The topic of the effects of audit quality as a consequence of audit firm rotation has been debated for decades in business science. It has also been discussed in the political arena. In April 2013 the Legal Affairs Committee of the European Union voted for a draft law requiring mandatory audit firm rotation for periods of 14 years. Countries such as Sweden might face the possible changes in audit quality that the mandatory audit firm rotation entails. In the light of these events, we studied how the audit quality changes when audit firms rotate. Because we used the Jones Model and the Modified Jones Model, discretionary accruals were our proxy for audit quality. The initial sample consisted of all publicly listed companies which rotated audit firms from 2008 to 2012 in Sweden. We found that there was a statistically significant change in audit quality, in the form of higher discretionary accruals following the rotation. Based on earlier research claiming that higher discretionary accruals signifies lower audit quality, our results suggest that audit firm rotation in Sweden leads to a diminished audit quality. This might be due to the loss of firm-specific knowledge. Our results also indicate that the new auditing firms are more conservative than the auditor firm prior to the rotation, which might be explained by the increased audit risk that is related to the audit of the first-year client.

Dissertation interfaces two current accounting issues: International Financial Reporting Standards and financial reporting quality. Theoretical framework begins with historical development and contemporary position of IFRS. It is followed by financial accounting quality where overview of methods is used for assessment of accounting quality. The literature underpinning represents the final part of theoretical part. Dissertation examines publicly traded Czech companies on Prague stock exchange and together their financial statements are presented under Czech accounting standards and later on switched on International Financial Reporting Standards. Final sample consists of 15 companies (222 firm-year observations) during period 1993-2013. World accepted models were adjusted before its application to be more convenient for Czech environment. Research results show that there are only limited improvements in financial reporting quality in IFRS period, only some companies are models applicable and therefore law and professional environment play significant role within quantitative methods.

This thesis researches to which extent companies use earnings management in times of CEO turnover, which is a continuing, complex and rather complicated issue. Earnings management was tested on different attribute such as: firm industry, firm size, CEO’s age, and the CEO’s origin (internal or external). The data was gathered through a quantitative study based on public companies’ financial reports. The sample includes 252 firms listed on Nasdaq OMX Stockholm and have been subject of a CEO change at some occasion during 2005-2011. The statistical result from the mixed-model ANOVA tests showed in general significant result of upward earnings management the year of CEO change, but not the following year. While there are many explanations to the findings of how earnings management is used on the Swedish market, the analysis and conclusion elaborate the reason that ought to be the blueprint of reality.

IFRS 15 trädde i kraft 1 januari 2018, och innebar en stor förändring för intäktsredovisningen. Det saknas studier genomförda i en svensk kontext som undersöker om IFRS 15 haft någon påverkan på redovisningskvaliteten. Studien visar att redovisningskvaliteten, som mäts genom graden av resultatmanipulering, har ökat sedan införandet av IFRS 15 med avseende på de intäktsrelaterade periodiseringarna. Sett till de totala periodiseringarna har ingen förbättring skett, vilket innebär att det fortfarande förekommer resultatmanipulering hos företagen noterade på Stockholmsbörsen. / IFRS 15 took effect January 1st 2018, and resulted in a major change in revenue recognition. There are no studies conducted in a Swedish setting that examine whether IFRS 15 has had any impact on the accounting quality. The study shows that the accounting quality, which is measured by the extent of earnings management, has increased since the introduction of IFRS 15 with respect to the revenue related accruals. In terms of the total accruals, no improvement has been made, which implies that there is still earnings management conducted by the companies listed at the Stockholm Stock Exchange.

En redovisning enligt IFRS ska ge en rättvisande bild för de finansiella rapporternas användare. För att uppnå den rättvisande bilden har IFRS olika värderingsmetoder, en av dessa är värdering till verkligt värde. Den standarden som hanterar verkligt värde är IFRS 13. Inom verkligt värde finns en värderingshierarki, som innehar tre nivåer. Vid Nivå 3 minskar tillförlitligheten mer än de andra nivåerna. Detta är på grund av möjligheten till att bolaget kan använda sig av subjektiva bedömningar. En standard inom IFRS som tillåter en värdering till verkligt värde är IAS 41. Denna standard hanterar redovisningen av biologiska tillgångar (till exempel skog). Två länder som innehar mycket skogsmark är Sverige och Kanada. Skog har en lång produktionscykel vilket leder till att det är en komplex tillgång att värdera och därför värderas den oftast till Nivå 3. Resultatmanipulering kan uppstå då det sker subjektiva bedömning, vilket kan ge en missledande bild av företagets finansiella ställning. Den problematik med resultatmanipulering och biologiska tillgångar har varit grunden för studiens forskningsfrågor och syfte. Studiens syfte är att förklara hur IAS 41 påverkar tillförlitligheten vid värdering till verkligt värde i de finansiella rapporterna. Det ska även studeras skillnader i resultatmanipuleringens befintlighet inom företag verksamma inom skogsbranschen i Sverige och Kanada. Med hjälp av att analysera olika skogsbolags årsredovisningar gav studien svar på om resultatmanipulering förekommer vid tillämpning av IAS 41 och om skillnader mellan skogsbolag i graden resultatmanipulering belägna i olika länder. I denna studie består datainsamling huvudsakligen av numeriska data ifrån årsredovisningar och därför har en kvantitativ metod valts. Ansatsen är deduktiv och studien bygger på hypoteser för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågorna. För att verifiera eller falsifiera hypoteserna användes olika T-test, regressionsanalyser och även The Modified Jones Model som visar resultatmanipuleringens befintlighet genom att beräkna de godtyckliga periodiseringarna. Populationen i studien består av skogsbolag som tillämpar IFRS. Urvalet kommer vara totalt 14 skogsbolag belägna både Sverige och Kanada. Hälften av de valda skogsbolagen använder sig av IAS 41 och äger biologiska tillgångar. Från urvalet kommer varje företags årsredovisningar under räkenskapsåren 2012 till 2020 att undersökas. Det resultat som undersökningen gett är att skogsbolag tenderar att värdera biologiska tillgångar till Nivå 3. Undersökningen visar också att det förekommer resultatmanipulering i skogsbolag som värderar enligt IAS 41, dock i mindre grad. Regressionsanalysen i undersökningen upplyser att det inte finns ett samband mellan godtyckliga periodiseringar och att redovisa enligt IAS 41. Vidare fanns inga skillnader mellan Sverige och Kanada i graden av resultatmanipulering. Slutsatsen som framgår är att det inte förekommer resultatmanipulering i någon större utsträckning i kanadensiska och svenska skogsbolag. / Accounting in accordance with IFRS must give a true and fair view to the users of the financial statements. To achieve the true and fair view, IFRS has different measurement methods, one of which is fair value. The standard that provides the guidance on fair value measurement is IFRS 13. Within fair value, there is a hierarchy, which has three levels. At the Level 3, the reliability decreases more than the other levels. This is due to the possibility that the company can use subjective assessments. An IFRS standard that allows a fair value measurement is IAS 41. This standard deals with the recognition of biological assets (for example, forests). Two countries that hold a lot of forestland are Sweden and Canada. Forests have a long production cycle andis a complex asset to value, therefore it is most often valued at Level 3. Earnings management can occur when there is a subjective assessment, which can mislead the true and fair view of the company's financial position. The problem of earnings management and biological assets has been the basis for the study's research questions and purpose. The purpose of this study is to explain how IAS 41 affects the reliability of fair value measurement in the financial statements. Differences in the existence of earnings management within companies operating in the forest industry in Sweden and Canada will also be studied. Annual reports of the forest companies are use in this study to provide the answers to whether earnings management occurs, in the application of IAS 41 and if there are any differences between forest companies in the degree of earnings management located in different countries. In this study, data collection consists mainly of numerical data from annual reports and therefore a quantitative method has been chosen. The approach is deductive and this study is based on hypotheses to be able to answer the research questions. To verify or falsify the hypotheses, various T-tests, regression analyzes and The Modified Jones Model were used to show the existence of the earnings management by calculating the discretionary accruals. The population in this study consists of forest companies that applies IFRS. The selection will be a total of 14 forest companies located in both Sweden and Canada. Half of the selected forest companies use IAS 41 and own biological assets. From the sample, each company's annual reports during the financial years 2012 to 2020 will be examined. The result given by the survey is that forest companies tend to value biological assets at Level 3. The survey also shows that there is earnings management in forest companies that value in accordance with IAS 41, but at a lower extent. The regression analysis in the survey states that there is no connection between discretionary accruals and reporting in accordance with IAS 41. Furthermore, in this study there were no differences between Sweden and Canada in the degree of earnings management. The conclusion that emerges is that there is no manipulation of earnings to a large extent in Canadian and Swedish forest companies. This paper is written in swedish.

This paper examines the relationship between executive compensation – in the form ofvariable pay – and earnings management. Since most research is done on Americancompanies, and Swedish companies are adopting a more Anglo-American compensationstructure, we would like to study this in Sweden. We hypothesize that CEOs with highervariable pay are more likely to engage in earnings management. This study is done onSwedish companies listed on Large- and Mid-Cap. Using data from the companies’ annualreports we find no significant relationship between variable pay and discretionary accrualsusing our regression. / Denna studie undersöker relationen mellan kompensation till ledande befattningshavare –den del av lönen som är rörlig - och manipulering av intäkter. Då större delen av tidigareforskning har fokuserat på amerikanska företag, och svenska företag anammar en mer angloamerikanskstruktur av kompensation, vill vi undersöka detta i Sverige. Vi kommer fram tillen hypotes där vi antar att en VD med högre rörlig lön är mer trolig att manipulera intäkter.Studien är gjord på svenska företag listade på Large och Mid Cap. Genom att använda datafrån företagens årsredovisningar och Datastream hittar vi genom våra regressioner ingasamband mellan rörlig lön och diskretionära periodiseringar.

Titel: A Game of Nods and Winks - En studie om faktorer som påverkar svenska börsbolagsanvändning av resultatmanipulering Bakgrund: Resultatmanipulering är att omdiskuterat ämne i Europa såväl som i USA.Resultatmanipulering har konstaterats frekvent användas i svenska bolag. Vi frågar oss vilkabakomliggande faktorer kan påverka mängden av resultatmanipulation. Syfte: Studiens syfte avser att förklara hur analytikers prognoser och andelen kvinnligastyrelseledamöter påverkar resultatmanipuleringen i svenska noterade bolag. Metod: En tvärsnittsstudie med en deduktiv ansats genomförs där teorier testats viahypotesprövning. Teorierna Positiv redovisningsteori, Agentteori, Prospect theory och Critical Mass theory avser att behandla de incitament som ligger till grund förresultatmanipulering. Urvalet består av Stockholmsbörsens Large, Mid, Small Cap bolagunder åren 2012 till 2016. Slutsatser: Resultatet påvisar att företag har en stark vilja nå analytikers prognoser samt atten hög andel kvinnliga styrelseledamöter har en negativ påverkan på företagets vilja atttillämpa resultatmanipulering. Vi kan i studien även visa en interaktionseffekt mellan de tvåfaktorerna. / Title: A Game of Nods and Winks - A study on underlying factors that affect the use of Earnings management in Swedish public companies Background: Earnings management is a subject of discussion in Europe as well in the United States. Earnings management has been found to be frequently used in Swedish companies. We ask ourselves what the underlying factors are and how can they affect the amount of Earnings management. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to investigate how analysts’ forecasts and a high proportion of female board members affects how public Swedish companies manage their earnings through Earnings management. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study with a deductive approach are performed and theories constitutes the basis for our hypothesis. The theories; Positive accounting theory, Agency theory, Prospect theory and Critical Mass theory intends to deal with the incentives behind Earnings management. The observation period is 2012 to 2016 and consists of companies from the Stockholm stock exchange market. Conclusions: The result concludes that companies have strong incentives to reach analysts’ forecasts and that a high percentage of female representation on the board have a negatively impact on company’s willingness to manage their earnings. In the study, we can also detect an interaction effect between the two variables.

Studies on earnings management usually hypothesise that managers manage accruals opportunistically. Few studies however, argue that managers can also use accruals to improve the value relevance of reported earnings to help investors better assess the firm's operating performance. While substantial evidence on managers' opportunistic behaviour on accruals has been documented in the literature, empirical evidence on the informativeness of accruals is scarce and inconclusive. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether managers use accruals to communicate private information regarding the firm's operating performance, or as reported in the literature, use them for their own benefit. This thesis finds that on average, firms reporting high earnings accompanied by high accruals have significantly negative subsequent period stock returns suggesting that these firms manage their accounting earnings. Focusing on stock dividend issues as an incentive to opportunistically increase accruals, the results are found to be consistent with the earnings management hypothesis. Stock dividend issuing firms are reported to significantly increase accruals in the issue year followed by poor earnings and stock price performances in the subsequent year. Moreover, discretionary accruals of the issuing firms are negatively correlated with both future earnings and abnormal stock returns. This evidence attempts to complement the earnings management literature. The analysis on the incentive to decrease accruals related to share repurchases, however, does not provide sufficient evidence to suggest that managers use their discretion to decrease accruals. To investigate the hypothesis that managers use accruals to convey information regarding their firm's future profitability, this thesis employs the contemporaneous earnings and dividend announcements as the research setting. This choice was made to increase the likelihood of detecting the use of accruals as private information communication while simultaneously mitigating the likelihood of the opportunistic income smoothing hypothesis to explain the results. The evidence strongly indicates that managers use both accruals and dividend increases as their private information communication regarding their firm's future profitability. Dividend increasing firms report positive accruals which are positively correlated with future profitability. This finding contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the accrual signalling hypothesis. Overall, the results of this thesis suggest that, depending on the incentives, managers can use the discretion accorded under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in estimating accounting accrual, either to manage accruals opportunistically or to help investors better assess the firms' operating performance.

Denna studie undersöker ifall det förekommer earnings management (EM) vid stock-for-stock-förvärv på den svenska marknaden. Tidigare forskning har gett tydliga tecken på att EM sker inför företagsförvärv och det finns starka incitament att använda sig utav det. Detta undersöks genom att studera om det sker en ökning av diskretionära periodiseringar, som mäts genom Modified Jones Model, åren innan förvärvet till skillnad från tidigare år. Studien undersöker även om målföretagets relativa storlek har en påverkan på EM. Undersökningens resultat från första hypotesprövningen indikerar att EM förekommer i svenska bolag redan tre år innan stock-for-stock-förvärv. Resultatet från den andra hypotesprövningen visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna Små förvärv och Stora förvärv medan resultatet från den tredje visade att storleksförhållandet mellan företagen har en inverkan på användningen av EM. Detta visades genom att företagen med de tio största förvärven har en signifikant högre summa diskretionära periodiseringar än de med de tio minsta förvärven.

Studies on earnings management usually hypothesise that managers manage accruals opportunistically. Few studies however, argue that managers can also use accruals to improve the value relevance of reported earnings to help investors better assess the firm's operating performance. While substantial evidence on managers' opportunistic behaviour on accruals has been documented in the literature, empirical evidence on the informativeness of accruals is scarce and inconclusive. The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether managers use accruals to communicate private information regarding the firm's operating performance, or as reported in the literature, use them for their own benefit. This thesis finds that on average, firms reporting high earnings accompanied by high accruals have significantly negative subsequent period stock returns suggesting that these firms manage their accounting earnings. Focusing on stock dividend issues as an incentive to opportunistically increase accruals, the results are found to be consistent with the earnings management hypothesis. Stock dividend issuing firms are reported to significantly increase accruals in the issue year followed by poor earnings and stock price performances in the subsequent year. Moreover, discretionary accruals of the issuing firms are negatively correlated with both future earnings and abnormal stock returns. This evidence attempts to complement the earnings management literature. The analysis on the incentive to decrease accruals related to share repurchases, however, does not provide sufficient evidence to suggest that managers use their discretion to decrease accruals. To investigate the hypothesis that managers use accruals to convey information regarding their firm's future profitability, this thesis employs the contemporaneous earnings and dividend announcements as the research setting. This choice was made to increase the likelihood of detecting the use of accruals as private information communication while simultaneously mitigating the likelihood of the opportunistic income smoothing hypothesis to explain the results. The evidence strongly indicates that managers use both accruals and dividend increases as their private information communication regarding their firm's future profitability. Dividend increasing firms report positive accruals which are positively correlated with future profitability. This finding contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the accrual signalling hypothesis. Overall, the results of this thesis suggest that, depending on the incentives, managers can use the discretion accorded under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in estimating accounting accrual, either to manage accruals opportunistically or to help investors better assess the firms' operating performance.