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M.A. (Afrikaans) / The phenomenon of juncture has been observed and explained by various linguists. Bloch and Trager (1942), for example, refers to juncture as "(p)henomena relating to the way in which sounds are joined together". The study of juncture may therefore be viewed as the study of the phonological phenomena where two structural units of language are joined together. In studying the extensive literature on the subject, it was found that juncture is explained within different theoretical frameworks by different linguistic schools. To design an adequate framework for the description of this phenomenon in Afrikaans, an eclectic approach was followed. This theoretical framework was deemed valid, if the phenomenon of juncture could be predicted by formal rules to cover as wide a range as possible. The structuralists' approach of treating juncture as a phoneme was not utilised, as they focus on grammatical considerations to determine juncture. However, their use of either segmental or supra segmental phonological features was adopted. The Transformational Generative Phonology devised formal procedures for the description of juncture, which were deemed adequate especially for the distinction between morpheme and word boundaries. Rules from the morphological component, and the function of the syllable, developed by the Natural Generative Phonology, were also exploited in the present study. The field of study for the Afrikaans language was viewed as the regular, predictable, change of sound which takes place between two consecutive structural units of meaning, The purpose of the present study was to research the phenomenon of juncture over as wide a terrain as possible and to integrate diverse phenomena into one formal description. In reviewing studies done on this phenomenon for the Afrikaans language, it was found that the description, in some cases, was inadequate. It also came to light that certain terrain had not been covered. Where possible, the adequacy of existing descriptions was acknowledged and utilised. In some cases, adaptions were made, for example with regard to assimilation, gemination, the variation between b/p, d/t, v/f and x/g, and the formation of plurals and diminutives. In other instances, new rules had to be formulated to accurately predict the occurrence of juncture, for example the variation between /t/ - /s/, /d/ - /s/ and /k - /s/ in words of Greek or Roman original.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral--Martin-Luther-Universität, Halle-Wittenberg, 1990). / Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-176).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2007 Mar 24

Results are presented for towing tank experiments of a surface-piercing flat plate with superimposed Stokes wave in order to examine free surface and wave effects on the boundary layer and wake. Measurements with servo wave gauges are made to characterize the Stokes-wave wave field in terms of its two-dimensionality, amplitude, and wavelength. Flow field measurements using stereo particle image velocimetry are used to identify the boundary layer and wake velocities. Particular attention is drawn to the juncture region to resolve the complex and poorly understood secondary flow patterns. Four test cases are presented (1) flat free surface without plate, (2) Stokes-wave without plate, (3) flat free surface with plate, and (4) Stokes-wave with plate; the cases were chosen in order to isolate and identify the performance of the velocimeter system, Stokes-wave flow field, free-surface effects, and combined Stokes-wave and free surface effects, respectively. All cases are conducted at Froude numbers of Fn = 0.4, length-based Reynolds number of Re = 1.64×106, and momentum thickness-based Reynolds number of about Re = 4000. Results show, as expected, that the free surface effects penetrate to a depth slightly greater than the boundary layer thickness and wave effects diminish at roughly one half the wavelength. The juncture region flow was resolved to levels that far exceed previous towing tank experiments, but leave more to be desired. The data and analysis are important, not only from a scientific perspective, but have a practical application with regard to development of turbulence models for computational fluid dynamic techniques.

Pausing is a natural part of human speech. Pausing is used to segment speech, negotiate meaning, and allow for breathing. In oral speech, pausing, along with other suprasegmental features, plays a critical role in creating meaning as comprehensible speech is seen as a goal for language learners around the world. In order to be comprehensible, language learners need to learn to pause correctly in their speaking. Though this notion is widely accepted by applied linguists and many language teachers, the effect of pausing on intelligibility of spontaneous oral discourse has not been established by empirical data. This study isolates pause duration in spontaneous oral discourse in order to establish its connection to the intelligibility of non-native speech. In this study, North American undergraduate students' reactions to non-native pause duration in spontaneous oral discourse were examined. The task involved measuring the NESs' processing, comprehension, and evaluation of three different versions of an international teaching assistant's presentation: One with unmodified pause duration, one with pause duration shortened by 50%, and a third passage with pause duration lengthened by 50%. Results showed a positive correlation between pause duration and number of listeners able to identify main ideas. Finally, listener reaction was measurably more positive to the unmodified passage than to the passages with lengthened or shortened pauses.

The 2008-2009 global financial crisis, and the protracted European sovereign debt and banking crisis that followed, re-shaped the institutions that govern Europe’s financial system. Despite demands for comprehensive and integrated reform, patterns of regulatory change varied significantly across core elements of the financial system. Through case studies of the banking, securities, insurance and pensions sectors, this study documents the emergence of a patchwork of European financial regulatory institutions that entail new divisions in the responsibilities held by the European Commission, the European Central Bank (ECB), and domestic governments. Employing an historical institutional framework, the study finds that the distribution of financial regulatory authority between member states and the European Union preceding the onset of the 2008 global financial crisis was instrumental in shaping changes to EU regulatory institutions during and in the immediate aftermath of the crises. Sectoral variation in levels of regulatory integration among member states prior to the crises shaped state preferences and predisposed institutions to particular patterns of institutional change. Where high levels of regulatory integration existed before the crisis, EU institutions expanded through a process of institutional layering, gradually hardening enforcement mechanisms, extending regulation to new markets, and issuing more binding technical standards. This contrasts with the displacement in the locus of supervisory authority experienced in the creation of a European banking union in 2013, in which supervisory control over eurozone banks was transferred from domestic authorities to the ECB. Low-levels of regulatory integration are found to have been a necessary condition for this transformative change to occur, while the protracted eurozone sovereign debt crisis is found to have provided a period of heightened contingency during which the ECB was able to exert significant political agency at the European Council to effect the resulting shift. In explaining the emergence of a complex financial regulatory system in Europe after 2008, the study contributes to deeper understanding of the political processes that shape the evolution and integration of national and international institutions of economic governance in the early 21st century. / Political Science

Cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrit principalement, mais non entièrement, dans le domaine de la phonologie générale et romane. Elle a pour objet d’étude plusieurs phénomènes de sandhi attestés dans quelques variétés de gallo-roman : français, occitan, wallon, franco-provençal. Comme une grande partie des phénomènes phonologiques postlexicaux étudiés sont panromans, la thèse ne les analyse pas comme des processus isolés, mais à travers leur variation diatopique et diachronique, c’est-à-dire comme des manifestations concrètes de tendances communes aux langues romanes, tout en essayant d’expliquer leur motivation par des principes phonologiques universels, ainsi que par les méthodes de l’analyse contrastive.Dans cette thèse on pourrait délimiter trois grandes parties thématiques. La première a une portée théorique et englobe les chapitres I et II où sont présentées et analysées des données d’une soixantaine de langues parlées dans le monde entier. Dans cette partie je passe en revue les diverses acceptions controversées du terme de sandhi en vue d’en proposer ma propre définition grâce au formalisme de la phonologie prosodique. La deuxième partie a une portée phonologique et englobe les chapitres III, IV et V où sont étudiés trois phénomènes de sandhi de l’espace gallo-roman, à savoir la liaison, le redoublement phonosyntaxique et les alternances vocaliques avec zéro en syllabe initiale. La dernière partie thématique est représentée par le chapitre VI qui a une portée sociolinguistique. Les trois phénomènes de sandhi en question y sont comparés et analysés à la lumière des facteurs pour leur variation, parmi lesquels la tradition graphique occupe une place privilégiée. / This doctoral dissertation thesis pertains primarily, but not solely, to the field of general phonology and Romance phonology. The object of investigation are a number of sandhi phenomena attested in several Gallo-Romance varieties: French, Occitan, Walloon, and Franco-Provençal. The larger part of the postlexical phonological phenomena under investigation is pan-Romance and therefore they are not analyzed as isolated processes. They are interpreted with respect to their diatopic and diachronic variation, in other words, as specific manifestations of tendencies common to all Romance languages. The explanation for such common tendencies is sought in universal phonological principles and by the established methods of comparative analysis.Three large thematic parts can be distinguished in the thesis. The first part comprises the first two chapters and is theoretical in nature. Data from over 60 languages spoken in various parts of the world are presented and analyzed in this part. It also contains a critical review of the highly controversial existing usages of the term “sandhi” and attempts to offer a new original definition in the framework of prosodic phonology. The second part is devoted to concrete phonological analyses and comprises chapters III, IV and V. The sandhi processes in the Gallo-Romance language space are studied in details: liaison, phonosyntactic doubling and elision of vowels in initial syllables. The last thematic part, presented in chapter VI, is devoted to sociolinguistic observations. The three phenomena mentioned above are compared and analyzed with regard to the factors governing their variation, among them the orthographic tradition.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:49:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Agda Aredes.pdf: 1829118 bytes, checksum: e986a6eeeb54d0445ff73dc7f8d5f0e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-28 / Although the coffee cropping in the State of Goiás is more recent and the produced volumes are lower among the traditional coffee producers in Brazil, it presents both climate and soil characteristics similar to those of the savannah in Minas Gerais. This research was carried out to evaluate the viability of the certification for coffee cropping in the State of Goiás, in order that other coffees in the world such as Ethiopia, Colombia, Guatemala and Costa Rica decided for protection through the intangible assets - Geographical Indication. So, either secondary data of the production and primary ones collected in semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs, coffee growers and agencies accrediting the quality of the coffee: the SCAA (American Association of Special Coffees) and BSCA (Association of Brazilian Special Coffees) that uses the methodology of SCAE (European Association of Special Coffees), besides interviews with entrepreneurs of the coffee industry in the state. The financial-economical data and conditionings to certification were analyzed in order to discuss the obstacles and possibilities to adaptation of either coffee growing and processing sector as aiming at certification. It was inferred that the goianos coffee growers selected in the research presented, in the last years, the highest productivity rates among all Brazilian states, that are rates above the national average. In Goiás, the average cost of the green coffee production is still superior to that produced in the Savanna at Minas Gerais State. It is concluded that the industry link has higher portion of the gross margin with 40% appropriation on the retail price of the product, followed by the link distribution with 31% and the link production with 29%. Concerning to the net income earned by producer, it was found to be higher for the Peeled Cherry with 36%, Hard 19%, Green 19% and Rouy 7% above the final price. The stamp Café do Cerrado is the most complete among all certifications that were analyzed, since it certifies both origin and quality of the coffee whereas internationally promoting the brand. The other certifiers guarantee the quality of the product from several Brazilian areas and from the world, as possessing sensorial characteristics and several production methods. / Embora a cafeicultura no Estado de Goiás seja mais recente e menores volumes produzidos, entre os tradicionais produtores de café do Brasil, apresenta características de clima e solo semelhantes às da Região do Cerrado Mineiro. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade da certificação para o café de Goiás, tendo em vista que outros cafés do mundo como na Etiópia, Colômbia, Guatemala e na Costa Rica decidiram pela proteção através do ativo intangível Indicação Geográfica. Foram levantados dados secundários da produção e primários coletados em entrevistas semi estruturadas, junto a cafeicultores e aos órgãos credenciadores de qualidade do café: a SCAA (Associação Americana de Cafés Especiais) e BSCA (Associação de Cafés Especiais do Brasil) que utiliza a metodologia da SCAE (Associação Européia de Cafés Especiais), além de entrevistas junto a empresários da indústria cafeeira do estado. Foram analisados dados financeiro-econômicos e condicionantes à certificação, com vistas a discutir gargalos e possibilidades da adequação da cafeicultura e do setor de processamento visando à certificação. Inferiu-se que os cafeicultores goianos selecionados na pesquisa apresentaram, nos últimos anos, as maiores taxas de produtividade entre todos os estados brasileiros, taxas acima da média nacional. O elo indústria é o que detém maior parcela da margem bruta com apropriação de 40% sobre o preço de varejo do produto, seguido pelo elo distribuição com 31% e o elo produção com 29%. Sobre a receita líquida auferida pelo produtor, constatou-se que é maior para o Cereja Descascado com 36%, Dura 19%, Verde 19%, e Riada 7% acima do preço final. O selo da Indicação Geográfica Café do Cerrado é o mais completo entre todas as certificações que foram analisadas, pois certifica a origem e a qualidade do café promovendo a marca nacional. As demais certificadoras garantem a qualidade do produto de diversas regiões do Brasil e do mundo, possuindo características sensoriais e métodos de produção diversos.

Orientador: Plínio Almeida Barbosa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Merlo_Sandra_D.pdf: 6723815 bytes, checksum: b6ff391ab121e4b75d42eef04f5a7d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Premissa: esta pesquisa partiu da premissa de que pausas demarcativas estão relacionadas ao planejamento conceitual e hesitações, à formulação linguística. O planejamento conceitual refere-se a um esquema abstrato do texto falado, composto pelas informações que o falante julga relevantes de acordo com sua meta comunicativa. A formulação linguística refere-se à seleção de lemas e sua organização em estruturas sintáticas e fonológicas. Se pausas demarcativas e hesitações estão relacionadas a processos tão cruciais para a produção falada, sua ocorrência não deve ser marginal e sua distribuição não deve ser aleatória ao longo do texto falado. Método: participaram da pesquisa dez sujeitos do sexo masculino, entre 20 e 34 anos, falantes nativos do português brasileiro, com alto grau de escolaridade e sem distúrbios de comunicação. Foram realizados cinco experimentos de fala semi-espontânea com as seguintes variáveis independentes: memória declarativa, memória operacional, macroplanejamento textual, tipos textuais e taxa de elocução. As variáveis dependentes (pausas demarcativas e hesitações) foram examinadas através de três medidas: proporção, duração e ciclos periódicos (p < 0,05). A variabilidade individual na manifestação das variáveis dependentes também foi avaliada. Resultados: em média, 24% do texto falado é composto por pausas e 21% por hesitações. Dois terços das pausas duram entre 0,5 e 1,5 s, enquanto dois terços das hesitações duram até 1 s. Todos os textos falados apresentam ciclos de pausas e de hesitações, sendo que dois terços dos ciclos de pausa apresentam períodos até 5 s, enquanto dois terços dos ciclos de hesitações apresentam períodos até 10 s. As séries temporais de pausas e de hesitações estão correlacionadas, de forma que mudanças nas séries de pausas precedem em 300 ms mudanças nas séries de hesitações. Apenas 15% dos ciclos de pausas e hesitações são sincronizados e a grande maioria está em oposição de fase. Todos os cinco experimentos modificaram a dinâmica temporal das pausas demarcativas: textos que exigem elaboração conceitual, análise de novas informações e decisões mais conscientes sobre o sequenciamento de informações aumentam a proporção, a duração e/ou o período dos ciclos de pausas. Dois dos cinco experimentos modificaram a dinâmica temporal das hesitações: textos novos e pouco familiares aumentam a duração das hesitações em relação a textos previamente conhecidos. A variabilidade individual também interfere na dinâmica das pausas e das hesitações, existindo sujeitos que produzem esses fenômenos em abundância, enquanto outros os produzem com parcimônia. Conclusões: os resultados obtidos confirmam a hipótese de que as pausas demarcativas estão relacionadas ao planejamento conceitual e as hesitações, à formulação linguística. Também confirmam que a ocorrência desses fenômenos é significativa e que apresentam distribuição periódica no texto falado. Adicionalmente, os resultados indicam que pausas e hesitações são fenômenos dinâmicos da língua, que emergem de acordo com as necessidades da tarefa e o estilo do sujeito / Abstract: Background: this investigation assumed that demarcation pauses are related to conceptual planning, while hesitation phenomena are related to language formulation. "Conceptual planning" refers to an abstract scheme of spoken text, constituted by the information that the speaker consider relevant to his/her communication intent. "Language formulation" refers to lemma selection and its organization in syntactic and phonological structures. Considering that pauses and hesitations are related to essential processes to spoken language production, their occurrence may not be insignificant and their distribution may not be random in spoken text. Method: subjects of this research were ten males, from 20 to 34 years old, native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, highly educated, and free from communication disorders. Five experiments of semispontaneous speech were done; each one addressed one of the following independent variables: declarative memory, working memory, text macroplanning, text types, and speech rate. Dependent variables (pauses and hesitations) were analyzed according the following three measures: proportion, duration, and periodic cycles (p < 0.05). Individual variability was also analyzed. Results: on average, 24% of spoken texts are composed by pauses and 21% by hesitations. Two thirds of pauses last from 0.5 to 1.5 s, while two thirds of hesitations last until 1 s. Pauses and hesitations are periodically distributed in all spoken texts; two thirds of pauses cycles exhibit periods until 5 s, whereas two thirds of hesitation cycles exhibit periods until 10 s. Time series of pauses and hesitations are correlated; changes in time series of pauses occur 300 ms before changes in time series of hesitations, on average. Just 15% of pauses and hesitations cycles are synchronized and the big majority is in phase opposition. All five experiments affect temporal dynamics of pauses: texts that demand conceptual elaboration, analysis of new information, and active decisions about information sequencing increase pauses proportion, durations and/or period of cycles. Two of five experiments affect temporal dynamics of hesitations: less familiar texts increase hesitations' durations compared to more familiar texts. Individual variability also affects temporal dynamics of pauses and hesitations; there are subjects that produce a lot of pauses and hesitations, while others produce them in small quantity. Conclusions: results support the initial assumption that demarcation pauses are related to conceptual planning and hesitations to language formulation. Results also indicate that the occurrence of pauses and hesitations is significant and that they are periodically distributed in spoken texts. Besides, results indicate that pauses and hesitations are dynamic components of spoken language, arising according to tasks needs and to subject style / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística