O instituto da desapropriação é instrumento urbanístico muito utilizado no Brasil e em muitos outros países. No Brasil, a fundamentação legal da desapropriação decorre do Decreto-lei nº. 3365, de 21 de julho de 1941 e Lei nº. 4132, de 10 de setembro de 1962 que tratam, respectivamente, de desapropriação por utilidade pública e por interesse social. É anterior, portanto, à Constituição Federal, que introduziu uma nova ordem urbanística em que se destacam o princípio da função social da propriedade e o planejamento urbano. A fim de regulamentar o capítulo da política urbana da Constituição Federal foi editado, em 2001, o Estatuto da Cidade que dispõe a desapropriação entre os instrumentos jurídicos da política urbana e a regulamenta como desapropriação-sanção. O trabalho estuda os principais aspectos da propriedade e do instrumento da desapropriação no direito brasileiro e na legislação estrangeira, analisando os modelos e métodos utilizados nos procedimentos de desapropriações por utilidade pública, interesse social, urbanística e ambiental. Também são estudados o conceito de justo preço para fins de indenização e os principais problemas de aplicação do instrumento; são apresentados estudos de casos de desapropriação. O trabalho termina por apontar sugestões que poderiam tornar o instrumento mais eficiente considerando o estágio atual do Estado Brasileiro e de suas Administrações Públicas. / Expropriation is planning tool widely used in Brazil in many other countries. In Brazil, legal fundament of expropriation is given by the Decreto-lei nº. 3365, of 21 of July of 1941 and Lei nº. 4132, of 10 of September of 1962, that have dealt, respectively, with expropriation for public utility and for social interest. It is previous, therefore, to the Federal Constitution of 1988, that has introduced a new urban order in which the principle of the social function of the property and urban planning are emphasized. In order regulate the Federal Constitution´s chapter on urban policy, it was edited, in 2001, the Estatuto da Cidade that includes expropriation among the legal instruments of the urban politics and regulates it as dispossession-sanction. The Dissertation discusses main aspects of property and the instrument of the expropriation in the Brazilian law, and in foreign legislation, analyzing models and methods used in expropriation for public utility, social, planning and environment interests. Also the concept of just price of compensation and the main problems of application of the instrument are studied. Case studies are presented. The work finishes by suggesting measures for making the instrument most efficient considering the current situation of the Brazilian State and its Public Administrations

O instituto da desapropriação é instrumento urbanístico muito utilizado no Brasil e em muitos outros países. No Brasil, a fundamentação legal da desapropriação decorre do Decreto-lei nº. 3365, de 21 de julho de 1941 e Lei nº. 4132, de 10 de setembro de 1962 que tratam, respectivamente, de desapropriação por utilidade pública e por interesse social. É anterior, portanto, à Constituição Federal, que introduziu uma nova ordem urbanística em que se destacam o princípio da função social da propriedade e o planejamento urbano. A fim de regulamentar o capítulo da política urbana da Constituição Federal foi editado, em 2001, o Estatuto da Cidade que dispõe a desapropriação entre os instrumentos jurídicos da política urbana e a regulamenta como desapropriação-sanção. O trabalho estuda os principais aspectos da propriedade e do instrumento da desapropriação no direito brasileiro e na legislação estrangeira, analisando os modelos e métodos utilizados nos procedimentos de desapropriações por utilidade pública, interesse social, urbanística e ambiental. Também são estudados o conceito de justo preço para fins de indenização e os principais problemas de aplicação do instrumento; são apresentados estudos de casos de desapropriação. O trabalho termina por apontar sugestões que poderiam tornar o instrumento mais eficiente considerando o estágio atual do Estado Brasileiro e de suas Administrações Públicas. / Expropriation is planning tool widely used in Brazil in many other countries. In Brazil, legal fundament of expropriation is given by the Decreto-lei nº. 3365, of 21 of July of 1941 and Lei nº. 4132, of 10 of September of 1962, that have dealt, respectively, with expropriation for public utility and for social interest. It is previous, therefore, to the Federal Constitution of 1988, that has introduced a new urban order in which the principle of the social function of the property and urban planning are emphasized. In order regulate the Federal Constitution´s chapter on urban policy, it was edited, in 2001, the Estatuto da Cidade that includes expropriation among the legal instruments of the urban politics and regulates it as dispossession-sanction. The Dissertation discusses main aspects of property and the instrument of the expropriation in the Brazilian law, and in foreign legislation, analyzing models and methods used in expropriation for public utility, social, planning and environment interests. Also the concept of just price of compensation and the main problems of application of the instrument are studied. Case studies are presented. The work finishes by suggesting measures for making the instrument most efficient considering the current situation of the Brazilian State and its Public Administrations

Le commerce équitable entend instaurer des relations marchandes plus justes, par l’établissement d’un prix considéré comme juste. En promouvant des échanges équitables, entre des agents économiques ayant un désir de justice, et qui se situent dans des pays différents, le commerce équitable donne à voir la nécessité d’une nouvelle réflexion sur les questions de justice et d’équité. Il révèle l’intérêt d’une théorie de la justice commutative, la justice dans l’échange, alors que dominent les théories de la justice distributive. Grâce au commerce équitable, nous montrons que les théories néoclassique, institutionnaliste et rawlsienne de la justice confondent fréquemment justice avec ajustement, justesse, compassion ou équité, et basculent vers des théories politiques de la justice. Le commerce équitable réactualise la pertinence de la distinction aristotélicienne entre bonne et mauvaise économie, mais il dévoile surtout le fait que la bonne économie est encore possible et vivace, et n’a pas totalement disparu sous la mauvaise chrématistique. Les agents économiques ont un goût pour la justice et ont le désir de « bien » échanger. C’est parce que le commerce équitable entend réhabiliter la possibilité d’une économie à l’abri de la mauvaise chrématistique, inscrite dans un aristotélisme pratique, qu’il nous donne à voir la nécessité d’une théorie de la justice dans l’échange économique et qu’il rejoint in fine les réflexions sur le perfectionnisme moral. / Fair trade aims at creating fairer market relationships, by establishing what is considered to be the just price. By promoting exchanges on an equitable basis, through international partnerships grounded in a desire for justice, fair trade highlights the need for new thinking on the notions of justice and equity. In a world dominated by the theories of distributive justice, it shows the interest of a theory of commutative justice, of justice in the exchange. Fair trade enables us to demonstrate that neoclassical, institutionalist and Rawlsian theories of justice often fail to distinguish between justice and adjustment, accuracy, compassion and equity, and drift towards political theories of justice. Fair trade shows that the Aristotelian distinction between a good and a bad economy is still relevant, but more importantly it reveals the fact that the good economy is enduring, and has not completely disappeared under bad chrematistic. Economic agents have a taste for justice, for a “good” exchange. Because fair trade seeks to restore the possibility of an economy preserved from bad chrematistic and framed in practical Aristotelianism, it shows us the necessity for a theory of justice in economic exchanges and ultimately leads us to consider the notion of moral perfectionism.

Notre travail consiste à faire une grille de lecture de nos principaux pères fondateurs de l'économie politique, en l'occurrence, Aristote, A.Smith et K.Marx et ceci, à travers un historien français, F.Braudel, de ses outils conceptuels et de ses problématiques défendues, en particulier, son schéma de tripartition de l'économie, - la vie matérielle, l'économie de marché et le capitalisme -, dans son ouvrage «Civilisation Matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme XVe-XVIIIe siècle». Nous effectuons une sorte de relecture ou revisite braudélienne dans la source de l'économie politique et de ses trois principaux fondateurs cités ci-dessus. Nous cherchons à vérifier certaines interprétations sur les conceptions de l'«économie de marché» de nos trois auteurs de l'économie politique. L'essentiel de notre travail consiste à saisir la présence du lien entre l'économie et la morale sociale chez nos fondateurs de l'économie politique. / Our study is an reading grid of our main founders of political economy, Aristotle, and this A.Smith and K.Marx and this, through a French historian, F.Braudel, his conceptual tools and problematic issues, in particular, the tripartite of the Economy - Material life, Market economy and Capitalism – he has defended in his book "Material Civilization, Economy and Capitalism XVth-XVIIIth century." We perform a braudelian proofreading or revisits in the source of political economy and of its three main founders mentioned above. We try to verify certain interpretations of theirs concepts of "Market Economy". Our study focus on the relation between the Economics and the Social ethics in our founders of political economy.

Text in English / This research focuses upon the killing on 16 August 2012, by the South African Police Service, of miners working in Marikana, in the North West Province, in their struggle for a just wage. This experience highlighted the ethical question of the relationship between the employee and the employer. This research investigates this question by reference to the evolution of the doctrine of the “just wage” and the “just price” in Western moral philosophy. The investigation shows that this Western doctrine is a significant basis for an ethical evaluation of the relationship between employee and the employer. However, the doctrine does require expansion by taking the woman as an indispensable factor in labour relations. Also, it requires deepening by engaging in dialogue with other philosophies of the world, in this particular case, the philosophy of Ubuntu. The dialogue with Ubuntu is justified by the fact that the majority of the miners, the actual diggers of the mineral wealth, are born into and nurtured through the philosophy of Ubuntu, even if some may have reservations about it. The dialogue reveals a specific philosophical issue, namely, a clash of the epistemological and moral paradigms. The Ubuntu epistemological-ethical maxim of feta kgomo o tshware motho (if and when one must choose between the continual accumulation of wealth and the preservation of human life then one ought to opt for the latter) is fundamentally at odds with capitalism, an economic system that elevates wealth and money to the status of a deity. A resolution of this conflict is an ethical imperative. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)