Yes / AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a pivotal regulator of metabolism at the cellular and organismal levels. AMPK also suppresses inflammation. We found that pharmacological activation of AMPK rapidly inhibited the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in various cells. In vitro kinase assays revealed that AMPK directly phosphorylated two residues (Ser515 and Ser518) within the SH2 domain of JAK1. Activation of AMPK enhanced the interaction between JAK1 and 14-3-3 proteins in cultured vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts, an effect which required the presence of Ser515 and Ser518 and was abolished in cells lacking AMPK catalytic subunits. Mutation of Ser515 and Ser518 abolished AMPKmediated inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling stimulated either by the sIL-6Rα/IL-6 complex or by expression of a constitutively active V658F-mutant JAK1 in human fibrosarcoma cells. Clinically used AMPK activators metformin and salicylate enhanced the inhibitory phosphorylation of endogenous JAK1 and inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation in primary vascular endothelial cells. Therefore our findings reveal a mechanism by which JAK1 function and inflammatory signaling may be suppressed in response to metabolic stress and provide a mechanistic rationale for the investigation of AMPK activators in a range of diseases associated with enhanced activation of the JAK-STAT pathway.

No description available.

The production of Nitric Oxide (NO) under physiological conditions has beneficial roles in acting as a key signaling component of many biological processes as well as having an anti-microbial effect. However its effects following excess production by the inducible NO pathway is potentially detrimental in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation including sepsis and several other inflammatory diseases. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) responsible for producing the excessive amounts of NO in disease states is therefore critical. In this regards, experiments were carried out to identify the signaling pathways that may mediate this process, focusing specifically on the JAK/STAT cascade. The reason for selecting the latter is because our research group, amongst others, has carried out extensive work investigating other signaling pathways, including the mitogen activated kinases (MAPK). Moreover, studies have also been carried out in an attempt to identify the critical role of JAK/STAT signaling for iNOS induction. These studies however failed to conclusively demonstrate whether, as with the MAPKs, the JAK/STATs may also play an essential role. Furthermore there is indeed controversy in the literature with researchers unable to agree whether expression of iNOS does require JAK/STAT activation. Thus, the aim of the project described in this thesis was to establish unequivocally whether activation of the JAK/STATs preceeds induction of iNOS. The studies were extended to L-arginine transport as well because the latter is widely reported to be induced in parallel with iNOS and substrate supply to iNOS may be critical for sustained NO production. Changes in transporter activity as well as their expression profiles were assessed. All experiments were carried out in either rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) or in the J774 macrophage cell line. These cell types were selected because RASMCs are one of the prime targets for induced NO production in vascular inflammation and the macrophages are involved in host defence, acting in part through NO production. To establish the role of JAK/STATs, pharmacological and molecular approaches were used. Pharmacologically, two inhibitors were used and these were AG490 and JAK inhibitor I. The former is reported to be a selective JAK2 inhibitor and the other blocks all known JAK proteins. The potential of the GTPases to regulate the induction of iNOS was also examined using selective inhibitor known to regulate these proteins. In addition to these drugs, siRNA targeting JAK2 was also exploited and western blotting was extensively used to detect expression of various proteins including iNOS, native and phosphorylated JAK2 and TYK2. Changes in iNOS activity was monitored by determining nitrite production using the Griess assay and L-arginine transport was monitored using tritiated arginine (L-[3H]arginine). RASMCs were treated with a combination of LPS (100 µg/ml) and IFN- (100 U/ml) and the macrophages with LPS (1 µg/ml) to induce iNOS and transporter activity. Consistent with previous reports, the above treatment of both cell types resulted in the expression of iNOS, production of NO and enhanced transport of L-arginine. These effects were not affected by AG490 but blocked by JAK inhibitor I. Furthermore, although both cell types expressed the key JAKs (JAK2 and TYK2), neither of these proteins were phosphorylated under conditions of induced NO production. Moreover, siRNA experiments showed that JAK2 expression could be abolished without any significant change in NO production, confirming that at least JAK2 may not be required for this process. Whether TYK2 is involved still remains to be resolved as the phosphor-protein could not be detected. However the conclusive siRNA knockdown studies could not be carried out due to time and cost constraints. Apart from iNOS and NO production, changes in induced L-arginine transport were also not significantly affected under the experimental conditions described above suggesting that like with iNOS, induction of L-arginine transport is independent of at least JAK2. Interestingly however, STAT-1 was phosphorylated and this was blocked by JAK inhibitor I but not AG490. Thus, STAT-1 activation may be essential but its activation may be independent of the JAKs. One possible alternate upstream activator of STAT-1 may be the GTPases. Indeed these proteins have been indicated to phosphorylate STAT-1 independent of the JAKs. However, in this project, inhibition of the GTPase pathway enhanced NO production and L-arginine transport suggesting that the GTPases downregulate these processes. In conclusion, the studies carried out in this thesis have shown that induction of iNOS, NO production and L-arginine transport in both RASMCs and J774 macrophages are independent of JAK2 but require STAT-1 activation which may be phosphorylated independently of the JAKs. The role of other JAKs such as TYK2 although unlikely, will need to be resolved using a more specific approach such as siRNA.

Richard Rorty's main thesis in his work Philosphy and the Mirror of Nature centers on a critique of representationalism in a fundamentally relativistic way. The aim of this disseration is to grasp Rorty's ideas in broader sense as a critique of inadequate interpretation of knowing- that and shift the attention to knowing-how as a key to new understanding the success of natural sciences. The fact that something is reproducibly possible for us to make in the surrounding world is not relative, and it is precisely in this way that technology (knowing- how) spreads so successfully even at multi-cultural level. In contrast, the explanatory function (knowing-that) of the natural sciences is relative, making sense only in the context of what is already known and accepted. Natural sciences are so successful because their experiments and only then take agreement of hypothesis with experimental practice (knowing-how) as the criterion of its acceptability. This dissertation offers, as a way out of Rortian relativism, the concept of "open authority" and proposes a new development in philosophic pragmatism based on it.

This diploma theses deals with the issues of music in movies. However, it is mainly focused on the life of Varhan Orchestrovič Bauer, one of the temporary Czech film music composer. I approached his life through a biography and an interview. Then I developed the matters of film music upon his work. First, I discussed the historic point of view and than the practical one - three interviewees helped me with that. Futher, I described the process of recording in Smecky Music Studio and I also analysed two parts of soundtrack from the movie Against the Wild which was composed by Varhan Orchestrovič Bauer. Last but not least, the results of a questionare are introduced to show how people perceive film music and its composers.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska betydelsen av Logos-begreppet hos två nytestamentliga författare, och sedan ta ställning till om det finns någon koppling mellan texternas användning av begreppet. Vid jämförelsen av Logos-begreppet kommer jag fram till att de båda författarna använder sig av Logos, dels på liknande sätt, men att de skiljer sig på vissa saker. Det skiljer sig även inom Johannesevangeliet, där det sker en förflyttning från att tro på det inkarnerade Logos till att höra Jesu talade Logos, som en premiss för att uppnå frälsning/räddning. Min slutsats om Jakobsbrevet är att åhörarna aktivt ska både höra och göra Logos, vilket liknar förekomsten av Logos-begreppet i Joh 4, 5 och 8 dock inte i Joh 1.

Theme of this thesis is how to choose between agile methodologies of software development. Several agile methodologies, such as SCRUM, Kanban and eXtreme programming are described and also methods of choosing between methodologies or management techniques are discussed. New method of multi-criteria decision process on how to choose between Agile methodologies based on multi-dimensionality is presented with option of improving agile experience by adopting additional techniques. Diploma thesis can serve as managers' hand-book for those who want to change their current software development methodologies or are searching for ways of improving their agile adoption.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease and represents about 20% of pediatric leukemias. Survival rates vary depending on subtypes but are particularly unfavorable for acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), a rare subtype of AML that usually affects children under 3 years old (≤ 30% survival for certain subtypes of AMKL). In pediatrics, genetic rearrangement leading to the expression of a chimeric fusion gene are present in many cases and are considered initiator events in the development of leukemia. In AMKL cases, more than 70% of them exhibit such rearrangement. Several of these chimeric transcripts, such as NUP98::KDM5A and CBFA2T3::GLIS2, occur in a higher proportion of cases. The analysis of the transcriptome from pediatric leukemic cases allowed us to identify new chimeric fusion transcripts in pediatric leukemias. Specifically, we discovered BPTF as a new fusion partner of NUP98 in the case of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), and the ACIN1::NUTM1 fusion in B-cell lymphoid leukemias. These studies have refined the molecular classification of these leukemias and provided tools for diagnosis and disease monitoring. The hypothesis of my thesis is that the NUP98::KDM5A and CBFA2T3::GLIS2 fusions are oncogenic and their expression in normal human hematopoietic and progenitor cells leads to transformation into acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in immunodeficient recipient mice, allowing for the generation of renewable xenograft models. My work has contributed to the generation of AMKL models with NUP98::KDM5A (N5A) and CBFA2T3::GLIS2 (CG2) fusions. To do this, we optimized a pipeline for transducing these chimeric genes in CD34+ cells isolated from cord blood, followed by transplantation into immunodeficient mice. These xenograft models phenocopy the leukemia of patients from a morphological, immunophenotypic, and transcriptomic standpoint. These synthetic AMKL models can be serially transplanted into mice and have a high frequency of leukemic stem cells. I also contributed to the development of a unique patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model derived from primary cells of a patient with an NUP98::BPTF genotype AMKL leukemia. These synthetic and PDX models then served as substrates for my experiments and those of several members of our laboratory. My research has allowed us to identify and characterize new biomarkers specific to NUP98- rearranged and CBFA2T3::GLIS2 positive AMKL. Taking advantage of the biomass generated by these AMKL leukemia models, we conducted transcriptomic and proteomic studies of the membrane surface. These results were compared to normal cells isolated from cord blood to identify several surface proteins specific to each leukemia genotype and shed light on new potential biomarkers. Furthermore, we confirmed the sensitivity of our AMKL models to JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors and performed synergy assays between JAK-STAT and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway inhibitors. These experiments demonstrated the synergistic induction of apoptosis in our models upon the combine exposure to JAK-STAT and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway inhibitors. These works allowed us to identify potential therapeutic vulnerabilities of AMKL. Finally, since research on AMKL is affected by the limited number of patient samples, the human models and molecular data presented in this thesis constitute an invaluable resource to accelerate translational research for these high-risk leukemias. / La leucémie myéloïde aiguë (LMA) est une maladie hétérogène sur le plan génétique et représente environ 20% des leucémies pédiatriques. Les taux de survie varient selon les sous- types mais sont particulièrement défavorables pour les leucémies aiguës mégacaryoblastiques (AMKL), un sous-type rare de LMA touchant généralement les enfants de moins de 3 ans (≤ 30% de survie pour certains sous-types d’AMKL). En pédiatrie, les réarrangements génétiques entraînant l’expression d’un gène de fusion chimérique sont présentes dans un grand nombre de cas et sont considérées comme des événements initiateurs à l’origine de la leucémie. Chez les leucémies de type AMKL, c’est plus de 70% des cas qui présentent un tel réarrangement. Quelques-uns de ces transcrits chimériques, tels que NUP98::KDM5A et CBFA2T3::GLIS2, surviennent dans une plus grande proportion des cas. Dans le cadre de mes recherches, l’analyse du transcriptome de leucémies pédiatriques nous ont permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux transcrits chimériques. Notamment, nous avons découvert BPTF comme étant un nouveau partenaire de fusion de NUP98 dans le cas d’une AMKL, ainsi que la fusion ACIN1::NUTM1 chez des leucémies lymphoïdes à cellules B. Ces travaux ont permis de raffiner la classification moléculaire de ces leucémies et propose de nouvelles approches pour le diagnostic et le suivi de la maladie. L’hypothèse de ma thèse est que les fusions NUP98::KDM5A et CBFA2T3::GLIS2 sont oncogéniques et leur expression chez des cellules souches hématopoïétiques et progénitrices humaines normales entraîne une transformation en leucémie aiguë mégacaryoblastique dans les souris receveuses immunodéficientes, permettant de générer des modèles de xénogreffe. Mes travaux ont contribué à la génération de modèles d’AMKL arborant les fusions NUP98::KDM5A ainsi que CBFA2T3::GLIS2. Pour ce faire, nous avons optimisé un processus de transduction de ces gènes chimériques chez des cellules CD34+ isolées de sang de cordon, suivi de transplantation chez la souris immunodéficiente. Ces modèles de xénogreffe récapitulent la leucémie des patients aux points de vue morphologique, immunophenotypique et transcriptomique. Ces modèles synthétiques d’AMKL peuvent être transplantés de manière sériée en souris et présentent une fréquence élevée de cellules souches leucémiques. De plus, nous avons aussi développé un modèle pdx unique (patient derived xenograft) dérivé des cellules primaires d’un patient atteint d’une leucémie AMKL présentant la fusions NUP98::BPTF. Ces modèles synthétiques et pdx ont ensuite servi de substrats à mes expériences ainsi que celles de plusieurs membres du laboratoire. Mes recherches ont permis d’identifier et de caractériser de nouveaux biomarqueurs spécifiques aux AMKL présentant un transcrit de NUP98 réarrangé et CBFA2T3::GLIS2. Tirant avantage de la biomasse générée par ces modèles de leucémie AMKL, nous avons fait des études transcriptomiques et protéomiques de la surface membranaire de nos modèles. Ces résultats furent comparés aux cellules normales isolées de sang de cordon afin d’identifier plusieurs protéines de surface spécifiques aux leucémies initiées par NUP98 réarrangé et CBFA2T3::GLIS2 afin de mettre en lumière de nouveaux biomarqueurs potentiels. De plus, nous avons aussi confirmé la sensibilité de nos modèles AMKL aux inhibiteurs de la voie JAK-STAT ainsi que démontré l’induction synergique de l’apoptose de nos modèles en présence des inhbitieurs combinés des voies JAK-STAT et PI3K-AKT-mTOR. Finalement, puisque la recherche sur les AMKL est ralentie par la quantité limitante d’échantillons de patient, les modèles humains et les données moléculaires présentés dans cette thèse constituent une ressource inestimable afin d’accélérer la recherche translationnelle pour ces leucémies à haut risque.

This diploma theses deals with the issues of music in movies. However, it is also focused on the life of Varhan Orchestrovič Bauer, one of the temporary Czech film music composer. I approached his life through a biography and an interview. Then I developed the matters of film music upon his work. First, I discussed the historic point of view and than the practical one - three interviewees helped me with that. Futher, I described the process of recording in Smecky Music Studio and I also analysed two parts of soundtrack from the movie Against the Wild which was composed by Varhan Orchestrovič Bauer and demonstrated the use of film music in educational practice. Last but not least, the results of a questionare are introduced to show how people perceive film music and its composers.

El gen humano 11-HSD2 es un modelo para investigar la contribución de los efectos de los receptores de esteroides en células de cáncer de mama. El análisis del promotor mostró que la región distal está implicada en la mayor parte de la activación dependiente de hormona. En respuesta a hormona, STAT5A se recluta a la región distal y PR a las regiones distal y proximal del promotor. El reclutamiento de PR se debe a dos mecanismos diferentes, la unión directa de PR a la región proximal, y la implicación vía JAK/STAT en el reclutamiento a la región distal. La inducción del gen 11-HSD2 por hormonas disminuye parcialmente por inhibidores de MAPK y PI3K/Akt y totalmente por inhibidores de JAK/STAT. Así, los efectos citoplasmáticos del PR están implicados en la inducción del gen progesterona. La forma activa de la ARN-polimerasa II es reclutada por la inducción con hormonas a la región distal del promotor 11-HSD2 y la región distal tiene respuesta a hormonas por sí misma, indicando que la inducción del gen por hormonas empieza antes del sitio de inicio de transcripción descrito previamente. / The human 11-HSD2 gene is a model to investigate the contribution of steroid hormone receptors effects on a progesterone responsive promoter in breast cancer cells. Deletion analysis of the 11-HSD2 promoter showed that the distal region is involved in most of the hormone-dependent activation. ChIP showed hormone-dependent STAT5A-recruitment to the distal region and PR-recruitment to the distal and proximal promoter regions. Results suggest two different mechanisms of hormone-induced PR-recruitment, since cells stably expressing PR containing a mutated DNA-binding domain have affected hormone-dependent PR-recruitment to proximal promoter, and JAK/STAT pathway inhibition blocks PR-recruitment to distal promoter. Hormone-stimulated 11-HSD2 gene-expression was partially decreased by MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors and totally blocked by JAK/STAT pathways inhibitors, indicating that cytoplasmic PR effects involvement in progestin-induced 11-HSD2 expression. Importantly, upon hormone induction active RNA-polymerase II is recruited from the 11-HSD2 distal promoter region and the distal minimal promoter has hormone-responsiveness by itself, suggesting that progesterone-dependent 11-HSD2 expression starts upstream the previously characterized transcription start site.