No presente trabalho utiliza-se um m´etodo multi-escala para estudar de forma te´orica as intera¸coes nao lineares entre o oceano e a atmosfera atrav´es de ressonancia onda-onda. Desenvolve-se uma hierarquia de modelos acoplados oceano-atmosfera nao lineares que foram escalonados convenientemente para representar as principais escalas de variabilidade clim´atica (i.e., intrasazonal, interanual, e decenal). A enfase dos modelos desenvolvidos foi dado para a regiao tropical. As fontes de nao linearidade inclu´das no modelo sao de dois tipos: I) nao linearidade intr´nsica (advectiva) e II) nao linearidade relacionada com os termos da f´sica e ambas sao abordadas neste trabalho. Para obter as equa¸coes que regem a dinamica de intera¸coes ressonantes a partir da hierarquia de modelos acoplados, aplicou-se um m´etodo perturbativo multi-escala. As solu¸coes sao escritas em termos de solu¸coes de ordem dominante e solu¸coes seculares. Para as solu¸coes de ordem dominante e seculares utilizam-se as fun¸coes base do problema linear, em uma aproxima¸cao do tipo Galerkin. As propriedades das fun¸coes base permitem calcular de forma anal´tica os coeficientes de intera¸cao associados com os termos nao lineares, assim como tamb´em permitem projetar estes termos nos modos de oscila¸cao natural do sistema (ressonancia). Com este m´etodo obt´em-se modelos reduzidos que permitem determinar as contribui¸coes de diversos processos para a evolu¸cao em escala lenta de um determinado modo de variabilidade natural. Para aplicar estes conceitos ao problema de acoplamento oceano-atmosfera utiliza-se como Ansatz (hip´otese inicial para a solu¸cao do problema) um tripleto composto por duas ondas atmosf´ericas e uma onda oceanica, sendo uma onda de Kelvin e de Rossby na atmosfera e uma onda Kelvin no oceano. O tripleto escolhido representa uma aproxima¸cao de v´arios fenomenos encontrados na regiao tropical, e.g. o desenvolvimento do El Nino, a intera¸cao da oscila¸cao de Madden-Julian com o oceano, a intera¸cao entre el Nino e variabilidade intrasazonal. No presente trabalho ´e mostrado que existe a ressonancia envolvendo ondas atmosf´ericas e oceanicas e que a modula¸cao em baixa frequencia produto desta ressonancia pode afetar desde escalas r´apidas sin´oticas equatoriais, intrasazonais, interanuais e at´e variabilidade da ordem de dezenas de anos. Palavras chave: Dinamica Equatorial nao linear, Intera¸coes Ressonantes, Modelos Acoplados Oceano-Atmosfera, El Nino, Oscila¸cao de Madden Julian, Oscila¸coes Decenais (Decadal) / In the present work a multiscale method is used to study resonant nonlinear wave-wave interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. A hierarchy of coupled atmosphere-ocean models is developed using typical scalings found in the tropical region with the aim to represent some of the dominant modes of climate variability (intraseasonal, interannual and decadal). The sources of nonlinearity included into model are of two types: I) intrinsic nonlinearity (advective form) and II) nonlinearity related to physical terms. A multi-scale perturbation method is applied to obtain equations governing dynamics of ressonant interactions. The solutions are described in terms of dominant and secular solutions. For the dominant modes basis functions of the linear problem are used in a approximation of the Galerkin type. The properties of the basis functions allows the analytical computation of the interaction coefficients associated with non-linear terms and the projection into the natural oscillation modes of the system (resonance). Using this method it is possible to obtain reduced models to determine the contributions of several processes to the slow time evolution of a specific mode of natural variability. To apply these concepts to the problem of atmosphere-ocean coupling an Ansatz composed of a three waves (two atmospheric Rossby and Kelvin waves and an ocean Kelvin wave) is used. The triad chosen represents a aproximation of several phenomena found in the tropical region, e.g. desenvolving of El Nino, interaction of the Madden-Julian oscillation with the ocean, interaction between El Nino and intra-seasonal variability, etc. It is shown that system allows a resonance involving atmospheric and oceanic waves and that the low-frequency modulation resulting from these ressonance can affect the system from fast equatorial synoptic scales to decadal timescales, including the intermediate scales i.e., intraseasonal and interannual.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-11-14T11:40:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilo Gomide Cavalcanti Silva.pdf: 1007085 bytes, checksum: 60c372c60addef6cac28fb3f76f9c003 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-14T11:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilo Gomide Cavalcanti Silva.pdf: 1007085 bytes, checksum: 60c372c60addef6cac28fb3f76f9c003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to analyze the effects of reality and sincerity in the autofictions A resistência, by Brazilian writer Julián Fuks, and Minha luta, by Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård. These contemporary authors seek a new form of realistic expression in their works. Both start from a lack of interest in traditional fiction, with fictional plots and characters, and choose to write about their own life, finding greater legitimacy in the autobiographical. Autofiction was coined in the 1970s to define a practice which became popular among writers interested in telling their own story. Although it is inevitably contaminated by fiction, many authors have found in this genre a means of seeking new effects of reality and authenticity. This research intends to understand how these writers forge these impressions from something so notoriously fallible as memory. The theoretical foundations of this research have, as a starting point, the seminal analyses of Michel Foucault on the writings of the self and the study of Jean Starobinski on the Confessions of Rousseau. From the literary field, Roland Barthes’ studies on realism and the limits of representation are considered, as well as other theorists dedicated to the themes of autobiography and autofiction, such as Lejeune (2014), Doubrovsky (1977) (who coined the term autofiction) and contemporary researchers such as Schøllhammer (2009), Klinger (2012), Faedrich (2016) and Perrone-Moisés (2016). The conclusion of this research is that both Fuks and Knausgård find, in autofiction, a form of greater commitment to literature. The difference, however, is that in A resistência, the effect of reality comes from the narrator’s constant suspicion of his own narrative; and in Minha luta, this effect comes from the corrosive confession of the narrator, who deeply identifies with the author / Este trabalho tem por finalidade analisar os efeitos de real e de sinceridade nas autoficções A resistência, do escritor brasileiro Julián Fuks, e Minha luta, do escritor norueguês Karl Ove Knausgård. Esses autores contemporâneos buscam, nessas obras, uma nova forma de expressão realista. Ambos partem de um desinteresse por ficções tradicionais, com enredos e personagens fictícios, e optam por escrever sobre a própria vida, por encontrarem, no material autobiográfico, uma maior legitimidade. A autoficção é um neologismo criado na década de 1970 para definir a prática, que se popularizou entre alguns escritores interessados em narrar sua própria história. Embora seja marcada pela contaminação inevitável da ficção, muitos autores têm encontrado no gênero um meio de buscar novos efeitos de real e de autenticidade. Esta pesquisa pretende entender como esses escritores forjam essas impressões, a partir de uma matéria sabidamente falível como a memória. Os fundamentos teóricos da investigação têm, por ponto de partida, as análises seminais de Michel Foucault a respeito das escritas de si e o estudo de Jean Starobinski sobre as Confissões, de Rousseau. No campo literário, alicerçam a pesquisa os estudos de Roland Barthes sobre o realismo e os limites da representação, além de outros teóricos que se dedicam à questão da autobiografia e da autoficção, como Lejeune (2014), Doubrovsky (1977) (o inventor do termo autoficção) e pesquisadores contemporâneos como: Schøllhammer (2009), Klinger (2012), Faedrich (2016) e Perrone-Moisés (2016). A conclusão da pesquisa é a de que tanto Fuks quanto Knausgård encontram na autoficção uma forma de comprometimento maior com a literatura. A diferença, no entanto, é a de que, em A resistência, o efeito de real advém da desconfiança permanente do narrador sobre o próprio relato; e, em Minha luta, este efeito provém da confissão corrosiva do narrador, que se identifica profundamente com o autor

L'oscillation de Madden-Julian (MJO) est la composante dominante de la variabilité intrasaisonnière dans l'atmosphère tropicale, se propageant vers l'est dans la bande équatoriale. Elle se compose d'un centre convectif (phase active) accompagné de la convergence des anomalies du vent zonal de bas niveau et de la divergence de niveau supérieur, et de zones de convection faible (phases supprimées). Trois périodes de l'activité MJO sur l'océan Indien et le continent maritime ont été choisies : 6-14 avril 2009, 23-30 novembre 2011 et 9-28 février 2013. Les simulations avec et sans paramétrisation de la convection ont été réalisées pour un grand domaine avec le modèle atmosphérique Méso-NH. Il a été obtenu que les simulations avec convection paramétrée n'étaient pas capables de reproduire un signal MJO. Pour 2009 et 2011, lorsque le couplage entre la convection et la circulation de grande échelle était fort, les simulations avec convection explicite ont montré une propagation visible de la MJO, ce qui n'a pas été le cas pour 2013. Pour 2011, les processus contribuant à la suppression de la convection ont été étudiés avec une analyse isentropique pour séparer les masses d'air ascendantes ayant une température potentielle équivalente élevée des masses d'air subsidentes ayant une température potentielle équivalente faible. Trois circulations de grande échelle ont été trouvées : une circulation troposphérique, une circulation de percées nuageuses dans la couche de tropopause tropicale, et une circulation de masses d'air à faible température potentielle équivalente dans la basse troposphère. Cette dernière correspond aux intrusions d'air sec de grande échelle des zones subtropicales dans la bande équatoriale, trouvées principalement pendant la phase supprimée de la MJO sur l'océan Indien. / The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant component of the intraseasonal variability in the tropical atmosphere, propagating eastward in the equatorial band. It consists of a convective center (active phase) accompanied by the low-level zonal wind anomaly convergence and the upper-level zonal wind anomaly divergence, and zones of weak convection (suppressed phases). Three time periods of the MJO activity over the Indian Ocean and the Maritime Continent were chosen: 6-14 April 2009, 23-30 November 2011, and 9-28 February 2013. The simulations with and without convective parameterizations were performed for a large domain with the atmospheric model Méso-NH. It was obtained that the simulations with parameterized convection were not able to reproduce an MJO signal. For 2009 and 2011 when the coupling between convection and large-scale circulation was strong, the convection-permitting simulations showed a visible MJO propagation, which was not the case for 2013. For the 2011 episode, the processes contributing to the suppression of the convection were studied using an isentropic analysis to separate the ascending air masses with high equivalent potential temperature from the subsiding air masses with low equivalent potential temperature. Three large-scale circulations were found: a tropospheric circulation, an overshoot circulation within the tropical tropopause layer, and a circulation of air masses with low equivalent potential temperature in the lower troposphere. The latter corresponds to the large-scale dry air intrusions from the subtropical zones into the equatorial band, mostly found during the suppressed MJO phase over the Indian Ocean.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida den tyska ubåtskrigföringen under andra världskriget använde sig av sjökrigsmetoder som beskrevs av Sir Julian Corbett i början av 1900-talet. För att testa Corbetts teorier studeras slaget om Atlanten 1939 – 1945 som ett empiriskt fall. Frågeställningen i denna rapport är: Vilka likheter och/eller skillnader finns mellan Sir Julian Corbetts sjökrigsmetoder och det tyska ubåtsvapens agerande under slaget om Atlanten? Metoden som används för denna undersökning är en komparativ metod där slaget om Atlanten studeras som ett fall. Resultatet visar att det finns en del likheter men också skillnader mellan tyskarnas ubåtskrigföring och Corbetts teorier. Corbett menar att syftet med all sjökrigföring är att alltid direkt eller indirekt säkra ett sjöherravälde eller att hindra motståndaren från att säkra den. Det tyska ubåtsvapnet försökte aldrig att etablera ett sjöherravälde utan valde att bestrida och neka britterna ett sådant. Detta gjorde de genom Corbetts metoder fleet in being, nålsticksoperationer och sjöfartskrig. Resultatet visar på en skillnad i metod gällande sjöfartskrig då Corbett menar att den effektivaste metoden är att anfalla fiendens hamninlopp och terminaler medan det tyska ubåtsvapnet bedrev sjöfartskrig ute på öppet hav med goda resultat. / The purpose of this study is to examine whether the German submarine warfare during the World War II used the principles of maritime strategy described by Sir Julian Corbett during the early 1900s. The Battle of the Atlantic will be used as an empirical case to test Corbett’s theories. The issue addressed in this report: What similarities and/or differences exist between Sir Julian Corbett’s maritime strategy and the German submarine actions during the Battle of the Atlantic? The method used for this study is a comparative method and the Battle of the Atlantic is studied as a case. The result shows that there are some similarities but also differences between the German submarine warfare and Corbett's theories. Corbett believes that the purpose of all naval warfare is to always directly or indirectly secure a sea command or to prevent the opponent from securing it. The German submarine force never tried to establish a sea command but chose to deny the British Navy and establishment of one. They did this by Corbett methods fleet in being, minor counter attacks and attack of trade. The results show a difference in the approach regarding maritime war. Corbett believes that the most effective approach is to attack the enemy's harbour and terminals while the German submarine force conducted maritime war on the high seas with good results.

No presente trabalho utiliza-se um m´etodo multi-escala para estudar de forma te´orica as intera¸coes nao lineares entre o oceano e a atmosfera atrav´es de ressonancia onda-onda. Desenvolve-se uma hierarquia de modelos acoplados oceano-atmosfera nao lineares que foram escalonados convenientemente para representar as principais escalas de variabilidade clim´atica (i.e., intrasazonal, interanual, e decenal). A enfase dos modelos desenvolvidos foi dado para a regiao tropical. As fontes de nao linearidade inclu´das no modelo sao de dois tipos: I) nao linearidade intr´nsica (advectiva) e II) nao linearidade relacionada com os termos da f´sica e ambas sao abordadas neste trabalho. Para obter as equa¸coes que regem a dinamica de intera¸coes ressonantes a partir da hierarquia de modelos acoplados, aplicou-se um m´etodo perturbativo multi-escala. As solu¸coes sao escritas em termos de solu¸coes de ordem dominante e solu¸coes seculares. Para as solu¸coes de ordem dominante e seculares utilizam-se as fun¸coes base do problema linear, em uma aproxima¸cao do tipo Galerkin. As propriedades das fun¸coes base permitem calcular de forma anal´tica os coeficientes de intera¸cao associados com os termos nao lineares, assim como tamb´em permitem projetar estes termos nos modos de oscila¸cao natural do sistema (ressonancia). Com este m´etodo obt´em-se modelos reduzidos que permitem determinar as contribui¸coes de diversos processos para a evolu¸cao em escala lenta de um determinado modo de variabilidade natural. Para aplicar estes conceitos ao problema de acoplamento oceano-atmosfera utiliza-se como Ansatz (hip´otese inicial para a solu¸cao do problema) um tripleto composto por duas ondas atmosf´ericas e uma onda oceanica, sendo uma onda de Kelvin e de Rossby na atmosfera e uma onda Kelvin no oceano. O tripleto escolhido representa uma aproxima¸cao de v´arios fenomenos encontrados na regiao tropical, e.g. o desenvolvimento do El Nino, a intera¸cao da oscila¸cao de Madden-Julian com o oceano, a intera¸cao entre el Nino e variabilidade intrasazonal. No presente trabalho ´e mostrado que existe a ressonancia envolvendo ondas atmosf´ericas e oceanicas e que a modula¸cao em baixa frequencia produto desta ressonancia pode afetar desde escalas r´apidas sin´oticas equatoriais, intrasazonais, interanuais e at´e variabilidade da ordem de dezenas de anos. Palavras chave: Dinamica Equatorial nao linear, Intera¸coes Ressonantes, Modelos Acoplados Oceano-Atmosfera, El Nino, Oscila¸cao de Madden Julian, Oscila¸coes Decenais (Decadal) / In the present work a multiscale method is used to study resonant nonlinear wave-wave interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. A hierarchy of coupled atmosphere-ocean models is developed using typical scalings found in the tropical region with the aim to represent some of the dominant modes of climate variability (intraseasonal, interannual and decadal). The sources of nonlinearity included into model are of two types: I) intrinsic nonlinearity (advective form) and II) nonlinearity related to physical terms. A multi-scale perturbation method is applied to obtain equations governing dynamics of ressonant interactions. The solutions are described in terms of dominant and secular solutions. For the dominant modes basis functions of the linear problem are used in a approximation of the Galerkin type. The properties of the basis functions allows the analytical computation of the interaction coefficients associated with non-linear terms and the projection into the natural oscillation modes of the system (resonance). Using this method it is possible to obtain reduced models to determine the contributions of several processes to the slow time evolution of a specific mode of natural variability. To apply these concepts to the problem of atmosphere-ocean coupling an Ansatz composed of a three waves (two atmospheric Rossby and Kelvin waves and an ocean Kelvin wave) is used. The triad chosen represents a aproximation of several phenomena found in the tropical region, e.g. desenvolving of El Nino, interaction of the Madden-Julian oscillation with the ocean, interaction between El Nino and intra-seasonal variability, etc. It is shown that system allows a resonance involving atmospheric and oceanic waves and that the low-frequency modulation resulting from these ressonance can affect the system from fast equatorial synoptic scales to decadal timescales, including the intermediate scales i.e., intraseasonal and interannual.

This thesis analyzes the beliefs of population theorist Julian L. Simon through the creation of a harm principle. It specifically analyzes his argument that we value our freedom to choose how many children we want above all other values in the context of overpopulation and environmental destruction. The developed harm principle is meant to give us a method to decide how to balance our personal freedom with our security-survival. I begin with an overview of Simon’s work, as well as an exposition of other prominent population theorists. I then propose a principle that is a utilitarian alternative to John Stuart Mill’s Harm Principle. I apply the principle to the situation wherein overpopulation causes such great environmental damage that we must choose between upholding procreative rights and our continued survival. I conclude that in most cases we will accept limitations on our procreative freedom in order to maintain our planet and ensure our security-survival.

Édition critique, traduction française et commentaire philologico-littéraire de trois sections du poème " Perì Katarcôn " de Maxime : perì nosôn (les maladies), perì tomès (les opérations chirurgicales), et perì drapetôn (les esclaves fugitifs). Dans l'introduction je m'occupe de l'attribution du " Perì Katarcôn " à Maxime d'Éphèse, aussi bien que de la langue, du style, et de la métrique du poème. / Critical edition, french translation and commentary of three sections from the poem " Perì Katarchôn " of Maximus : perì nosôn (on the diseases), perì tomès (surgery), and perì drapetôn (runaway slaves). In the introduction I consider the problem of the attribution of the " Perì Katarcôn " to Maximus of Ephesus, and analyse the language, the style and the metric of the poem.

Les interactions entre la convection humide et la dynamique de grande échelle sont au cœur du climat tropical et de sa variabilité. Les processus associés aux nuages convectifs, tels que la condensation, l'évaporation, les processus radiatifs, et le transport d'énergie à petite échelle associé, génèrent des gradients de température dans l'atmosphère. Ces derniers engendrent des circulations de grande échelle qui contrôlent les distributions spatio-temporelles d'énergie et d'humidité, et donc en retour celle de la convection. Ces interactions forment probablement l'un des problèmes scientifiques majeurs de la modélisation de l'atmosphère. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser la représentation de ces interactions dans le modèle de climat ARPEGE-Climat Version 6 et de comprendre le rôle qu'elles peuvent jouer dans les principaux biais du modèle sous les tropiques, notamment un biais froid de plusieurs degrés en moyenne et haute troposphère et un biais sec vers 850 hPa. Les impacts des processus convectifs sur la grande échelle sont souvent caractérisés par deux quantités, la source de chaleur apparente Q1 et le puits d'humidité apparent Q2 . Bien que difficilement observables, ces deux quantités peuvent être estimées en déployant un réseau de radiosondages permettant de déterminer les différents termes des bilans d'eau et d'énergie sur un quadrilatère donné. Un tel dispositif a été mis en œuvre d'octobre à décembre 2011 pendant la campagne CINDY2011/DYNAMO au cœur de l'Océan Indien. Les observations collectées et les données de Q1 et Q2 dérivées ont été utilisées dans cette thèse pour (i) caractériser le cycle de vie de la convection et (ii) mettre en place une configuration unicolonne du modèle ARPEGE-Climat sur les quadrilatères Nord et Sud du domaine CINDY2011/DYNAMO. Les résultats ont montré que le modèle ARPEGE-Climat est capable de reproduire de manière satisfaisante les transitions entre régimes de convection peu profonde, profonde et stratiforme, malgré une nette sous-estimation du flux d'évaporation en surface et de l'activité convective sur le domaine nord. Le modèle reproduit plus difficilement l'humidification de la troposphère pendant les phases de cumulus peu profonds. Les résultats obtenus dans ce cadre unicolonne ont ensuite été confrontés à des configurations 3D du modèle ARPEGE-Climat, à la fois en mode AMIP où le modèle est seulement forcé par les températures de la mer observées, et en mode "Transpose-AMIP" où le modèle est de plus initialisé à partir d'états réalistes de l'atmosphère. L'analyse de la dérive systématique du modèle dans ces simulations Transpose-AMIP a permis de montrer que les biais obtenus en mode AMIP étaient associés à des processus rapides (quelques jours). Ces biais sont généralement aussi très similaires à ceux documentés dans le cadre unicolonne. L'origine des biais thermodynamiques est analysée plus en détail, soulignant un rôle important des régimes de convection profonde, notamment dans sa phase stratiforme, pour le biais froid de la haute troposphère, et des défauts importants dans les régimes de cumulus peu profond et de congestus pour les biais d'humidité. Ces régimes mériteront une attention particulière dans les prochains développements de la physique d'ARPEGE-Climat. / The tropical climate and its variability at multiple timescales are dominated by interactions between moist convection and the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Small-scale processes associated with convective clouds such as condensation and evaporation, radiation, and vertical mixing all contribute to atmospheric temperature gradients which generate large-scale circulations. Such circulations exert a control on the spatio-temporal distribution of energy and humidity within the tropical atmosphere and, in turn, on moist convection. These twoway interactions represent one of the most difficult scientific challenge for global atmospheric modelling. The main objective of the present thesis is to analyse the representation of these interactions in Version 6 of the ARPEGE-Climat atmospheric general circulation model and to understand their possible contribution to the main model biases in the tropics, especially a cold bias in the mid and upper troposphere and a dry bias around 850 hPa. The large-scale impacts of moist convection are often characterized by two quantities, the apparent heat source, Q1, and the apparent moisture sink, Q2. Although difficult to observe, these two quantities can be estimated by deploying a sounding array of sufficient density to compute the different terms of the water and energy budgets over a selected domain. Such a strategy was implemented between October and December 2011 during the CINDY2011/DYNAMO field campaign in the middle of the tropical Indian Ocean. The collected observations and the derived Q1 and Q2 estimates are used in the present thesis to (i) characterize the life cycle of the tropical convection and (ii) set up a single column configuration of the ARPEGE-Climat model on the northern and southern domains of the campaign. Results show that the model is able to capture satisfactorily the transitions between different convective regimes, from shallow to deep and stratiform, despite a strong undestimation of surface evaporation and of the overall convective activity over the northern domain. The model however shows some difficulties at simulating the troposphere moistening during the shallow cumulus regime. The single column model results are then compared to 3D configurations of the ARPEGEClimat model, both in AMIP mode where the model is only driven by observed sea surface temperatures, and in " Transpose-AMIP " mode where the model is also initialized from realistic atmospheric conditions. Through the analysis of the systematic atmospheric drift across these Transpose-AMIP integrations, the dominant contribution of fast (within a few days) processes to the model biases found in AMIP mode is highlighted. Such biases also show some similarity with the errors simulated in the single-column framework. A more detailed analysis of the model systematic errors reveals a strong contribution of deep convection, especially in its stratiform regime, to the cold bias in the upper troposphere, and of deficiencies in the shallow cumulus regime to the moisture biases. These regimes will therefore deserve a particular attention during the next phase of development of the ARPEGE-Climat model.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-01-30T15:02:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Eduardo Belleza Abdala Miranda.pdf: 2931175 bytes, checksum: a60d654c2199468c575faab57666ab27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T15:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Eduardo Belleza Abdala Miranda.pdf: 2931175 bytes, checksum: a60d654c2199468c575faab57666ab27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / This work aims to analyze the political-religious actions of the Roman Emperor Flavius Claudius Julian (361 ? 363 AD), known as ?the Apostate?. To comply with the proposal of the dissertation, will be need to understand a little about the period in which Julian ruled Rome, known as Dominato. From a periodization suggested in this paper, we seek to identify the characteristics of the political system and the importance of such research for the analysis of Julian's empire. Then we will make a brief biographical research on the sovereign comprising all his philosophical, political and religious formation, so we can understand densely their political and religious goals to become emperor. We used as the main source a hymn in devotion to the sun god, Helios, designed by Julian in Greek and translated into English by Wilmer Wright. Within the dynamics of research, the work seeks to avoid its hypothesis that the emperor followed the god Mithras, solar deity Indo-Iranian. The dissertation presents an analysis of the two deities separately, so you can identify which Julian followed suit. Made these studies, will we can reach the main hypothesis of this study was to identify the political transformation that Julian sought to achieve from a religious perspective based on the solar-worship / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as a??es pol?tico-religiosas do imperador romano Fl?vio Cl?udio Juliano (361 ? 363 d. C.), conhecido como ?o ap?stata?. Para cumprir com a proposta da disserta??o, ser? preciso compreender um pouco sobre o per?odo no qual Juliano governou Roma, conhecido como Dominato. A partir de uma periodiza??o sugerida neste texto, buscamos identificar quais as caracter?sticas desse sistema pol?tico e qual a import?ncia dessa investiga??o para a an?lise do imp?rio de Juliano. Faremos, ent?o, uma breve pesquisa biogr?fica sobre o soberano, compreendendo toda sua forma??o filos?fica, pol?tica e religiosa, para que, assim, possamos compreender densamente seus objetivos pol?tico-religiosos ao se tornar imperador. Utilizamos como fonte principal um hino em devo??o ao deus do Sol, H?lios, elaborado em grego por Juliano e traduzido para o ingl?s por Wilmer Wright. Dentro da din?mica da pesquisa, o trabalho busca se desvincular da hip?tese de que o imperador seguia o deus Mitra, divindade solar indo-iraniana. A disserta??o prop?e uma an?lise das duas divindades separadamente, para que seja poss?vel identificar qual delas Juliano seguia de fato. Feito estes estudos, poderemos chegar a principal hip?tese deste trabalho: identificar a transforma??o pol?tica que Juliano procurava realizar a partir de uma perspectiva religiosa com base no culto solar

Le rôle de l'Oscillation de Madden-Julian ("MJO") sur la variabilité pluviométrique de l'Afrique Subsaharienne est ici examiné, à l'aide de relevés pluviométriques quotidiens et des réanalyses NCEP-DOE AMIP-II. Le signal convectif et dynamique associé à la MJO est extrait à l'aide de deux méthodes statistiques, les indices journaliers du BMRC (Wheeler & Hendon 2004) et une analyse en modes locaux ("LMA", Goulet & Duvel 2000). Dans un premier temps, la variabilité temporelle de l'oscillation est abordée à l'échelle de la ceinture tropicale (période, amplitude, saisonnalité, localisation des anomalies convectives). Si l'amplitude globale du signal n'apparaît pas reliée à El Niño, les oscillations se produisant lors des années El Niño (La Niña) tendent à être plus courtes (longues). Les conditions de surface (dont les température de surface marine) et le cycle annuel sont également des paramètres influant fortement sur la localisation des anomalies convectives les plus marquées associées à la MJO. Dans un second temps, la réponse de la pluviométrie à la MJO est examinée dans 3 ensembles régionaux de l'Afrique Subsaharienne. Dans les 3 cas examinés, la (les) saison(s) des pluies est (sont) significativement affectée(s). Sur l'Afrique de l'Est Equatoriale (Kenya, nord de la Tanzanie), les Hautes Terres d'Afrique montrent l'alternance d'une phase humide et d'une phase sèche au cours du cycle de la MJO. Les mécanismes pluviogènes font intervenir essentiellement la convection atmosphérique profonde. Sur les Basses Terres de l'est en revanche, et sur les plaines littorales, le pic de pluie est enregistré en opposition de phase par rapport aux Hautes Terres, et est relié à un renforcement des alizés depuis l'océan Indien. Une influence significative est également trouvée en Afrique Australe (sud de 15°S), et résulte d'un renforcement de l'anticyclone des Mascareignes, qui favorise via une circulation anticyclonique sur l'Afrique, un apport d'humidité sur la région depuis l'océan Indien tropical. Sur l'Afrique de l'Ouest enfin, la MJO est avant tout impliquée dans une baisse récurrente de la pluviométrie, et très secondairement seulement dans une amplification des cumuls journaliers. Cette dernière ne semble pas résulter uniquement de processus convectifs. L'exemple des Long Rains d'Afrique de l'Est (mars à mai) est ensuite utilisé pour explorer les interactions d'échelle dont la MJO est à l'origine. Aux pas de temps "courts", le cycle diurne de la convection est sensiblement modifié d'une phase de la MJO à l'autre ; les dates de démarrage de la saison des pluies et les évènements pluviométriques exceptionnels montrent également un calage très bon sur la phase de la MJO. Aux pas de temps "longs", une partie significative de la variabilité interannuelle des Long Rains est statistiquement corrélée à l'amplitude saisonnière moyenne de la MJO, qui semble dont rajouter régulièrement de la pluie sur la région plutôt que d'amplifier seulement les écarts entre les phases les plus humides et les plus sèches.