Studien syftar till att undersöka hur den svenska versionen av WAIS-IV förhåller sig till sin föregångare WAIS-III. Samma försökspersoner testades vid två olika tillfällen med såväl WAIS-IV som WAIS-III för att undersöka om det förelåg skillnader mellan försökspersonernas testresultat från de två olika versionerna. Resultatet visade att det för hela gruppen försökspersoner förelåg signifikanta positiva och starka korrelationer mellan jämförda index och deltest, vilket tyder på att jämförda index och deltest mäter liknande kognitiva konstrukt. Avseende index; IK Hela skalan (HIK) förelåg i samtliga grupper, oavsett administrationsordningen för de två versionerna av skalorna, en signifikant högre genomsnittlig IK-poäng vid testning med WAIS-III jämfört med den genomsnittliga IK-poäng som erhölls vid testning med WAIS-IV. Denna differens kan tolkas som en konsekvens av Flynn-effektens påverkan på försökspersonernas genomsnittliga poängresultat.

The global financial market has been under a lot of stress in the past years. With the financial crisis that started in 2008, in the US and spread around the world, it created awareness that the world’s financial market requires more regulation to withstand such a crisis. Therefore a new recommended framework for the global financial market was developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision; Basel III. Basel III presented a new era with stricter supervision of banks and tighter regulations. As the European Union is one of the world’s most integrated regions, it strives to be the first to implement the Basel III framework. In order to achieve this, the European Union created its own legislative package, the Capital Requirement Directive IV.The research purpose of this dissertation is to examine how divergences in Sweden, Denmark and Germany’s national financial markets will affect their ability to implement the new CRD IV regulations. Based on the research the conclusion is that our Swedish respondent is most prepared in meeting the new regulations of our three respondents; the characteristics of the Swedish financial market seem well fit to meet the new requirements. Both Germany and Denmark seems to be experiencing problems; the characteristics of their financial markets create obstacles when implementing the new regulations. Denmark has difficulties with their mortgage lending market due to their unique mortgage model. Germany will have problems with the leverage ratio and their inflexible three pillar banking system. Germany’s government has been skeptical to the new CRD IV regulations and this might also have affected our German respondent in a negative way. With the implementation of the regulations the European Commission aims to improve the banking sector in the member states, so that they will be able to endure stress periods better and help to prevent another financial crisis. However, the implementation of the new regulations puts a lot of pressure on the banks and how well they can perform during the implementation process. With this research a questionnaire is created that will help understand how three major banks in Sweden, Denmark and Germany will be affected by the new regulations and if the characteristics of their national financial markets will give them advantages or disadvantages when implementing them. The answers also give us a conclusion to which of the new regulations each respondent will have the most difficulty of implementing. Future research is suggested to be done into the Danish mortgage lending market and their unique mortgage model, to see if it can co-exist with the new CRD IV regulations. Also an in-depth research into the German three pillar banking system can be interesting, to find out if they are able to maintain it or if they have to restructure it.

La cinétique du couple Ti(IV)/Ti(III) en milieu acide a été étudiée. Les expériences effectuées en voltamétrie à signaux carrés sur l'électrode de mercure avec des balayages aller et retour montrent l'existence de plusieurs formes électroactives réagissant simultanément ou successivement. Les complexes de Ti(IV) formés avec HSO4- ou C2O42- se réduisent plus facilement que les formes hydroxylées de l'ion titanyle. Les expériences ont été modélisées et interprétées avec des schémas réactionnels CE et triangulaires, où deux espèces de Ti(IV) liées par une réaction lente se réduisent en Ti(III). La réduction catalytique de Ti(IV) en milieu oxalate-chlorate a été aussi étudiée. Le courant catalytique est affecté par la cinétique de formation du complexe dioxalaté de Ti(IV). La simulation numérique a permis de préciser l'étape responsable de l'effet catalytique. L'accord entre la théorie et l'expérience est excellent. L'ensemble de cette étude a été mis a profit pour l'électroanalyse de Ti(IV).

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2007

Next generation nuclear power plants (GEN-IV) will be capable of not only producing energy in a reliable, safe and sustainable way, but they will also be capable of reducing the amount of nuclear waste, which has been accumulated over the lifetime of current-generation nuclear power plants, through transmutation. Due to the use of new and different coolants, existing computational tools need to be tested, further developed and improved in order to thermal-hydraulically design these power plants.This work covers two different non-unity Prandtl number fluids which are considered as coolants in GEN-IV reactors, liquid lead/lead-bismuth-eutectic and supercritical water. The study investigates different turbulence modeling strategies, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) modeling, and their applicability to these proposed coolants. It is shown that RANS turbulence models are partly capable of predicting wall heat transfer in annular flow configurations. However, improvements in these prediction should be possible through the use of advanced turbulence modeling strategies, such as the use of separate thermal turbulence models. A large blind benchmark study of heat transfer in supercritical water showed that the available turbulence modeling strategies are not capable of predicting deteriorated heat transfer in a 7-rod bundle at supercritical pressures. New models which take into account the strong buoyancy forces and the rapid change of the molecular Prandtl number near the wall occurring during the transition of the fluid through the pseudocritical point need to be developed. One of these strategies to take into account near-wall buoyancy forces is the use of advanced wall functions, which cannot only help in modeling these kind of flows, but also decrease computational time by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. Different advanced wall function models were implemented in the open-source CFD toolbox OpenFOAM and their performance for different flows in sub- and supercritical conditions were evaluated. Based on those results, the wall function model UMIST-A by Gerasimov is recommended for further investigation and specific modeling tactics are proposed.Near-wall temperature and velocity behavior is important to and influenced by the wall itself. The thermal inertia of the wall influences the temperature in the fluid. However, a more important issue is how temperature fluctuations at the wall can induce thermal fatigue. With the help of LES thermal mixing in a simplified model of a control rod guide tube was investigated, including the temperature field inside the control rod and guide tube walls. The WALE sub-grid turbulence model made it possible to perform LES computations in this complex geometry, because it automatically adapts to near-wall behavior close to the wall, without the use of ad-hoc functions. The results for critical values, such as the amplitude and frequency of the temperature fluctuations at the wall, obtained from the LES computations are in good agreement with experimental results.The knowledge gained from the aforementioned investigations is used to optimize the flow path in a small, passively liquid-metal-cooled pool-type GEN IV reactor, which was designed for training and education purposes, with the help of 3D CFD. The computations were carried out on 1/4 of the full geometry, where the small-detail regions of the heat exchangers and the core were modeled using a porous media approach. It was shown that in order to achieve optimal cooling of the core without changing the global geometry a ratio of close to unity of the pressure drop over the core and the heat exchanger needs to be achieved. This is done by designing a bottom plate which channels enough flow through the core without choking the flow in the core. Improved cooling is also achieved by reducing heat losses from the hot leg through the flow shroud to the cold leg by applying thermal barrier coating similar to methods used in gas turbine design. / Nästa generations kärnkraftverk (GEN-IV) kan inte bara producera el på ett pålitligt, säkert och hållbart sätt, utan det kan också reducera mängden kärnavfall, som har producerats under tiden som man använt nuvarande generationen kärnkraftverk, genom att transmutera avfallen. Framtidens kärnkraftverk använder andra kylmedel än nuvarande kraftverk som t.ex. flytande bly, gas eller superkritiskt vatten. Det betyder att många beräkningsverktyg måste testas, utvecklas och förbättras så att man kan genomföra termohydrauliska designberäkningar. Den här avhandlingen omfattar två olika kylmedel, flytande bly och superkritiskt vatten, som har ett Prandtl-tal som skiljer sig från 1 och kommer att användas i GEN-IV reaktorer. Studien undersöker olika strategier för att modellera turbulens som Large Eddy Simulation (LES) och Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) och hur man kan använda dessa strategierna i beräkningar av strömning och värmetransfer i den nya kylvätskan. Undersökningen visar att RANS turbulensmodeller delvis kan förutsäga värmeöverföringen vid en vägg i en ringformad strömningsgeometri. Förbättringar av förutsägelsen ska vara möjlig genom användning av avancerade strategier för turbulensmodellering, t.ex. termiska turbulensmodeller. En stor prestandajämförelse för värmeöverföring i superkritiskt vatten visade att ingen av nuvarande strategier för turbulensmodellering kan förutsäga försämrad värmeöverföring i en 7-stavknippet under superkritiskt tryck. Nya modeller, som omfattar de starka flytkrafterna och den snabba förändringen av den molekulära Prandtl-tal vid väggen som uppstår när vätskan går genom pseudokritiska punkten, måste utvecklas. Avancerade väggfunktioner är en av strategierna som kan ta hänsyn till dessa fenomen. Väggfunktioner kan inte bara hjälpa till att modellera de typer av flöden som behövs utan kan också hjälpa till att sänka beräkningstiden med en eller två tiopotenser. Olika avancerade väggfunktioner i open-source beräkningsverktyget OpenFOAM implementerades och deras prestation i sub- och superkritiska vattenflödar värderades. Baserat på detta rekommenderas Gerasimovs modell för ytterligare utredning. Dessutom läggs olika strategier fram för att utöka modellens validitet till flöde med superkritiskt vatten i sammanband med försämrad och förbättrad värmeöverföring. Kunskap om beteendet av temperatur och hastighet i väggens närhet är viktigt för väggens integritet, detta då väggen även påverkar beteendet. Väggens termiska tröghet påverkar flödets temperatur och hastighet. Dock är ett ännu viktigare problem, som kan uppträda, är att temperaturfluktuationer kan framkalla termisk utmattning i en vägg. Med användning av LES utreds termisk blandning av varmt och kallt vatten i en simplifierad modell av ett styrstavsledrör, inklusive temperaturfältet i styrstaven och ledrörsväggen. Användningen av WALE LES-turbulensmodellen gör det möjligt att utföra beräkningar i den komplexa geometrin, detta eftersom modellen anpassar sig automatiskt till fenomenen nära väggen utan användning av ad-hoc funktioner. LES resultaten för alla värden som är viktiga för att bestämma utmattningsbeteende, som amplitud och frekvens av temperaturfluktuationer i väggens närhet och i väggen själv, är i god överensstämmelse med resultaten från experiment från KTH i samma geometri.Kunskapen som vunnits genom ovannämnda utredningar användes för att optimera den termohydrauliska designen av en liten, pool-typ GEN-IV reaktor som är passivt kyld med flytande bly. Reaktorn är designad som en utbildnings- och träningsreaktor och optimeringen genomfördes med hjälp av 3D CFD. Beräkningarna genomfördes på en fjärdedel av reaktorns hela geometrin. Regioner med små detaljer, som de åtta värmeväxlarna och reaktorns kärna, modellerades genom porösa material. Det visar sig att för att ha en optimal kylning av kärnan, utan att förändra reaktorns globala geometri, måste förhållandet mellan tryckförlust i reaktorkärnan och värmeväxlarna vara nära 1. Detta uppnås genom att designa plattan vid ingången till kärnan så att tillräckligt med bly flödar genom kärnan utan att kväva flödet i denna. Ytterligare en förbättring i reaktorkylningen uppnås genom att reducera värmeförlusten genom väggen som skiljer varm och kall vätska. Detta görs med en strategi som förekommer i gasturbinteknologin, genom att man lägger till ett tunt skikt av termiskt isolerande material på väggen, som reducerar värmeöverföring med ungefär 50%. / <p>QC 20151123</p> / THEMFA / GENIUS / THINS

No description available.

The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a hereditary cancer syndrome that is transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. The disease is characterized by the formation of highly angiogenic tumors in many organs but the main causes of mortality are renal cell carcinomas and hemangioblastomas. Mutations in the VHL protein are responsible for the pathogenesis of the disease. VHL associates with elongin Band C to form the VBC complex. The cullin 2 protein (CUL2) and ring box protein 1 (RBX1) also associate with the VBC complex to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF2alpha). Mutations in VHL that abrogate its E3 ligase activity lead to increased levels ofHIF2alpha and the subsequent accumulation of pro-proliferative and pro-angiogenic HIF2alpha target genes. VHL also has an important function in the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly which is independent of its HIF2alpha regulation pathway. VHL's regulation of ECM assembly was shown to have important consequences for tumor angiogenesis and cell invasion. It was shown to be necessary for the proper assembly of a fibronectin matrix and was most recently found to interact with collagen IV alpha 2 (COL4A2). The aim of this thesis is to further characterize the VHL-COL4A2 interaction. VHL was shown to interact directly and specifically to COL4A2 and is necessary for proper COL4A2 matrix assembly. The association of VHL with COL4A2 appears to be independent of its functions as an E3 ubiquitn ligase and CUL2 was identified as part of the VBC complex that associates with collagen IV (COL4). Furthermore, a strategy to identify the binding site of VHL on COL4A2 has been employed and is in progress. These experiments represent the beginning of investigations into the novel interaction between VHL and COL4A2.

This thesis explores the world of Chūshingura. It is a story based on the actual vendetta referred to as "the Akō incident" which occurred on December 14th of 1702. The forty-seven Akō rōnin (masterless samurai) avenged their lord‘s death on Kira Yoshinaka, a high-ranking official of the Tokugawa bakufu. They were the former vassals of Asano Naganori, daimyō (feudal lord) of the Akō han (domain), who was forced to commit seppuku (suicide by disembowelment) as a punishment for attacking Kira in Edo Castle on March 14th of 1701. The Asano vassals became rōnin. They believed that this affair was a kenka (fight), but Kira was declared innocent. Infuriated by the unfair bakufu judgement, the Akō rōnin led by Ōishi Kranosuke, karō (chief retainer) of the Akō han, successfully carried out the vendetta. A month and a half later, all the vendetta league members were sentenced to seppuku. This incident had a strong impact on the people in the peaceful Genroku era and it has since been taken up in various forms of entertainment and art. Among them, a kabuki and jōruri play (Japanese traditional puppet play) Kanadehon Chūshingura has maintained an unsurpassed status since its first performance in 1748. After Kanadehon, the term Chūshingura has become the title of almost all the Akō-mono (works with the theme of the Akō incident). However, this play mainly depicts the fate of fictional characters outside the vendetta league. The first purpose of this thesis is to investigate the reasons for the long-lasting popularity of Kanadehon as the most representative Chūshingura story, in spite of the clear absence of historical facts. As the second purpose, this thesis will examine the recent polarization trend in Chūshingura productions. Until a few decades ago, the straightforward vendetta stories with Ōishi the hero versus Kira the villain boasted overwhelming popularity. While the popularity of these ―orthodox‖ stories is rapidly diminishing, Chūshingura stories with diverse perspectives, such as those featuring defectors, have been steadily increasing in the modern age. Performances of Chūshingura parodies written by Tsuruya Nanboku IV in the early 1800s are also increasing both in traditional and contemporary plays. After having investigated this polarization trend and ascertained its reasons, I will try to forecast the future of Chūshingura. / Graduate

The management of rectal cancer has changed in many countries over the last two decades and resulted in improved survival for the majority of rectal cancer patients. In this thesis some surgical strategies and histopathological aspects to improve and clarify the management of rectal cancer patients are investigated. Even in the era of TME surgery and radiotherapy, a higher local recurrence rate and shorter survival for rectal cancer patients operated with abdominoperineal resection is reported. In the first paper we describe a new strategy with partial anterior en bloc resection of either the prostate or the vagina, resulting in very low local recurrence rates and excellent long-term survival. Histopathological examination of the specimen lays the foundation for decision making on oncological therapy. A positive circumferential resection margin (CRM) has, in previous papers, been related to a high risk of local recurrence. In the second paper we show that a CRM ≤ 1 mm was not correlated with an increased risk of local recurrence when patients were managed in a multidisciplinary setting with preoperative radiotherapy and optimal TME surgery. As the complexity of rectal cancer management is increasing, demands on organizational structure are growing. In paper three we could show that long-term survival was increased for all rectal cancer patients after the centralization to a single unit. Whether or not to resect the primary rectal tumour in patients with metastatic disease is an ongoing debate in the literature. In paper four, we studied the national management of rectal cancer patients with primary metastatic disease. Nineteen per cent of rectal cancer patients present with Stage IV disease and, at a national level, there is a clear shift to a more selective and restrictive approach. The 30-day mortality was low for patients that underwent a resectional surgery, for patients having an exploratory laparotomy, however, it was high. Overall survival was improved over time even though up to one fourth of patients received no surgical treatment.

Bajo el titulo "Studia Iuuenciana" se agrupan un conjunto de trabajos de carácter léxico -volúmenes segundo y tercero respectivamente- y un estudio de la imitación que de Virgilio lleva a cabo el poeta Vecio Aquilino Juvenco -volumen primero-.El análisis pormenorizado del libro primero de los "Evangelia" de Juvenco en relación con los "opera maiora" de Virgilio ha permitido poner de manifiesto el grado de influencia de la obra virgiliana en nuestro poeta y la menos cuantiosa, aunque no menos evidente, incorporación de elementos poéticos de escritores como Ennio, Ovidio, Estacio y, en menor medida, de Lucano, Horacio, Catulo y Propercio fundamentalmente. Además ha permitido establecer desde un punto de vista formal la tipología de la imitación de su fuente poética principal, es decir, de Virgilio:1º) La elección del léxico, que en términos generales, se aparta de los usos lingüísticos de los cristianos, y que coincide con Virgilio en un 92'2% del vocabulario empleado en el libro primero. Respecto del 7'8 % restante señalaremos que el 3'2 % son nombres propios y el resto arcaísmos, poeticismos no empleados por el Mantuano, tecnicismos cristianos y algún vulgarismo.Juvenco incorpora en su obra no sólo el léxico, sino también aquellos rasgos, inclusive fonéticos, que caracterizan la obra virgiliana con la que coincide a menudo en su posición métrica con el consiguiente efecto de escalera que ello supone en un importante número de versos. Llegados a este punto señalaremos que sólo dos versos de los setecientos setenta que componen el libro primero no contienen ninguna palabra que coincida en su posición métrica con Virgilio. La utilización de un léxico eminentemente virgiliano no significa en nuestro poeta servidumbre morfológica, ya que se observan diferencias en la mayoría de los versos del libro primero. 2º) La utilización de conjuntos de dos palabras, como mínimo, de procedencia virgiliana, a los que hemos denominado cadenas léxicas, segmentos o "iuncturae", situados la mayoría de las veces al principio y final de verso, aunque también se observan en otras posiciones susceptibles también de tipificar. a) El empleo de cadenas o bien de forma literal, es decir, sin cambio alguno ni léxico ni morfológico ni métrico, o bien con alguna alteración ya sea por medio de homomorfos, inversión del orden o por medio de cambios morfológicos no alejados fónicamente del modelo. b) La presencia de encabalgamientos. procedentes también de la obra del Mantuano, los cuales en ocasiones el poeta conserva en la misma posición métrica sin cambios ni alteraciones; otras veces, aun sirviéndose de los elementos que conforman un encabalgamiento, lo elimina por medio de la redistribución de sus componentes. También se observa en Juvenco la presencia de la citada figura como resultado de la dispersión de las palabras procedentes de una iunctura.c) La reutilización de diferentes cadenas o segmentos en un mismo verso, hecho éste que le aproxima a la técnica centonaria. En efecto, se aprecian en el presbítero hispano rasgos característicos de los centenes virgilianos de temática cristiana no sólo en aquellos versos detectados que responden rigurosamente a la estructura definida por Ausonio, sino también en aquellos en los que las "iuncturae" proceden de poetas distintos.d) Reorganización del material procedente de cadenas léxicas o "iuncturae" del modelo imitado. Tales elementos, fácilmente reconocidos por un lector culto, constituyen un efecto sin duda intencionado, pues el homenaje que se rendía al poeta objeto de imitación hubiera quedado parcialmente sin efecto si su influencia no fuera reconocida por el lector.3º) Recreación de un verso entero de Virgilio mediante la substitución de alguno de sus elementos y la redistribución del resto, motivada a veces por la superposición de un segundo hexámetro del propio Virgilio o de otro poeta. 4º) Trasposición de un número determinado de versos, de los que Juvenco conserva una cierta "iuncturae" con la consiguiente adaptación temática que ello supone.5º) La trasposición temática, a la que acabamos de aludir no se limita a los tramos largos sino que está presente a todo lo largo de toda la obra de Juvenco, tanto en la inclusión de determinadas "iuncturae", como en la identificación de los personajes paganos con aquellos que jugaron un papel en la vida de Cristo, inclusive antes del nacimiento de Jesús. En el segundo volumen de esta Memoria se presenta un nuevo "Index verborum" lematizado de la obra completa de Juvenco y un conjunto de instrumentos léxicos, como son los recuentos en orden decreciente y alfabético de los lemas, sendos índices inversos de las formas gramaticales y de sus enunciados, y asimismo el registro de las diferencias (respecto de Virgilio) tanto léxicas como morfológicas detectadas en el libro de primero de Juvenco.En el tercer volumen se presentan las "Concordantiae" -de características similares a las compuestas por H. HOLM WARWICK, "A Vergil Concordance", Univ. Minessota Press, Minneapolis, 1975-, no sólo de la obra completa de Juvenco sino también de los versos considerados por la tradición como dobles. / The "Studia Iuuenciana" are, on the one hand, a study of the imitation that Juvencus does of the poet Virgil and, on the other, a set of works of lexical nature.The first volume presents the detailed analysis of the first book of Juvencus' "Evangelia" in relation to Virgil's "opera maiora". This analysis has allowed us to show the degree of influence of the Virgilian work and the less numerous, although not less evident, incorporation of poetic elements from such writers as Ennius, Ovid, Statius and, to a lesser extent, from Lucan, Horace, Catullus and Propertius essentially. It has also allowed us to establish, from a formal viewpoint, the typology of the imitation from its main poetic source, i.e. from Virgil, which we superficially describe here as: a) choice of lexicon; b) use and location of sets of lexical chains or "iuncturae" in different parts of the verse; e) recreation of a whole verse of the poet from Mantua; d) transposition of a certain number of lines by means of intertextuality; e) thematic transposition. The study also offers a detailed commentary, by way of a sampling, on a certain number of lines from the fourth book, in which an identical process as that detected in the first book is observed, and a "tabula comparationis" of the Virgilian lexical chains that are more relevant in the first book of the "Evangelia".The second volume includes a new "lndex verborum", with the mottos of Juvencus complete work and a set of lexical instruments, such as the recounts in decreasing and alphabetical order of the mottos, two inverse indexes of the grammatical forms and their enunciations as well as the registration of the lexical and morphological differences -with regard to Virgil-detected in Juvencus' first book.The third volume presents the "Concordantiae" -of similar characteristics to those composed by H. HOLM WARWICK,"A Vergil Concordance". Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1975- not only of Juvencus' complete work but also of the verses that tradition regards as double.