Thesis (M.A.) -- University of New Brunswick, Dept. of English, 2003. / Typescript. Works cited: Leaves 119-123. Also available online through University of New Brunswick, UNB Electronic Theses & Dissertations.

Presented as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1911. / "Bibliography. Literature consulted in the course of this investigation": p. 110-112.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-83). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-131).

Diss.--Lett.--Duisburg--Univ., 1996. / Bibliogr. p. 233-251. Notes bibliogr.

No description available.

The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) are two key modes of variability in the tropical atmosphere. The MJO, characterized by propagating, planetary-scale signals in convection and winds, is the main source of subseasonal variability and predictability in the tropics. The QBO is a ~28-month cycle in which the tropical stratospheric zonal winds alternate between easterly and westerly regimes. Via thermal wind balance these winds induce temperature anomalies, and both wind and temperature signals reach the tropopause. Recent observational results show a remarkably strong link between the MJO and the QBO during boreal winter: the MJO is stronger and more predictable when QBO winds in the lower stratosphere are easterly than when winds are westerly. Despite its important implications for MJO theory and prediction, the physical processes driving the MJO-QBO interaction are not well-understood. In this thesis, we use a hierarchy of models – including a cloud-resolving model, a forecast model, and a global climate model – to examine whether models can reproduce the MJO-QBO link, and better understand the possible mechanisms driving the connection. Based in part on our modeling findings, we further explore observed QBO temperature signals thought to be important for the MJO-QBO link. After providing necessary background and context in the first two chapters, the third chapter looks at the MJO-QBO link in a small-domain, cloud-resolving model. The model successfully simulates convection associated with two MJO events that occurred during the DYNAMO field campaign. To examine the effect of QBO, we add various QBO temperature and wind anomalies into the model. We find that QBO temperature anomalies alone, without wind anomalies, qualitatively affect the model MJO similarly to the observed MJO-QBO connection. QBO wind anomalies have no clear effect on the modeled MJO. We note however that the MJO response is quite sensitive to the vertical structure of the QBO temperature anomalies, and for realistic temperature signals the model response is very small. In the fourth chapter, we look at the MJO-QBO link in a state-of-the-art global forecast model with a good representation of the MJO. We conduct 84 hind-cast experiments initialized on dates across winters from 1989-2017. For each of these dates, we artificially impose an easterly and a westerly QBO in the stratospheric initial conditions, and examine the resulting changes to the simulated MJO under different stratospheric states. We find that the effect of the QBO on the model MJO is of the same sign as observations, but is much smaller. A large sample size is required to capture any QBO signal, and tropospheric initial conditions seem more important than the stratosphere in determining the behavior of the simulated MJO. Despite the weak signal, we find that simulations with stronger QBO temperature anomalies have a stronger MJO response. In the fifth chapter, we conduct experiments in recent versions of a NASA general circulation model. We find that a version with a high vertical resolution generates a reasonable QBO and MJO, but has no MJO-QBO link. However, this model has weaker-than-observed QBO temperature anomalies, which may explain the lack of an MJO impact. To explore this potential bias, we impose the QBO by nudging the model stratospheric winds towards reanalysis, leading to more realistic simulation of QBO temperature anomalies. Despite this, the model still fails to show a strong MJO-QBO link across several ensemble experiments and sensitivity tests. We conclude with discussion of possible reasons why the model fails to capture the MJO-QBO connection. The sixth chapter examines QBO temperature signals in a range of observational and reanalysis datasets. In particular, we are motivated by two elements of the MJO-QBO relationship which are especially puzzling: the seasonality (i.e. that the MJO-QBO link is only significant in boreal winter) and long-term trend (i.e. that the MJO-QBO link seems to have only emerged since the 1980s). By examining QBO temperature signals around the tropopause, we highlight changes to the strength and structure of QBO temperature anomalies both in boreal winter and in recent decades. Whether these changes are linked to the MJO-QBO relationship, and what more generally might explain them, is not presently clear. Overall, we demonstrate that capturing the MJO-QBO relationship in a variety of models is a difficult task. The majority of evidence indicates that QBO-induced temperature anomalies are a plausible pathway through which the QBO might modulate the MJO, but the theoretical description of precisely how these temperature anomalies may impact convection is lacking and likely more nuanced than the literature to date suggests. Most models show only a weak modulation of the MJO associated with changes in upper-tropospheric temperatures, and even when those temperature signals are artificially enhanced, comprehensive GCMs still fail to show a significant MJO-QBO connection. Our observational study indicates that temperature anomalies associated with the QBO show striking modulations on various timescales of relevance to the MJO-QBO link, but do not conclusively demonstrate a clear connection to the MJO. This difficulty simulating a strong MJO-QBO connection suggests that models may lack a key process in driving the MJO and coupling the tropical stratosphere and troposphere. It is further possible that the observed link may be in some regards different than is currently theorized -- for example statistically not robust, due to non-stratospheric processes, or driven by some mechanism that has not been suitably explored.

Univ., Diss.-1997--München, 1996.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The perspectives of unique suffragists and clubwomen in Indiana, like Grace Julian Clarke, reflect the typically overlooked narrative of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Far from a bystander, Clarke engaged in political wars at the state level long before having the right to vote. She demonstrated this ability early on when she acted as a campaign manager during the 1915 Indiana Federation of Clubs presidential election. By its end, club women around the state knew who Clarke was, trusted her word, and looked to her for critical information. As World War I encroached and threatened the nationwide fight for suffrage, Clarke again remained loyal to suffrage by using war-related activities to promote and expand awareness of women’s work and abilities in Indiana. Clarke strategically used these activities as a tool to advocate for enfranchisement by pressing leaders on her belief that women had earned their rightful place as equal partners. Although she stayed active in the suffrage movement throughout the war, it became clear toward its end that her assets as a political leader were demanded at a higher level. As such, she turned her attention toward international affairs (particularly the League of Nations) and away from suffrage. Though the United States never joined the League of Nations, Clarke’s advocacy of the covenant was critical in her formation as a true political influencer. By the time the covenant was being disputed at the national level, Clarke was corresponding with national leaders to coordinate speaking events around the state. She became more exclusive in these speaking engagements, as there were very few women who actually understood the covenant well enough to speak on its behalf. Clarke was unique in her ability to speak out for her own values, in large part due to the influence of her father, former Congressman George W. Julian. Her story demonstrates that women’s political influence did not begin nor end with the 19th amendment. Rather, women’s political influence evolved over time, and is still evolving today.

O presente trabalho propõe avaliar a habilidade do Modelo Regional Climático, versão 4, (RegCM4) em simular a variabilidade temporal e espacial do sinal associado à propagação da Oscilação de Madden-Julian (OMJ) nos trópicos. A avaliação foi feita através da comparação dos dados observados obtidos do conjunto da Reanálise do ERA-Interim e dos dados simulados pelo RegCM4, para o período de 2005 a 2009. Foram utilizados dados globais diários de precipitação, Radiação de Onda Longa Emergente e componentes zonal do vento em 850 e 200 hPa, provenientes da Reanálise do ERA-Interim, tanto na simulação, quanto nos dados observados. Como condição inicial do modelo, optou-se pela utilização da banda tropical, cujo principal aspecto é o de simular características tanto da circulação quanto dos padrões de precipitação tropicais. Para a validação do modelo, foi utilizada a precipitação diária do Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). Todos os dados foram filtrados na escala de 30-60 dias a fim de se observar o sinal referente à OMJ. A análise dos padrões globais de precipitação e Radiação de Onda Longa (ROL), após filtragem, permitiu a seleção de cinco áreas, com sinais associados à OMJ, sendo elas: África (AFR), Indonésia (IND), Norte da América do Sul (NAS), Nordeste brasileiro (NEB) e Sudeste brasileiro (SEB). A área NEB, apresentou valores de correlação linear de 0,63 e 0,32 para a anomalia e anomalia de ROL filtrada, respectivamente. Já a área SEB, apresentou valores de correlação linear de 0,30 e 0,54, para a anomalia e anomalia de ROL filtrada. O BIAS calculado entre o modelo e a precipitação do GPCP, para as estações secas (MAI-OUT) e chuvosas (NOV-ABR) mostrou que para a América do Sul, Sul do continente Africano e Índico, o modelo superestima os valores de precipitação do GPCP nas duas estações do ano. Quanto à análise multivariada entre a ROL, vento zonal em 850 e 200 hpa a comparação com o obtido para os dados do Era-Interim, a Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF1) aplicada aos dados do RegCM4 apresenta convecção e inibição da convecção em áreas distintas da faixa longitudinal entre 15º N e 15º S. Enquanto os valores mínimos de EOF1 para ROL (intensificação da convecção) do Era-Interim são observados próximo a 90º L, os valores mínimos de ROL para os dados do RegCM4 são observados próximos à 120º O, com defasagem longitudinal de 30º. L, enquanto os valores máximos da EOF1 para ROL (inibição de convecção) do Era-Interim são observados próximo a 150º L, os valores máximos para os dados simulados pelo RegCM4 são observados próximos à 60º L, com uma defasagem longitudinal de 90°. / The present work proposes to evaluate the ability of the Regional Climatic Model (RegCM4) to simulate the temporal and spatial variability of the signal associated with the propagation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the tropics. The evaluation was done by comparing the observed data obtained from the Reanalysis of the ERA-Interim and the data simulated by RegCM4, for the period from 2005 to 2009. Daily global data were used for precipitation, Emergent Long Wave Radiation and zonal wind components at 850 and 200 hPa from the ERA-Interim Reanalysis, both in the simulation and in the observed data. As initial conditions of the model, we chose to use the tropical band, whose main characteristic is to simulate the circulation and the tropical precipitation patterns. The validation of the model was performed with the daily precipitation of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). All data were filtered in the 30-60 day scale in order to observe the signal concerning the MJO. The analysis of the global precipitation and Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) patterns, after filtration, allowed the selection of five areas, with signs associated to the MJO, being: Africa (AFR), Indonesia (IND), North of South America (NAS), Northeast Brazil (NEB) e Southeast Brazil (SEB). The NEB area presented linear correlation values of 0,63 and 0,32 for the anomaly and filtered anomaly of OLR, respectively. The SEB area presented linear correlation values of 0.30 and 0.54 for the anomaly and anomaly of filtered OLR. The BIAS calculated between the model and GPCP precipitation for the dry (MAY-OCT) and rainy seasons (NOV-APR) showed that for South America, South Africa and Indian continent, the model overestimates precipitation values of GPCP in the two seasons. The multivariate analysis between OLR, zonal wind at 850 and 200 hp compared to that obtained for Era-Interim data, the EOF1 applied to RegCM4 data presents convection and convection inhibition in different areas between 15º N and 15º S. While the minimum Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF1) values for OLR (convection enhancement) of the Era-Interim are observed close to 90º E, the minimum OLR values for the RegCM4 data are observed close to 120º O, with a longitudinal lag of 30º. And while maximum EOF1 values for OLR (convection inhibition) of the ERA-Interim are observed close to 150º E, the maximum values for the simulated data by RegCM4 are observed close to 60º E, with a longitudinal lag of 90º.