O presente trabalho analisa a valoração da prova na decisão de pronúncia e os limites à sua motivação, realizando-se, inicialmente, um estudo sobre a origem dessa decisão com base em decisões de ordenamentos jurídicos passados. A regência legal da pronúncia é estudada para a compreensão de sua definição, requisitos, cognição e função que exerce no procedimento do Júri. Em relação à valoração da prova, objeto central do presente trabalho, estabelece-se um critério de decisão com base nos standards de prova da autoria ou da participação. A motivação é estudada para a verificação do funcionamento dos limites impostos pela lei a ela. / This study examines the valuation of proof in the indictment decision and the justification, and where, inictially a study about the origin of this decision based on pás legal decisions. The rulership to indictment is studied to understand its definition, requirements, cognition and the function that performs the procedure os the Jury. Regardin the evidence of proof, the central object of the present study we establish a decision criterion based on the standards of proof to autorship. The justification is studied to verifythe functioning of the limits imposed by law to it

The modal logic S5 gives us a simple technical tool to analyze some main notions from philosophy (e.g. metaphysical necessity and epistemological concepts such as knowledge and belief). Although S5 can be axiomatized by some simple rules, this logic shows some puzzling properties. For example, an interpolation result holds for the propositional version, but this same result fails when we add first-order quantifiers to this logic. In this dissertation, we study the failure of the Definability and Interpolation Theorems for first-order S5. At the same time, we combine the results of justification logic and we investigate the quantified justification counterpart of S5 (first-order JT45). In this way we explore the relationship between justification logic and modal logic to see if justification logic can contribute to the literature concerning the restoration of the Interpolation Theorem. / A lógica modal S5 nos oferece um ferramental técnico para analizar algumas noções filosóficas centrais (por exemplo, necessidade metafísica e certos conceitos epistemológicos como conhecimento e crença). Apesar de ser axiomatizada por princípios simples, esta lógica apresenta algumas propriedades peculiares. Uma das mais notórias é a seguinte: podemos provar o Teorema da Interpolação para a versão proposicional, mas esse mesmo teorema não pode ser provado quando adicionamos quantificadores de primeira ordem a essa lógica. Nesta dissertação vamos estudar a falha dos Teoremas da Definibilidade e da Interpolação para a versão quantificada de S5. Ao mesmo tempo, vamos combinar os resultados da lógica da justificação e investigar a contraparte da versão quantificada de S5 na lógica da justificação (a lógica chamada JT45 de primeira ordem). Desse modo, vamos explorar a relação entre lógica modal e lógica da justificação para ver se a lógica da justificação pode contribuir para a restauração do Teorema da Interpolação.

Parking and parks are both crucial to downtown economic development. Many studies have shown that downtown parks significantly contribute to increasing surrounding property values and attract residents, businesses and investment. Meanwhile, sufficient available parking promotes accessibility to downtown that also contributes to increasing tax revenue for local government. However, both downtown parks and parking raise problems. Many downtown parks have become places for drug dealing, shooting and vandalism since the decline of downtowns in the 1960s. At the same time, residents and visitors alike oftentimes complain about the lack of parking while in fact parking spaces occupy a large amount of land in downtown. Parks and parking also compete for space in downtown where land value is higher than the rest of the city. To address these issues, several cities have begun to address the relationship between parking and parks by placing them in one place: park on the ground level and parking underneath. This typology is defined as a park-above-parking project in this research. However, this phenomenon has received little scholarly attention. To justify the existing situation of park-above-parking and to contemplate future projects, this research provides a spatial-based investigation to discuss the empirical relationships between social cultural and political-economic impacts, design quality, and related policy-making processes based on four cases. A longitudinal study that traces the direct and indirect impacts of park-above-parking projects was conducted for each case through both qualitative and quantitative methods. This research provides a set of methods for the measurement of contributions of park-above-parking downtown, connections between park quality, social use and adjacent economic growth, recommendations for land use planning policy-making and guidelines for the design of park-above-parking projects.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-25T11:55:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Roberto Gorini Gamba.pdf: 1388908 bytes, checksum: a1aa5ab64c48bdcd98f07fb990d408a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T11:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Roberto Gorini Gamba.pdf: 1388908 bytes, checksum: a1aa5ab64c48bdcd98f07fb990d408a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-29 / This thesis works with the concept of justification of the State, differentiating it from the legitimacy (empirical aspect) and legality (normative aspect) and seeks to verify the fulfillment of the justifying function of contractarianism and proceduralism models in the context of modernity and late modernity, respectively. To do that, it uses a historical-evolutionary approach to the problem of justification. Therefore, it verifies the insufficiency of contractarianism and proceduralism justifications, but not without first realizing a historical reconstruction of the problem, presenting the Aristotelian theory in antiquity, and the theological-religious, typical of the Middle Age, noting the need for a rationally structured justification for the political and legal order in modernity. In this context, contractarianism theories will be presented to fulfill this function and are analyzed here from their different formulations, from Thomas Hobbes to Immanuel Kant, through John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, verifying the importance of these theories for the configuration of Modern state. Then, it analyzes the overlapping consensus by John Rawls, the legitimation by procedure by Niklas Luhmann, and procedural theory of deliberative democracy by Jürgen Habermas, as they contribute to the problem of State justification and seek to give additional breath to the modern project. In the end, it concludes by the insufficiency of contractarianism and proceduralism models in their task of justifying the Modern State, which undermines the effectiveness of its legal system, especially with the advent of late capitalism, in which the problem of justification is aggravated by the advance of science and technique not only in productive models, but especially in politics with the denominated technocracy, in such a way as to affect the founding constructs of modernity, notably by reducing the participation of the individual in the productive system and in the democratic process, forcing us to rethink the typically modern forms of State and law in a moment of a possible inflection of modernity / Esta tese trabalha com o conceito de justificação do Estado, diferenciando-o da legitimidade (aspecto empírico) e da legalidade (aspecto normativo) e busca verificar o cumprimento da função justificadora dos modelos contratualistas e procedimentalistas no âmbito da modernidade e da modernidade tardia, respectivamente. Para tanto, vale-se de uma abordagem histórico-evolutiva do problema da justificação. Assim sendo, verifica a insuficiência das justificações contratualistas e procedimentalistas, mas não sem antes realizar uma reconstrução histórica do problema, apresentando a teoria aristotélica, na antiguidade, e as teológico-religiosas, típicas do medievo, anotando a necessidade de uma justificação racionalmente estruturada para a ordem política e jurídica na modernidade. Neste contexto, as teorias contratualistas serão apresentadas para cumprir com esta função e são aqui analisadas a partir de suas diferentes formulações, de Thomas Hobbes a Immanuel Kant, passando por John Locke e Jean-Jacques Rousseau, verificando a importância destas teorias para a configuração do Estado moderno. Em seguida, analisa o consenso por sobreposição de John Rawls, a legitimação pelo procedimento de Niklas Luhmann e a teoria procedimental da democracia deliberativa de Jürgen Habermas, na medida em que contribuem para problema da justificação do Estado e buscam dar fôlego adicional ao projeto moderno. Ao final, conclui pela insuficiência dos modelos contratualistas e procedimentalistas na sua tarefa de justificação do Estado moderno, o que abala a efetividade de sua ordem jurídica, especialmente com o advento do capitalismo tardio, em que o problema da justificação se agrava com o avanço da ciência e da técnica não só nos modelos produtivos, mas especialmente na política com a chamada tecnocracia, de tal modo a afetar constructos fundantes da modernidade, notadamente ao reduzir a participação do indivíduo no sistema produtivo e no processo democrático, forçando-nos a repensar as formas tipicamente modernas do Estado e do direito em um momento de possível inflexão da modernidade

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Lakatos outlined a theory of mathematical discovery and justification, which suggests ways in which concepts, conjectures and proofs gradually evolve via interaction between mathematicians. Different mathematicians may have different interpretations of a conjecture, examples or counterexamples of it, and beliefs regarding its value or theoremhood. Through discussion, concepts are refined and conjectures and proofs modified. We hypothesise that: (i) it is possible to computationally represent Lakatos's theory, and (ii) it is useful to do so. In order to test our hypotheses we have developed a computational model of his theory. Our model is a multiagent dialogue system. Each agent has a copy of a pre-existing theory formation system, which can form concepts and make conjectures which empirically hold for the objects of interest supplied. Distributing the objects of interest between agents means that they form different theories, which they communicate to each other. Agents then find counterexamples and use methods identified by Lakatos to suggest modifications to conjectures, concept definitions and proofs. Our main aim is to provide a computational reading of Lakatos's theory, by interpreting it as a series of algorithms and implementing these algorithms as a computer program. This is the first systematic automated realisation of Lakatos's theory. We contribute to the computational philosophy of science by interpreting, clarifying and extending his theory. We also contribute by evaluating his theory, using our model to test hypotheses about it, and evaluating our extended computational theory on the basis of criteria proposed by several theorists. A further contribution is to automated theory formation and automated theorem proving. The process of refining conjectures, proofs and concept definitions requires a flexibility which is inherently useful in fields which handle ill-specified problems, such as theory formation. Similarly, the ability to automatically modify an open conjecture into one which can be proved, is a valuable contribution to automated theorem proving.

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa consistiu em analisar, por meio das práticas discursivas de atores ligados a uma organização paraeclesiástica denominada Tribal Generation, os posicionamentos tomados por determinados agentes a fim de se justificarem enquanto protestantes legítimos. Nossa questão volta-se para a compreensão das condições necessárias para uma igreja existir e se legitimar enquanto tal. Esta questão nos auxilia na análise das disputas sobre a tipificação do que seria igreja, revelando os parâmetros de sua construção discursiva enquanto forma legítima, termo êmico que reitera o que pode ser entendido como igreja e, consequentemente, como religião. Para compreendermos tais questões, procuramos estruturar esta dissertação em dois planos. O primeiro plano consistiu em mapear uma rede de atores, igrejas, ministérios e escolas dominicais a partir da Tribal Generation, organização que atua a partir de uma plataforma virtual e que traz como proposta estimular um modelo inclusivo de igrejas, com lideranças mais flexíveis frente à diversidade contemporânea. Partimos do pressuposto de que, independentemente das formas eclesiológicas e evangelísticas adotadas pelas igrejas vinculadas a esta organização, o conteúdo doutrinário permanece conservador em relação ao uso discursivo dos textos que compõem a bíblia. O segundo plano versou sobre o mapeamento de uma sub-rede de atores, igrejas e escolas de missões parceiras da organização Tribal Generation que têm como foco a evangelização e conversão de indivíduos que se identificam como homossexuais. Esta rede pastoral da sexualidade, categoria que empregamos para circunscrever a sub-rede, nos ajudou a compreender como o uso discursivo de inclusão e diversidade não necessariamente positiva a homossexualidade como identidade sexual legítima. Tais categorias, junto às propostas de novas formas de atuação eclesiológicas e evangelísticas, colocam em disputa a própria legitimidade dos atores. Essa disputa, conforme abordaremos, é empreendida no campo da sexualidade, evidenciando distintas formas discursivas em interação. / The objective of this research is to analyze, through the discursive practices of actors linked to a parachurch organization called Tribal Generation, positions of certain agents to justify themselves as legitimate Christians. Our question turns to the understanding of the conditions necessary for a church to exist and to legitimize as such. This question helps us to analyze the disputes over the classification of what would be the church, revealing the parameters of their discursive construction as a \'legitimate\' way emic term that reiterates what can be understood as a church and, consequently, as a religion. To understand these questions, we try to structure this thesis in two planes. The first plan was to map a network of actors, churches, ministries and missionary schools from the Tribal Generation, an organization that acts as a virtual platform that brings and as a proposal \"to encourage an inclusive model of churches with more flexible leadership facing the contemporary diversity\". Assume assumption that the doctrinal content remains \"conservative\" about the discursive use of texts that make up the bible. The second plan was about the mapping of a sub-network of actors, churches and missionary schools that focus on the \"evangelization and conversion\" of individuals who identify themselves as homosexual. This \"pastoral network of sexuality\" category we use to circumscribe the subnet, helped us understand how the discursive use of \"inclusion and diversity\" does not necessarily positive homosexuality as a legitimate sexual identity. These categories, along with proposals for new forms of ecclesiological and outreach activities, call into dispute the legitimacy of the actors. This dispute is undertaken in the field of sexuality, showing distinct discursive forms in interaction.

A Tecnologia da Informação (TI) tem sido considerada ao longo dos anos como importante ferramenta para obtenção de vantagem competitiva, o que tem motivado as empresas investirem cada vez mais em tecnologia. Entretanto, o volume e a variedade destes investimentos exigem dos gestores novas ferramentas e técnicas para auxiliar no processo de justificativa e gestão da TI. Uma técnica tem sido apontada como uma das alternativas para identificar, analisar e gerenciar os investimentos em TI: a Gestão do Portfólio de TI (GPTI). De acordo, porém, com pesquisas recentes, continua sendo um conceito subdesenvolvido tanto na academia como no meio empresarial. Diferentes autores apontam que algumas organizações têm ciência da existência da GPTI, mas a minoria implementa essa técnica nas suas organizações. Assim, para mostrar que a GPTI pode auxiliar a gestão e justificativa dos investimentos em TI frente aos riscos e retornos, foi estabelecido o objetivo desta pesquisa: Analisar o uso da técnica GPTI no auxilio da justificativa e gestão dos investimentos em TI nas organizações. O método escolhido foram estudos de caso com cinco empresas brasileiras de diferentes setores econômicos; realizando entrevistas com os oito principais executivos de TI dessas organizações. Além disso, foi realizada, em um caso, uma análise quantitativa, utilizando a Teoria de Opções Reais (TOR) combinada com as dimensões da GPTI para avaliar os investimentos, levando em conta o seu o risco e o retorno; e para auxiliar os gestores nas decisões sobre investimentos em TI. Foram encontrados diferentes níveis de utilizações da GPTI nas empresas analisadas em relação a planejamento, controle e avaliação dos investimentos em TI. A GPTI estava sendo utilizada recentemente pelas empresas ou encontrava-se na fase de estruturação do portfólio de TI. Em relação à utilização da TOR, determinou-se que ela pode auxiliar os gestores de TI na análise dos investimentos nas diferentes dimensões da GPTI e possibilitar uma flexibilidade maior das decisões e um maior aproveitamento das oportunidades oferecidas pelo mercado ou devido às necessidades da empresa. A dissertação contribui para a área de TI, pois explorou e analisou um tema pouco estudado no Brasil, que é a GPTI. E também contribuiu para o conhecimento empresarial, fornecendo subsídios para os gestores realizarem benchmarking de portfólio de TI de empresas brasileiras e para oferecer uma maneira de auxiliar nas decisões sobre TI. / IT has lately been considered an important tool to gain competitive advantage, a fact that has triggered increasing investments in technology in the companies. However, the number and variety of investments require that managers use new tools and techniques to help justify and manage IT processes. A technique has been chosen as an alternative to identify, analyze, and manage investments in IT: Information Technology Portfolio Management (ITPM). Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that this concept has not been thoroughly developed neither in the academy nor in companies. Different authors point out that some organizations are aware of ITPM, but few use it in their business. Therefore, to show that ITPM can be of use in the justification and management of investments in IT, the following research aim as established: to analyze the use of ITPM as a tool to help justify and manage investments in IT in organizations. The methodology comprises five case studies of five Brazilian companies in different economic sectors; eight IT managers were interviewed in these companies. Besides, a quantitative analysis was carried out with one of the case studies by using the Real Options Theory (ROT) associated with ITPM in order to assess investment risk and return and to help managers take decisions regarding their investments in IT. Different ITPM levels were found in the companies under investigation concerning planning, control, and evaluation in investments in IT. Results show that ITPM has been used for a short time or is in the structuring phase of the IT portfolio. Regarding the use of ROT, I have concluded that it can help IT managers analyze investments in different ITPM dimensions and enable more flexibility in decision-making and better use of the market opportunities, according to the company's needs. This thesis brings some contributions to the IT area since it explores and analyzes a theme – ITPM – which has got little research in Brazil; besides, it contributes to managerial knowledge so that managers can benchmark IT portfolios in Brazilian companies, and help the decision-making process in IT, an area that has got increasing importance in the companies lately.

The most systematic work Martin Luther ever created was his De servo arbitrio / The Bondage of the Will (1525), his powerful polemic against the leading Humanist of his day, Erasmus, who had criticized Luther in his De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio / The Freedom of the Will (1524). Luther's The Bondage of the Will is regarded as a work representing the organic unity of his entire theological thought; it can be seen as his theology in a condensed form. In spite of the immense significance of Luther's magnum opus, its theological structure and content have so far not yet been satisfactorily revealed. Much research has been conducted on certain detailed aspects of this work of Luther's, such as the problems of the free will, determinism, and predestination. The basic weakness of those analyses is that the details of The Bondage of the Will can be correctly understood only on the basis of a comprehension of the basic systematic theological idea of his work. The very kernel of Luther's own thought and the deepest intentions of his theology in this work are best comprehended by analyzing the inner structure and cohesion of his own thinking and by seeing how his argumentation developed in his dispute with Erasmus. The task of this study is to expose the fundamental systematic theological idea and structure in Luther's The Bondage of the Will. The method employed in the present study is a comprehensive systematic analysis of Luther's thought in his work. Attention will be paid to the conceptualization of issues by Luther, to his main propositions and the arguments he uses to support his claims, and to the structural principles and the core body of his thinking system. The debate between Luther and Erasmus contained genuine paradigmatic differences in their understanding of the Christian faith, but also some misunderstandings, even intentional misinterpretations. The present study aims at clarifying these conceptual confusions and at exploring the possibility of some degree of reconciliation between the conflicting views. My hypothesis is that Luther's own specific and comprehensive understanding of the Trinitarian theology of grace, with special emphasis on Pneumatology, alongside the more obvious Christology, strongly linked with the theology of creation, is the fundamental thought structure of his magnum opus. This enables him to get rid of the common Late Medieval teaching of the free choice of the human being, represented by Erasmus. Above all, Luther is a theologian of grace, sola gratia. The Bondage of the Will, the most Pneumatological treatise he ever wrote, offers a radical and comprehensive Trinitarian theology of grace. Luther understands the human being as an "ecstatic" creature who receives his/her existence and the quality of his/her existence from extra se. Luther argues for this paradigm in terms of the theology of creation, Christology, Pneumatology, and soteriology. As such, the human being was created a creature which is destined for union with his/her Creator in the Holy Spirit who is the actual presence of the Creator in his creature, God sharing his life with the human being. After losing this original state of union, the human being became a battlefield of the opposing transcendental powers, Satan and sin on the one side, and God and his grace, on the other side. The human is free in "things below oneself," in matters that belong to daily human life, but he/she is not free in "things above oneself," in matters that transcend the human being. Luther sees sin as human infirmity, inability to get rid of unbelief and pride which destroyed the human's union with God. The human being cannot change his/her evil orientation but must continue such as he/she is: this is Luther's concept of "the necessity of immutability"; he applies this philosophical concept to soteriological usage. The human being is in a desperate situation in regard to his/her capacities of contributing to his/her own salvation; here Luther follows his logic of theologia crucis. Both in terms of creation and salvation, the human being is meant to be in a communion of life with the Triune God. Luther develops a strong soteriology, understood in terms of an intimate union between the Triune God and the human being. This union is not primarily a cognitive-rational and morally responsible relation, as Erasmus was inclined to think, but a union of being with Christ in the Holy Spirit, koinonia/unio cum Christo in Spiritu sancto. The quality of a human being's life in this world and his/her eternal beatitude depends on whether his/her person is or is not in union with the Holy Trinity. In his Trinitarian theology of grace, Pneumatology, arguably neglected in Medieval times, is powerfully revived. Luther's conception of divine grace, with some peculiarities of his own, recalls Augustine's doctrine of grace, differing from the soteriological views of Scholasticism and Nominalism. The present study culminates in a systematic presentation of the three dimensions of Luther's Trinitarian doctrine of grace: First, contrition, conversion, and faith are effected by God's Spirit, sola fide is a thoroughly Pneumatological concept - a fact not sufficiently emphasized in research. Second, Luther sees the union with Christ simultaneously as a Christological and as a Pneumatological reality - a view not underscored in research. Third, sanctification means growth in love by way of being increasingly controlled by the Holy Spirit, who is the essence of divine love. This three-dimensional conception of grace can be supported by other works of Luther's mature theology. There are strong points of contact with Johannine, Pauline, Augustinian, and Greek Patristic theology here; a more detailed analysis of these connections, however, is not in the scope of the study at hand. The results of the study intensify the ecumenical potential of Luther's doctrine of grace. Moreover, these results contribute an amendment to the Finnish school of Luther interpretation where the Pneumatological dimension is underemphasized in the first and the second dimensions of Luther's doctrine of grace. Finally, the possibility of some degree of reconciliation between the views of Erasmus and Luther will be considered.

The Westboro Baptist Church and Phelps family are notorious for their signs proclaiming anti-homosexuality epithets such as “God Hates Fag,” and references to Biblical verses to revile homosexuality (e.g., Romans 1:24-27). Although the homonegativity bias that Westboro patrons and many traditional Christians express is often understood as being rooted in religion, I proposed the possibility that religion can be a justification rather than source of homonegativity. That is, although religion typically is seen as the source of prejudice towards LGBT+ people, I argued that this relationship might work in reverse. I examined under which conditions this “reverse” phenomena might occur in both the Pilot Study and follow-up study. My Pilot Study results suggested that there are differences in participants’ level of Religiosity after falsely being told they held LGBT+ prejudices. These differences were moderated by political alignment. Relatively liberal participants were more likely to have higher levels of Religiosity after receiving Biased Feedback compared to those who received Neutral Feedback. In terms of those who were more politically conservative, their level of Religiosity tended to be about the same regardless of which feedback they received. When it came to Biblical Literalism, however, relatively conservative participants had higher levels of literalism when given the Neutral Feedback compared to relatively liberal participants when given the same Feedback. These findings were mostly replicated in the follow-up Main Study. The results from both studies suggest that, under some circumstances, people might use religion to justify their prejudice towards LGBT+, and the strategy they use is affected by their political alignment (liberal or conservative). There could be differences in motivations between people who are more politically conservative and those who are more politically liberal. These potential differences are addressed in the discussion.