Le logement est l’un des besoins fondamentaux de l’homme, comme la nourriture et le vêtement. Or, les régions métropolitaines de Jakarta et de Surabaya font face à une crise du logement. La pénurie de logements a atteint 1, 02 million dans le « Grand Jakarta » et 46 058 dans le « Grand Surabaya » en 2015. Cette étude décrit le déséquilibre entre la demande et l’offre de logements dans ces deux régions métropolitaines, et les efforts des différents acteurs (publics et privés) à trois époques différentes : « l’Ordre Ancien », « l’Ordre Nouveau », et « la Réforme/ Démocratie décentralisée » pour résoudre ce problème. Cette étude cherche en outre à lister les difficultés rencontrées par tous les acteurs dans la construction de logements décents et abordables depuis l’ère de « la démocratie décentralisée ». Enfin, cette étude examine la stratégie de coopération multi-acteurs qui a été adoptée pour réduire la pénurie de logements depuis « la Réforme ». Cette stratégie semble prometteuse car les acteurs partagent leurs rôles de sorte que la mise en œuvre des projets de construction de logements bon marché devient plus réalisable, notamment dans les grandes régions urbaines. / Housing is one of the basic needs, like food and clothing. However, the metropolitan areas of Jakarta (Jabodetabek) and Surabaya (Gerbangkertosusila) are dealing with a huge housing shortage. In 2015, the number of housing needs has reached 1, 02 million in the "Greater Jakarta" and 46.058 in the "Greater Surabaya". Due to this issue, the study firstly describes the imbalance between supply and demand of low-cost housing in these two metropolitan areas, and then the attempts of the various actors involved (public and private) to solve this problem since the nation’s independence era until the presents days (“Old Order”, “New Order”, and the “Reform/ Democratic decentralisation”). Secondly, this study explores different factors that interfere the supply of affordable housing during the era of "democratic decentralisation”. Finally, this study examines several multi-actors cooperation strategies that were adopted lately to reduce the housing shortage. These strategies seem promising because each actor are capable of sharing their roles so that the implementation of low-cost housing development projects can become more feasible, especially if they will be implemented in the large urban areas.

Thesis. 1976. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaves 225-227. / M.C.P.

Doctoral dissertation. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

La métropole de Jakarta est fortement exposée aux menaces liées à l'eau, entre l'excès d'eau lors des inondations, le manque d'eau potable et la pollution de l'eau qui engendrent des menaces sanitaires. Si toutes les catégories sociales sont victimes des catastrophes liées à l'eau, les communautés pauvres des quartiers informels précaires sont particulièrement vulnérables notamment du fait de moyens de protection limités. Elles adoptent des comportements dangereux face aux menaces, auxquelles elles s'exposent et qu'elles aggravent de surcroît par des pratiques inadaptées. Par une approche géo-ethnographique et sociale, cette étude cherche dans un premier temps à mettre en évidence les causes profondes de vulnérabilité, en testant les hypothèses issues des deux paradigmes encadrant la recherche sur les risques. Elle met en exergue la dimension quotidienne des catastrophes et leur ancrage dans un long processus de marginalisation par rapport aux ressources. Dans un deuxième temps, des enquêtes auprès des acteurs institutionnels de la gestion du risque et du développement urbain, remises en perspectives par rapport au contexte international permettent d'appréhender les difficultés structurelles de gestion et l'inadaptation des stratégies de réduction des risques et de comprendre les enjeux politiques sous-jacents qui l'expliquent. Enfin, après une analyse participative de projets développés à l'échelle communautaire par les acteurs non institutionnels, ce travail propose une discussion sur le rôle des nombreux acteurs de l'échelle locale à internationale dans la mise en place de stratégies efficaces de réduction des risques de catastrophe pour les communautés vulnérables.

This project proposes an automated system that allows a registered user to post questions to a web-based database of technical experts. This enables the user to have a quicker response time to their questions. The users questions and answers are posted to the website.

INTERDIALECTAL COMPARISON OF LEXICAL BORROWINGS IN ROMANI III. SYNOPSIS This thesis deals with lexical borrowability in Romani dialects from the area of Central Europe. The comparison includes fifty local varieties spoken in Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. Fourty-eight of theese local varieties belong to the Central dialects group of Romani language, two of them belong to the North-Vlax dialects group. Data source was a transcript database of elicited questionnaries taken under the Language Atlas of Central Romani project. Using the Leipzig-Jakarta List of Basic Vocabulary for each variety, amount of borrowings, its semantic field and category, as well as donor language were observed in this comparison. The result of this work is new order of Leipzig-Jakarta List of Basic Vocabulary meanings, adopted to the Romani dialects spoken in Central Europe. IV. KEY-WORDS CATALOGUE Central European Romani, Romani dialects, lexical borrowings, lexical borrowability, Leipzig-Jakarta List of Basic Vocabulary, Language Atlas of Central Romani

This thesis evaluates transparency in the context of water utilities’ regulation by comparing legal frameworks in three jurisdictions: Victoria (Australia), England (United Kingdom) and Jakarta (Indonesia). Each of these jurisdictions is selected because of their particular ownership and regulatory model. The thesis analyses whether specific ownership or regulatory models will have implications for transparency. The terms “transparency” and “water utilities’ regulation” are first defined and form the thesis’ analytical framework. This is then applied against the three jurisdictions compared. By evaluating each of the three jurisdictions, the thesis expects to provide explanation on how transparency is enabled or inhibited by the legal frameworks. The thesis recommends a solution by comparing the three jurisdictions and generating “lessons learned”.

傳統對援助的認知是兩方互動中有著「施與受的單向關係」，但今日轉變為兩方透過援助為名來進行發展之需要的「夥伴關係」。本研究採用印尼雅萬高鐵的個案來探討究竟是何種考量促使印尼做出選擇，所以才促成雅萬高鐵建設與中國進行合作。在方法上藉由文獻分析探討中國以及印尼彼此的合作意圖，並透過相關資料的蒐集、整理與分析，找出適當的證據來支撐並解釋印尼雅萬高鐵的建設為什麼是與中國合作的原因，最後從對於該項個案的分析延伸探討中國的援助在東南亞是否展現了一種援助上的新殖民主義行為。 中國的高鐵外交主要特色在於政府主導、商業取向以及戰略性選擇，而高鐵建設也成為現階段中國實力的展現，以及對外關係合作上的優先手段與工具。本文對中國的探討，發現雅萬高鐵並不能單純視之為援助國與受援國「求雙贏」的商業投資合作案，反倒是個充滿著援助國為「求所得」的政經援助合作案。 佐科威的施政願景需要大量基礎建設來帶動國家發展，而中國能夠以划算的方式提供印尼發展所需的技術，專業知識和資金。同時，中國所提出的方案其建設所需時間較日本短，工程期間將經歷印尼總統選舉，所以若能如期完工，將對佐科威的連任帶來助益。本文透過對印尼的討論足見雅萬高鐵的合作成案是建基在受援國本身的政治經濟想望中，而不單是援助國單方面的決定。 透過本研究之考察可以發現中國對印尼的援助並未具有獨佔或壟斷的權力，印尼擁有援助中的自主權來與中國進行協商並議價雅萬高鐵的合作方向。從這些面向觀之，中國和印尼間並不存在著殖民式關係，印尼在雅萬高鐵中的角色也不是被剝削或依賴的關係，反倒擁有左右中國的能力，因此很難將中印(尼)在雅萬高鐵合作的關係貼上新殖民主義的標籤。最後，本文認為透過對援助知識的探討，對於我國未來的國際參與將有所助益。 / A great deal of previous research into foreign aid has focused on ‘Aid Dependency’. However, there has been increasing attention paid to ‘Partnership’ between Donors and Recipients. This paper presents an analysis of cooperative interaction within the politics of aid, with a particular focus on Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail. By means of textual analysis and case studies, the study has collected rich data which enable descriptions of the critical reasons of cooperative interaction between China and Indonesia in Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail project. Besides, in terms of case, the correlations between China’s aid intention and Indonesia’s development goal were calculated to determine the relationship of Neo-colonialism between these two variables. The results obtained confirm that China’s High Speed Rail Diplomacy shows three characteristics¬─State-led、Business-driven and Strategic choice. Using High Speed Rail to foster infrastructure assistance becomes a major tool in China’s foreign aid technique. These findings shed light on Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail project is not only a commercial contract but also a political deal. Additionally, results of this study revealed that President Jokowi pursue a macro Indonesia’s national development vision, infrastructures stand for a priority position in his thought. Because China’s aid is more cost-effective than Japan’s program, and China’s program suits Jokowi’s political intention, it facilitates Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail is the China-Indonesia cooperation project. It means Recipients can grip ownership in development assistance, the politics of aid shows a new image that recipients can bargain their goal with donors. It can be concluded that China's aid to Indonesia does not have exclusive or monopoly power. Indonesia has the ownership to negotiate with China and bargain for the cooperation of the Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Rail. From these perspectives, there is no colonial relationship between China and Indonesia. In the case, Indonesia is not exploited or dependent on China. Instead, it has the ability to influence China. Therefore, it cannot be seen as a Neo-colonialism. Finally, based on these findings, this study suggests that we need to strengthen the discussions about Foreign Aid or Development Assistance. These findings have important implications for the Republic of China (Taiwan), it will make a useful contribution to Taiwan’s international participation.

Ce travail de recherche traite de la problématique des transports dans les villes d’Indonésie, Jakarta et Bandung, mais également de la grande concurrence modale du trajet Jakarta-Bandung et Bandung-Jakarta. Les préférences des passagers sont des variables très importantes à connaître en raison de leurs impacts pour choisir un mode de transport parmi d’autres. Dans les transports, le modèle Logit est largement utilisé comme une méthode pour aborder la problématique du choix de transport multimodal comportant de multiples variables, mais dans la présente recherche, ces modèles ne sont pas appropriés pour la résolution de nos problèmes, car il y a des variables particulières à identifier et à prendre en compte. Par conséquent, nous avons développé pour nos besoins le modèle « Logit Mixed Multinomial Adapté (LMMA) » comme outil dédié à l’analyse décisionnelle dans le choix des modes de transport des passagers. La première partie de nos travaux de recherches porte sur l’identification et la compréhension des problèmes de transports intra-cité d’origine et de destination pour le choix du mode de transport entre Jakarta et Bandung (et puis entre Bandung et Jakarta). La seconde partie concerne le processus de décision final en proposant et en analysant les résultats d’un questionnaire adressé à de nombreux utilisateurs de la liaison Jakarta-Bandung (et Bandung-Jakarta). L’analyse permet pour chaque situation d’origine et de destination, et en tenant compte des services offerts par chaque mode inter-cité, d’identifier quel est le mode le plus compétitif. / An ideal city or intercity transport system is one where all the transport networks, involving in general different modes of transport, could serve together the cities connections to fulfill a passenger demand and satisfaction. Each transport network should have a logical layout (as possible with minimum discontinuities) to meet the required demands. Also in that ideal system, the different modes of transport should not only have their own good performances but also the exchange between modes should be done with harmony. The conditions as mentioned above are worldwide challenges. The present work deals with the transportation problematic between two Indonesian cities, and also with the high modal competition on the Jakarta-Bandung corridor. On that corridor, road transport is currently the main demanding mode for passengers transportation. The airlines cannot compete and discontinued their operations to this route. Nowadays, railway transport is decaying. Passengers preferences are the main variables for the final modal choice. It is necessary to know preferences due to their decisions impacts to choose one mode over the others. Those preferences are in fact not simple to express in a complex city and intercity transport system. In transportation, the Logit model is widely used as a method to explore the problematic of modal choices involving a lot of different variables. There are several Logit models already developed, such as “General Extreme Value”, “Probit”, and “Nested model”, but in this research, they are not compatible to solve our defined problems because there are some particular identified variables to be taken into account. Therefore we propose the "Adapted Mixed Multinomial Logit (AMML)" Model as a tool for analysis towards passenger's decision in modal choices. On the Jakarta-Bandung corridor, modal choices are influenced by the encountered problems in intercity transport at origin and destination. One part on this research deals with identification and understanding of the intracity transport problems of origin and destination on the choice of transport mode in Jakarta-Bandung corridor (Jakarta-Bandung and Bandung-Jakarta direction). The second part of this research deals with the final decision process by analyzing the results of questionnaires addressed to many users of the Jakarta-Bandung corridor. The five main variables of the last questionnaire are travel time, overall cost, security conditions, quality of travel information and connectivity conditions relevant to intercity transport and intracities transport conditions as well. After validation of the questionaires, this research uses the AMML model to get final decision result by comparing one mode among three intercity transport mode (train, minibus, and car) using the values of the variables. Taking into account the characteristics of each intercity mode of transportation, the analysis identifies the most competitive intercity transport mode for each situation from departure city to arrival city. Using alternative public and private transport modes policies, one could in the future modify passenger choice on intercity transport mode. Therefore, this study is relevant for improving of intracity and intercity transport systems.