotometry. Kinetic models of pseudo-first and -second orders and intra-particle diffusion model were applied on experimental data collected from the kinetic study. Among these methods, the pseudo-second order model fulled fit on those experimental data. The experiments carried out under a constant time, but by changing the initial MEA concentration, led to other experimental data which were applied to three different isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich e Dubinin-Radushkevich). Each model showed a good fit, and for each one, different thermodynamic parameters were calculated and used to describe some adsorption characteristics. Finally, preliminary studies on the retention of SO32- onto the resin surface, previously modified with MEA, showed the possibility to extract SO32- found in aqueous solutions or SO2 recovered in alkaline media.
67

Resíduo sólido de depilação como adsorvente de corantes para tingimento de couro

Mella, Bianca January 2017 (has links)
Nas etapas de processamento do couro, de limpeza da pele, de recortes e ajuste da espessura do couro, diferentes tipos de resíduos sólidos são gerados. Dentre esses resíduos, os pelos provenientes da etapa de depilação são descartados. Além disso, nas etapas finais do acabamento molhado do couro, em especial no tingimento, são adicionados corantes e outros produtos químicos com o objetivo de dar ao couro características superficiais, como cor e textura, gerando, consequentemente, efluentes de difícil tratamento devido ao potencial recalcitrante dos produtos químicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma alternativa ao uso do pelo proveniente da etapa de depilação, possibilitando assim uma extensão no ciclo de vida deste resíduo como um adsorvente alternativo para remoção de corantes empregados na indústria do couro. O pelo (CHW) foi caracterizado através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de raios X dispersiva de energia (EDS), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), bem como sua área superficial específica e distribuição de tamanho de poro por análises de BET/BJH. A capacidade de remoção dos corantes Azul Ácido 161 (AB-161) e Preto Ácido 210 (AB-210) em soluções aquosas foi estudada emfaixas de pH de 1,0 a 10,0 e também a dosagem ótima de adsorvente. Nas isotermas de adsorção,o modelo de Liu foi o que melhor apresentou resultados para os dois corantes estudados em todas as temperaturas analisadas (30, 40 e 50ºC) No estudo cinético, o modelo de ordem-geral apresentou o melhor ajuste dos dados, com menor tempo de contato para remoção do corante AB-161 de 600 min com o pelo (CHW) e 90 min com o carvão ativado comercial (CAC), nos valores de pH 3,0 e pH 4,0, respectivamente. Para o corante AB-210 o menor tempo de contato para atingir o equilíbrio foi de 120 min e 90 min para CHW e o CAC, nos valores ótimos de pH de 2,0 e 4,0, respectivamente. O carvão produzido (AC-CHW) a partir do pelo residual foi ativado com H3PO4, caracterizado e testado em efluentes reais para remoção dos corantes Laranja Ácido 142 (AO-142) e Marrom Ácido 414 (AB-414). O carvão produzido apresentou um elevado diâmetro de poro (140,70 A), o que favoreceu a adsorção de moléculas maiores e mais complexas, como as presentes nos efluentes reais. Através do MEV e do FTIR observou-se a presença dos compostos estudados no AC-CHW após aadsorção, onde os resultados indicaram que os grupos funcionais de -CH=CH- participaram ativamente do processo de remoção. O pHzero obtido do AC-CHWfoi de 3,65, o que favoreceu a remoção desses compostos já que o efluente real apresenta um pH inferior a 4,0. Os percentuais de remoção obtidos de área sob as curvas de adsorção indicam uma remoção de 51,94% e 49,73% dos efluentes contendo AB-414 e AO-142, respectivamente. / In the stages of leather processing, skin cleansing, trimming and leather thickness adjustment, different types of solid waste are generated. Among these residues, hairs from the depilation stage are discarded. In addition, in the final stages of the wet finishing of leather, in particular in dyeing, dyes and other chemical products are added with the aim of giving the leather surface characteristics, such as color and texture, thus generating effluents that are difficult to treat due to the potential recalcitrant of chemicals. The objective of this work is to present an alternative to the use of hair from the depilation stage, thus allowing an extension in the life cycle of this residue as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of dyes used in the leather industry. The hair (CHW) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as its specific surface area and pore size distribution by analysis of BET/BJH. The ability to remove Acid Blue 161 (AB-161) and Acid Black 210 (AB-210) dyes in aqueous solutions was studied in pH ranges from 1 to 10 and also the optimum dosage of adsorbent. In the adsorption isotherms, Liu model presented the best results for the two dyes studied at all temperatures (30, 40 and 50ºC). In the kinetic study, the general-order model presented the best fit of the data, with a lowest contact time to remove the AB-161 dye of 600 min with the hair (CHW) and 90 min with the commercial activated charcoal (CAC) at pH 3.0 and pH 4.0, respectively For the dye AB-210, the lowest contact time to reach equilibrium was 120 min and 90 min for CHW and CAC, at the optimum pH values of 2.0 and 4.0, respectively. The charcoal produced (AC-CHW) from the residual was activated with H3PO4, characterized and tested in actual effluents to remove the Acid Orange 142 (AO-142) and Acid Brown 414 (AB-414) dyes. The carbon produced had a high pore diameter (140,70 A), which favored the adsorption of larger and more complex molecules, such as those present in the actual effluents. The presence of the compounds studied in the AC-CHW after adsorption was observed through the SEM and the FTIR, where the results indicated that the functional groups of -CH = CH- actively participated in the removal process. The obtained pHzero of AC-CHW was 3.65, which favored the removal of these compounds since the actual effluent had a pH lower than 4.0. The percentages of removal obtained from area under the adsorption curves indicate a 51.94% and 49.73% removal of the effluents containing AB-414 and AO-142, respectively.
68

Caracteriza??o e aplica??o de vermicultura natural e quimicamente modificada na adsor??o de azul de metileno

Maia, Francisco Alexis Dantas 21 May 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoADM_DISSERT.pdf: 2978875 bytes, checksum: c28db8afcf915e3f11ed082f52478c5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-21 / Chemical modification of clays has been extremely studied in the search for improvements of their properties for use in various areas, such as in combating pollution by industrial effluents and dyes. In this work, the vermiculite was chemically modified in two ways, characterized and evaluated the adsorption of methylene blue dye. First was changed with the addition of a surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, BHTA) making it an organophilic clay and then by adding an acid (HCl) by acid activation. Some analyzes were performed as X-ray fluorescence (FRX), X-ray diffraction (DRX), adsorption isotherms of methylene blue dye, infrared (FTIR) , scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis and spectroscopy energy dispersive (EDS). Analysis by FRX of natural vermiculite indicates that addition of silicon and aluminum, clay presents in its structure the magnesium, calcium and potassium with 16 % organic matter cations. The DRX analyzes indicated that the organic vermiculite was an insertion of the surfactant in the space between the lamellae, vermiculite and acid partial destruction of the structure with loss of crystallinity. The adsorption isotherms of methylene blue showed that there was a significant improvement in the removal of dye to the vermiculite with the addition of cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and treatment with acid using HCl 2 mol/L. In acid vermiculites subsequently treated with surfactant, the adsorption capacity increased with respect to natural vermiculite, however was much lower compared vermiculite modified with acid and surfactant separately. Only the acidic vermiculite treated with surfactant adjusted to the Langmuir model. As in the infrared spectrometry proved the characteristics of natural vermiculite. In the organic vermiculite was observed the appearance of characteristic bands of CH3, CH2, and (CH3)4N. Already on acid vermiculite, it was realized a partial destruction with decreasing intensity of the characteristic band of vermiculite that is between 1074 and 952 cm-1. In the SEM analysis, it was observed that there was partial destruction to the acid treatment and a cluster is noted between the blades caused by the presence of the surfactant. The TG shows that the higher mass loss occurs at the beginning of the heating caused by the elimination of water absorbed on the surface between layers. In the organic vermiculite also observed a loss of mass between 150 and 300 ?C caused decomposition of the alkylammonium molecules (surfactants) / A modifica??o qu?mica de argilas tem sido extremamente estudada na busca por melhorias de suas propriedades para seu uso em diversas ?reas, como por exemplo, no combate a polui??o ocasionada por efluentes industriais como corantes. Neste trabalho, a vermiculita foi modificada quimicamente de duas maneiras, caracterizada e avaliada na adsor??o do corante azul de metileno. Primeiro foi alterada com adi??o de um surfactante (brometo de hexadeciltrimetilam?nio, BHTA) tornando-a uma argila organof?lica e depois pela adi??o de um ?cido (HCl) por ativa??o ?cida . Algumas an?lises foram realizadas como fluoresc?ncia de raios-X (FRX), difra??o de raios-X (DRX), isotermas de adsor??o do corante azul de metileno, infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), an?lise termogravim?trica e Espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). An?lise por FRX da vermiculita natural indica que al?m do sil?cio e do alum?nio, a argila apresenta em sua estrutura os c?tions magn?sio, c?lcio e pot?ssio com 16 % de mat?ria org?nica. As an?lises por DRX indicam que na vermiculita org?nica houve uma inser??o do surfactante no espa?o entre as lamelas, e na vermiculita ?cida uma destrui??o parcial da estrutura com perda de cristalinidade. As isotermas de adsor??o do azul de metileno mostraram que houve uma melhora significativa na remo??o do corante para a vermiculita com a adi??o do surfactante cati?nico brometo de hexadeciltrimetilam?nio, bem como com tratamento ?cido utilizando HCl 2 mol/L. Nas vermiculitas ?cidas tratadas posteriormente com o surfactante, a capacidade de adsor??o aumentou em rela??o a vermiculita natural, porem foi bem menor em rela??o as vermiculitas modificadas com o ?cido e com o surfactante separadamente. S? as vermiculitas ?cidas tratadas com surfactante se ajustaram ao modelo de Langmuir. A espectrometria na regi?o do infravermelho comprovou as caracter?sticas da vermiculita natural. Na vermiculita org?nica observou-se o aparecimento de bandas caracter?sticas de grupos CH3, CH2, al?m de (CH3)4N. J? na vermiculita ?cida, percebeu-se uma destrui??o parcial com a diminui??o de intensidade da banda caracter?stica das vermiculitas que ? entre 1074 e 952 cm-1. Na an?lise de MEV, observou-se que houve destrui??o parcial com no tratamento ?cido e nota-se um aglomerado entre as l?minas causado pela presen?a do surfactante. As curvas TG mostram que a maior perda de massa ocorre no come?o do aquecimento ocasionado pela elimina??o de ?gua absorvida na superf?cie entre camadas. Na vermiculita org?nica tamb?m observa uma perda de massa entre 150 e 300 ?C ocasionada pela decomposi??o das mol?culas de alquilam?nio (surfactante)
69

Avaliação de inibidores de corrosão em meios agressivos que simulam os de produção de petróleo. / Corrosion inhibitors evaluation in aggressive media that simulate those in the oil gas prodution.

Alfredo Sahade Vespa 24 February 2017 (has links)
Através de técnicas eletroquímicas (espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, resistência à polarização linear e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica), gravimétrica e analítica, compostos orgânicos foram estudados para avaliar suas possibilidades de emprego como inibidores de corrosão. Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado puro, modificado com dicloro-fosfato, funcionalizado com grupo tiol, funcionalizado com grupo sulfeto e com grupo sulfonato de potássio - foram os compostos sintetizados e testados. Além desses, compostos comerciais, um contendo a função fosfinato e outro a função imidazolina quaternária foram testados com o mesmo intuito. Isotermas de adsorção foram ajustadas aos dados obtidos para imidazolina quaternária. Para simular condições próximas às encontradas na produção de petróleo, água do mar sintética acidificada com ácido clorídrico até pH 3 foi o meio utilizado, tendo o aço carbono 1020 empregado como substrato metálico. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado gerou resultados eletroquímicos e gravimétricos que mostraram que em concentrações de até 600 ppm desse composto o processo corrosivo é incentivado ao invés de ser desacelerado, indicando que tal composto não deve ser usado como inibidor de corrosão. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado modificado com dicloro-fosfato apresentou resultados insatisfatórios para as condições testadas tanto nos ensaios eletroquímicos como nos gravimétricos. Nas concentrações de 200, 400 e 600 ppm desse composto, a concentração intermediária é a única que diminui ligeiramente a taxa de corrosão, e para as demais concentrações a corrosão é incentivada. Os ensaios eletroquímicos das outras três moléculas obtidas por funcionalização do poliglicerol hiper-ramificado com grupos tiol, sulfonato e sulfeto indicaram aumento da deterioração do substrato. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica indicaram que o composto à base de fosfinato e na concentração de 2000 ppm e maiores tempos de imersão resultaram em melhores resultados protetores. O ajuste dos dados às isotermas de adsorção para a imidazolina quaternária apresentou melhores resultados para o modelo de Flory-Huggins, porém, os elevados valores de coeficiente de determinação R2 das isotermas de Langmuir e Temkin também permitem dizer que tais modelos de adsorção são seguidos. / Organic compounds were studied by lectrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potenciodynamic polarization curves), analytical and gravimetric techniques, to analyze the possibilities of their use as corrosion inhibitors. Hyper branched polyglycerol only and modified with dichloro-phosphate, functionalized with thiol group, functionalized with sulfide and also with sulphonate group were synthesized and tested as corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, commercial compounds, one based on phosphinate and a quaternary imidazoline were tested with the same objective. Adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the data obtained for quaternary imidazoline. To simulate the conditions close to those found in petroleum production, synthetic sea water acidified with hydrochloric acid up to pH 3 was the medium used, with 1020 carbon steel used as a metal substrate. The hyper branched polyglycerol generated electrochemical and gravimetric results which showed that, in concentrations up to 600 ppm of this compound, the corrosive process is favored rather than decelerated, indicating that this compound should not be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The hyper branched polyglycerol modified with dichloro-phosphate presented unsatisfactory results for the tested conditions for both electrochemical and gravimetric measurements. At concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm of this compound, the intermediate concentration is the only one that slightly decreases the corrosion rate, and for the other concentrations corrosion is favored. The electrochemical measurements for the other three molecules obtained by functionalization of the hyper branched polyglycerol with thiol, sulphonate and sulfide groups indicated an increase on the substrate deterioration. The electrochemical impedance results showed that the compound based on phosphinate at 2000 ppm concentration and for higher immersion times resulted in better protective results. The adjustment of the data of the adsorption isotherms for quaternary imidazoline presented better results for the Flory-Huggins model. However, the high values of correlation factor R2 of Langmuir and Temkin isotherms show that these adsorption models are also followed.
70

Estudos tecnológicos e de engenharia para o armazenamento e processamento do pinhão

Olivera, Florencia Cladera January 2008 (has links)
O pinhão é a semente comestível da Araucaria angustifolia, sendo consumido no sul e sudeste do Brasil. Possui excelentes características nutritivas e energéticas. As sementes têm uma atividade de água muito elevada (>0,98), o que facilita o desenvolvimento de fungos durante a estocagem, dificultando a sua comercialização. A literatura sobre os seus aspectos nutricionais e tecnológicos é muito escassa. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi determinar aspectos tecnológicos e de engenharia relacionados com o processamento e armazenamento do pinhão. Foi estudada a vida de prateleira do pinhão cru a 25°C (5 dias), 5°C (3 meses) e –18°C (mais de 8 meses) através de análises fisicoquímicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. Foram propostas as seguintes operações preliminares para preservar a qualidade da semente comercializada: recepção, limpeza, seleção, classificação e armazenamento. Foram determinadas as isotermas de desorção do pinhão cru e cozido e de adsorção da farinha de pinhão cru em diferentes temperaturas (entre 10 e 40°C) sendo ajustados modelos da literatura e calculadas a entalpia e entropia diferenciais. Para os três casos o modelo que melhor se ajustou aos dados foi o de Chirife e a teoria compensatória foi aplicada. Foi avaliada também a cinética de secagem do pinhão cru e cozido em secador de bandeja a 55, 70 e 85°C. Os dados foram ajustados a modelos de secagem e calculadas as difusividades efetivas, sendo que a difusividade do pinhão cozido (1,18 a 3,17 x10-10 m2s-1) foi menor do que a do pinhão cru (1,64 a 4,52 x10-10 m2s-1), provavelmente devido à gelatinização do amido. Um dos processos empregados pela tecnologia de alimentos, com a finalidade de obter produtos estáveis a partir de sementes, é a produção de farinhas. Neste trabalho foi produzida farinha de pinhão variando as seguintes condições de processo: utilização de pinhão cru e cozido e diferentes temperaturas de secagem (55, 70 e 85°C). As farinhas produzidas com pinhão cozido apresentaram cor mais escura, com uma luminosidade menor (Lmédia= 75.8) e coordenada de cromaticidade maior (amédia= 6.9), quando comparadas com as farinhas de pinhão cru (Lmédia= 89.0, amédia= 2.1). A temperatura de secagem também influenciou a cor das farinhas produzidas com pinhão cru. Através de análise multivariada dos dados foi possível agrupar as amostras. A partir dos resultados da análise sensorial constatou-se que o suflê produzido com a farinha de pinhão cozido apresentou maior aceitação, obtendo-se um produto que une praticidade, inovação e apelo regional. Por último, como uma forma de aproveitamento da casca do pinhão, foi estudada a extração de compostos fenólicos da casca, como uma nova fonte de antioxidantes. Foram determinadas as melhores condições em termos de volume e concentração de solvente (etanol) e temperatura de extração, utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta. / The seeds of Araucaria angustifolia, named pinhão, are consumed in the South and Southeast of Brazil. Pinhão has good nutritious and energetic characteristics. Since the seeds have a high water activity (>0,98), they can be easily contaminated by mushrooms during the stockpiling, hindering its commercialisation. The literature about nutritional and technological aspects of pinhão is very scarce. The main objective of this work was to determine technological and engineering aspects of the processing and storage of pinhão. The Shelf life of raw pinhão was studied at 25°C (5 days), 5°C (3 months) and -18°C (more than 8 months) using physiochemical, microbiological and sensorial analyses. The following preliminary operations were proposed to preserve the quality of the seed for commercialisation: reception, cleaning, selection, classification and storage. Desorption of raw and cooked pinhão and adsorption isotherms of raw pinhão flour were determined at different temperatures (between 10 and 40°C), modelled using well know isotherm models and differential enthalpy and entropy were calculated. Results show that the Chirife model most appropriately represents the experimental data for the three cases and the enthalpy-entropy compensation theory was applied. Drying behavior of raw and cooked pinhão was studied at 55, 70 and 85°C. The data were adjusted to drying models and effective diffusivity were calculated. Values for cooked pinhão (1,18 to 3,17 x10-10 m2s-1) were smaller than values for raw pinhão (1,64 to 4,52 x10-10 m2s-1), probably due to starch gelatinisation. One of the processes used by food technology with the purpose of obtaining stable products from seeds, it is the production of flours. In this work pinhão flour was produced varying the following process conditions: use of raw or cooked pinhão and different drying temperatures (55, 70 and 85°C). Flours produced with cooked pinhão presented darker colour, with a smaller brightness (Lmean = 75.8) and larger coordinate of chromaticity (amean = 6.9), when compared with raw pinhão flours (Lmean = 89.0, amean = 2.1). Drying temperature also influenced the colour of flours produced with raw pinhão. Through multivariate analysis of the data it was possible to cluster the samples. Results of sensorial analysis show that soufflé produced with cooked pinhão flour presented larger acceptance, being obtained a new product with regional appeal. The extraction of phenolic compounds of pinhão coats was also studied as a new source of antioxidants. The best condition of solvent volume, ethanol concentration and temperature, using factorial design and response surface methodology, were obtained.

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