[pt] Nos estudos psicanalíticos contemporâneos, podemos observar o crescente interesse suscitado por pesquisas voltadas para transmissão psíquica geracional, sobretudo em seu aspecto transgeracional. O interesse pela transmissão psíquica transgeracional demonstra a importância de investigar o tema no cenário atual, percorrendo caminhos que forneçam maiores subsídios para a prática clínica e para a interlocução da psicanálise com outros campos do saber. Uma das áreas com as quais o tema deste estudo estabelece um estreito diálogo é o campo do Direito, sendo possível identificar as contribuições que a teoria e a prática psicanalítica podem oferecer à área jurídica. Esta tese teve como objetivo geral pesquisar como a transmissão psíquica transgeracional se inscreve no contexto de disputas judiciais, especialmente nos processos de divórcio litigioso. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foram desenvolvidos quatro eixos de estudo que deram origem a quatro artigos. O primeiro deles voltou-se para a investigação da dinâmica familiar pós-divórcio, considerando que a separação suscita uma dolorosa elaboração do luto pela conjugalidade desfeita, e uma consequente mudança nas interações familiares. No segundo estudo, foram analisados os efeitos da transgeracionalidade nos filhos e a produção sintomática das crianças. O terceiro teve o objetivo de compreender a paternidade em famílias que vivenciaram o divórcio litigioso. No quarto artigo foi pesquisado o conflito e a transposição das desavenças conjugais para o âmbito jurídico. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar como o prolongamento do conflito gera impasses à transmissão psíquica, se transformando em infindáveis batalhas judiciais. A partir da análise realizada, questionamos se o judiciário tem sido capaz de assumir a função tão primordial à qual é designado, no uso do seu poder genealógico (Legendre, 1999), de modo que auxilie no processo de formação e transformação subjetiva. Constatamos a necessidade da criação e manutenção de ações integradas do campo jurídico com a área da saúde mental, principalmente com a psicanálise, para a solução dos conflitos familiares que aportam o judiciário e se transformam em intermináveis processos que assolam a justiça. Para combater a judicialização das relações familiares, torna-se fundamental considerar a dinâmica psíquica inconsciente e a psicopatologia dos indivíduos que estão imersos no litígio. A participação da psicologia e da psicanálise fazem-se necessárias para além dos laudos e pareceres, com vistas a reestabelecer a saúde psíquica daqueles envolvidos no litígio. / [en] Contemporary psychoanalytic studies show a growing interest in research aimed at generational psychic transmission, especially regarding its transgenerational aspect. The interest in transgenerational psychic transmission shows how important investigating that topic has become in the current scenario, following a path that provides greater support to clinical practice and to the dialogue between psychoanalysis and other areas of knowledge. One of the areas with which the topic of this study establishes a close dialogue is Law, and we identified the contributions that psychoanalytic theory and practice may offer the legal area. The main goal of this thesis is to investigate how the transgenerational psychic transmission fits in the context of legal disputes, especially in divorce litigation. To achieve that goal, four studies were conducted that resulted in four articles. The first one focuses on postdivorce family dynamics, considering that any separation results in painful processing of the grief for a broken marriage, as well as in an inevitable change in family interactions. The second study analyzed the effects of transgenerationality on children and the symptomatic production of children. The third one aimed to understand fatherhood in families that experienced litigious divorce. The fourth one focused on conflict and the transposition of marital disagreements into the legal sphere. This study aimed to analyze how the extension of conflicts creates deadlocks for psychic transmission, resulting into endless legal battles. Based on our analysis, we question whether the legal system is ready to perform its primary function, using its genealogical power (Legendre, 1999) to support the process of formation and subjective transformation. We conclude that the legal area needs to create and maintain integrated actions with the mental health area, mainly with psychoanalysis, to solve family conflicts that mobilize the judiciary and turn into endless cases that burden it. To reduce the judicialization of family relationships, it is essential to consider the unconscious psychic dynamics and the psychopathology of individuals involved in litigation. Psychology and psychoanalysis should go beyond reports and statements and aim to reestablish the psychological health of those involved in legal cases.

The relatively recent developments in AI have caused a lot of discussions surrounding security and privacy, and a consistent theme throughout these discussions have been how privacy as a political and legal term have developed in response. While this isn't necessarily a new phenomenon – privacy concerns have been around since the 19th century when Warren and Brandeis published their seminal paper – the development of AI has marked a new period where privacy has become a socio-political issue. The development of AI also have happened concurrently with changes in governmental paradigms, which makes this relevant albeit possibly difficult to interpret. That makes communicative events – the AI strategies, privacy regulations and news articles – important empirical material for the study. The study's main purpose will be to study how three selected countries - and the practices within them – have shaped their respective artifical intelligence strategies through privacy regulations. This is an important question to ask when changes in organizational ideology have occurred and resulted in New Public Management – an ideology more friendly towards corporations than its 1950s-70s predecessor, when AI was in its infancy. For the purpose of this paper the term artificial intelligence will refer to computer programs and systems on the software level; they are interently dealing with data as a part of their function. And the computer does not check the security and privacy-related implications for the data use unless the programmer specifically makes the artificial intelligence do so; and there are many cases where that would be difficult. The countries chosen for the paper – the United Kingdom, Sweden and Estonia – were selected partly because they are democratic countries, but also partly due to their different stances on artificial intelligence, history and governance methods. These three do share some unifying aspects, such as all being European countries and signatories of the EU's GDPR treaty. The resulting comparision illustrates that differences between the three countries' existing practices do affect how AI strategies and regulations are formed – an important consideration in an environment where privacy has become an intense topic of debate.

[pt] O presente trabalho visa a realização de uma análise acerca dos projetos de pesquisa da iniciação científica em Direito. Dessa forma, busca contribuir para essa temática, utilizando um referencial teórico bourdieusiano, que enxerga o campo jurídico, como um campo relativamente autônomo, porém permeável a outras instâncias sociais. Sendo assim, pretende-se evidenciar as interações entre o campo jurídico e o campo científico, na medida em que elas têm expressão na atividade da pesquisa científica em nível da graduação do curso em Direito. Além disso, busca-se entender como essa modalidade de pesquisa reflete essas referidas dinâmicas por meio da investigação de seu funcionamento e das suas condições sociais de produção. / [en] This present dissertation aims to carry out an analysis about the research projects of the scientific initiation in Law. In this way, it seeks to contribute to this theme, using a Bourdieusian theoretical framework, which sees the juridical field as a relatively autonomous field, but permeable to other social instances. Thus, it is intended to evidence the interactions between the legal field and the scientific field, insofar as they are expressed in the activity of scientific research at the undergraduate level of the Law course. In addition, it seeks to understand how this research modality reflects these dynamics through the investigation of its functioning and its social conditions of production.

Šiame darbe analizuojamas įmonės, įstaigos, organizacijos vadovo teisinis statusas. Siekiant apibrėžti, apie kokio teisės subjekto vadovą bus kalbama, taip pat atsižvelgiant į tai, kad skirtingų juridinių asmenų vadovų teisinis statusas skiriasi, darbe pateikiama juridinio asmens samprata, kilmė bei klasifikacija. Nagrinėjama privačių ir viešųjų juridinių asmenų vadovų teisinio statuso raida, lyginant, kaip keitėsi ir koks šiuo metu yra įstatymų leidėjo bei teismų praktikos požiūris į juridinių asmenų vadovus. Detaliau analizuota dažniausiai Lietuvoje pasitaikančių privačių juridinių asmenų – akcinių bendrovių – bei viešųjų juridinių asmenų – viešųjų įstaigų vadovų teisnio statuso raida. Vienas iš vadovo teisinio statuso elementų, jo teisės ir pareigos, lyginamos su paprasto darbuotojo teisėmis ir pareigomis, įtvirtintomis Darbo kodekse. Aprašoma juridinio asmens vadovo teisės, pareigos, garantijos darbo sutarties sudarymo, vykdymo ir nutraukimo metu. Analizuojant teisės aktus bei teismų praktiką, nagrinėjama akcinės bendrovės vadovui taikytina atsakomybė, siekiant nustatyti, kuriais atvejais jam taikoma civilinė t. y. visiška, o kada ribota materialinė atsakomybė pagal darbo teisę, taip pat kokios yra vadovo atsakomybės ribos. Juridinio asmens vadovo atsakomybė lyginama su darbuotojui taikoma atsakomybe. Trumpai aptariama drausminė, administracinė bei baudžiamoji vadovo atsakomybė bei viešųjų juridinių asmenų vadovų etinės atsakomybės problema. / Juridical Status of the Manager of Enterprise, Institution or Organization is analyzed in the Thesis. Aiming to define the Manager of which Legal Person will be discussed also based on the situation that juridical status of a Managers of different Juridical Persons differ, the conception, origin and classification of Juridical Persons is given in the Thesis. Development of juridical status of private and public Juridical Persons is analyzed while comparing the development and current status of the Mangers of Juridical Persons from the point of view of legislative establishments and juridical opinion. The development of juridical status of Managers of most common Private Juridical Persons – Joint Stock Companies and Public Juridical Persons – Public Entities was analyzed more precisely. One of the elements of juridical status of a Manager – his rights and obligations are compared to the rights and obligations of common employee as foreseen in the Labor Code. The rights, obligations, functions, guarantees of a Manager of Juridical Person at the moment the Labor Contract is signed, executed, and terminated are described. Based on the analysis of legislation of juridical practice the responsibility employed to the Manager of Joined Stock Company aiming to determine in which cases civil liability i.e. total responsibilities and in which cases limited material liability based on the Labor Legislation is to be employed is analyzed as well as the limits of liability of a Manager. The... [to full text]

The purpose of the essay is to critically discuss and analyse the right to development as an individual and a collective right, and or both at national as well as at the international level. The main objective being to ascertain whether there is .distinct dichotomy between the right to development as an individual and a collective right. Having critically analysed the right to development as an individual and a collective right or both, I attempted to critically discuss both the active and passive subjects of the right - so-called right-holders and duty-bearers respectively, at national as well as at international level. The juridical status of the right has been critically examined. It is clear that the right is legally binding on all states. The right is universally recognised as a human right enjoying international legal status. / Law / LL.M.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

La Turquie figure parmi les Etats les plus condamnés du Conseil de l’Europe : on compte ainsi pratiquement trois mille décisions la concernant. Ce contentieux est à l’origine d’évolutions, à la fois pour la Turquie qui, grâce aux décisions de la Cour, adapte sa législation et sa pratique aux standards européens mais également pour la Cour puisque les nombreuses affaires turques ont contribué à élaborer et faire évoluer sa jurisprudence et ses méthodes dans des domaines qu’elle n’aurait pas, ou dans une moindre mesure, eu à traiter sans la Turquie. Au-delà du volume et du contenu des affaires, le contentieux turc a des particularités qui montrent que la Turquie a organisé sa pratique de la Cour européenne. La Cour, en parallèle, a dû s’adapter à ce contentieux et à ses particularités. Ainsi, la Cour et la Turquie ont-elles chacune mis en place des stratégies judiciaires. Si la Cour, astreinte au principe de subsidiarité, évolue dans un constant mouvement de balancier pour assurer le respect effectif des droits de l’Homme tout en ménageant la susceptibilité des Etats, la Turquie, elle, s’efforce de se rapprocher des exigences européennes tout en protégeant sa souveraineté. Ces stratégies accordent une place à la négociation, laissant parfois envisager une approche « transactionnelle » des droits de l’Homme. Cette recherche, à partir du cas de la Turquie, permet d’appréhender comment les droits de l’Homme, réputés universels et, pour certains d’entre eux, intangibles et indérogeables, peuvent être l’objet de « stratégies » et de « transactions ». / Turkey is among the more condemned states within the Council of Europe, with almost three thousand decisions. This case-law leads to changes: it permits Turkey to adapt its legislations and practices to the European exigencies and it gives the Court the possibility to elaborate and refine its jurisprudence and its methods with cases that she would never have without Turkey. Beyond the decisions’ volume and content, the Turkish case presents particularities bringing to light that Turkey has organised its practice of the European Court. In parallel, the Court has to adapt its answers to this case and its particularities. Both Turkey and the Court set up juridical strategies. The Court, who has to comply with the principle of subsidiarity, oscillates between firmness and restraint, so as not to offend the States’ sensibilities while reaching its goal of maintenance and realization of Human Rights. Turkey wavers between the will to conform to the European exigencies and the will to protect its sovereignty. These strategies make way for negotiations and even for a transactional approach of human rights. This research, based on the Turkish case, leads to wonder how human rights, which, for some of them, are universal and inviolable, can be the object of “strategies” and “negotiations”.