Through the collaboration between internet and conventional media, Power Keyword has become a new fashion in advertising industry last year, which appears at newspaper ads, magazine ads, TV commercials, or even outdoors. Among all mediums, TV has the strongest impact on consumers. More than 40 TV commercials inserted power keyword. Therefore, this research focuses on exploring how marketing specialists should bring the best advertising effectiveness out of power keyword. The purpose of this study is to verify the advertising impact of power keyword through keyword type and advertising type. A 2(Sales promotional advertising and non- sales promotional advertising) x 2(Power keyword Ads with large space and small space) x2(Power keyword Ads with audio and no audio) x2(Power keyword Ads with Yahoo! logo and no Yahoo! logo) between ¡Vsubject factorial design is employed in the research. Advertising communication effectiveness, on the other hand, is measured based on recall effects and search intention. An online quasi-experiment is conducted and data gathered randomly from 436 participants on their perceptions towards power keyword advertisements. Moreover, product involvement is brought into the experiment as moderating variable. The findings of the research indicate that: (1) Promotional advertising has significant influence on advertising communication effectiveness. Promotional advertising results in higher recall effects and search intention than non-promotional advertising. (2) Ads space and position has significant influence on advertising communication effectiveness. Large space of search bar results in higher recall effects and search intention than that with small one. (3) Search intention of promotional advertising does vary based on audio type of search bar on the ads. (4) Recall effect of promotional advertising does vary based on space and position of search bar on the ads. (5) Consumers with different ages, gender, and education result differently in their search intentions.

Sammanfattning   Det är inte bara elever med dyslexi som har läs- och skrivsvårigheter, utan problemet har ökat överallt i vårt moderna samhälle. Kraven på att läsa och ha god läsförståelse ökar i takt med att allt mer information skickas till oss via media, internet och post. Detta problem medförde att vi på den skola jag arbetar startade ett läsprojekt för att öka elevernas läsförståelse och därmed också deras resultat i skolan. Syftet med mitt arbete är att ta reda på vilka svårigheter och orsaker det finns för elever som har läs- och skrivsvårigheter, samt hur man ökar deras läsförståelseförmåga. Kan elever bara genom att läsa mera, kunna förbättra sina prestationer i läsförståelse. För att få ett svar på detta har jag undersökt elevers resultat av läsförståelsediagnoser. Resultaten presenteras utifrån en stanineskala som är en standardskala där elevernas poäng överförs till en niogradig skala. Ett staninevärde på fem motsvarar medelvärde. Sammanlagt nittiosju elever i samma ålder har kartlagts under högstadietiden. Resultatet vid undersökningen blev att läsförståelsen förbättrades för de svaga läsarna. Det visade sig också att de som var bra i sin läsförståelse i årskurs sju, sänkte sina resultat och närmade sig medelstanine fem. Ökad lästid i skolan har gjort att eleverna ökat sin läsförståelse. Däremot krävs det en utveckling av projektet, där samtalet kring det man läser sätts i fokus. Samtal ökar elevers förståelse och reflekterande. / Abstract The problem with dyslexia has increased everywhere in our modern society. Requirements of proficiency in reading and comprehension skills, increases at a similar speed to that which information is disseminated. This problem led to a reading project in the school where I work. The aim was to increase pupils reading, comprehension and also their overall performance. Is it a possibility that by just reading more in school, pupils can improve their performance? To find and answer I have researched the pupils results from a reading comprehension diagnosis. The results are presented from a stanine scale, a standard scale where pupils points transfers to a nine degree scale. A stanine value of five is equal to mean and the lowest values are one and two. The reading diagnosis was undertaken by 97 pupils in the same age. The fist was carried out in autumn term of year seven and then every autumn up to year nine. The results show that reading comprehension improved for weaker readers from level one and two in year seven, to level three and four in year nine. The results also showed that pupils with good abilities in year seven lowered their results to middle stanine five in year nine. More time for reading in school shows that pupils increase their reading comprehension. However, the project needs to develop further, with focus on discussions following the reading of a text.

This study aims to contribute to the understanding of ideology conveyed by lexical items and framing of texts. Since ideology is embedded in language the frames used in newspapers construct a narrow ideological perspective for the readers to interpret subjects and events through. On the basis of editorials from The Washington Post and The Washington Times that cover President Barack Obama, the study examines how the editorials differ in their framing of Obama and which discourses and keywords occur unusually frequently in each newspaper. Findings suggest that when it comes to framing, The Washington Post allows for a relatively balanced perspective on Obama as they both support and criticise him, while The Washington Times overwhelmingly condemns and attacks Obama. A keyword analysis points to unusually frequent discourses on race, conservatives and reforms in The Washington Post, and spending, unemployment and political institutions in The Washington Times. Because of their ideological differences the newspapers construct a reality where the subject, Obama, is presented in very different ways.

When a user is served with a ranked list of relevant documents by the standard document search engines, his search task is usually not over. He has to go through the entire document contents to find the precise piece of information he was looking for. Question answering, which is the retrieving of answers to natural language questions from a document collection, tries to remove the onus on the end-user by providing direct access to relevant information. This thesis is concerned with open-domain question answering. We have considered both simple and complex questions. Simple questions (i.e. factoid and list) are easier to answer than questions that have complex information needs and require inferencing and synthesizing information from multiple documents. Our question answering system for simple questions is based on question classification and document tagging. Question classification extracts useful information (i.e. answer type) about how to answer the question and document tagging extracts useful information from the documents, which is used in finding the answer to the question. For complex questions, we experimented with both empirical and machine learning approaches. We extracted several features of different types (i.e. lexical, lexical semantic, syntactic and semantic) for each of the sentences in the document collection in order to measure its relevancy to the user query. One hill climbing local search strategy is used to fine-tune the feature-weights. We also experimented with two unsupervised machine learning techniques: k-means and Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithms and evaluated their performance. For all these methods, we have shown the effects of different kinds of features. / xi, 214 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm. --

數位典藏與數位學習國家型科技計畫14年來透過數位化方式典藏國家文物，例如：生物、考古、地質等15項主題，為了能讓數位典藏資料與時事互動故使用關鍵字作為數位典藏資料與時事的橋樑，由於時事資料會出現新字詞，因此，本研究將提出一個演算法在不使用詞庫或字典的情況下對單一篇中文文章擷取主題關鍵字，此演算法是以Bigram的方式斷詞因此字詞最小單位為二個字，例如：「中文」，隨後挑選出頻率詞並採用分群的方式將頻率詞進行分群最後計算每個字詞的卡方值並產生主題關鍵字，在文章中字詞共現的分佈是很重要的，假設一字詞與所有頻率詞的機率分佈中，此字詞與幾個頻率詞的機率分佈偏差較大，則此字詞極有可能為一關鍵字。在字詞的呈現方面，中文句子裡不像英文句子裡有明顯的分隔符號隔開每一個字詞，造成中文在斷詞處理上產生了極大的問題，與英文比較起來中文斷詞明顯比英文來的複雜許多，在本研究將會比較以Bigram、CKIP和史丹佛中文斷詞器為斷詞的工具，分別進行過濾或不過濾字詞與對頻率詞分群或不分群之步驟，再搭配計算卡方值或詞頻後所得到的主題關鍵字之差異，實驗之資料將採用中央研究院數位典藏資源網的文章，文章的標準答案則來自於中央研究院資訊科學研究所電腦系統與通訊實驗室所開發的撈智網。從實驗結果得知使用Bigram斷詞所得到的主題關鍵字部分和使用CKIP或史丹佛中文斷詞器所得到的主題關鍵字相同，且部分關鍵字與文章主題的關聯性更強，而使用Bigram斷詞的主要優點在於不用詞庫。最後，本研究所提出之演算法是基於能將數位典藏資料推廣出去的前提下所發展，希望未來透過此演算法能從當下熱門話題的文章擷取出主題關鍵字，並透過主題關鍵字連結到相關的數位典藏資料，進而帶動新一波「數典潮」。 / In the past 14 years, Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program has developed digital archives of organism, archaeology, geology, etc. There are 15 topics in the digital archives. The goal of the work presented in this thesis is to automatically extract keyword s in documents in digital archives, and the techniques developed along with the work can be used to build a connection between digital archives and news articles. Because there are always new words or new uses of words in news articles, in this thesis we propose an algorithm that can automatically extract keywords from a single Chinese document without using a corpus or dictionary. Given a document in Chinese, initially the algorithm uses a bigram-based approach to divide it into bigrams of Chinese characters. Next, the algorithm calculates term frequencies of bigrams and filters out those with low term frequencies. Finally, the algorithm calculates chi-square values to produce keywords that are most related to the topic of the given document. The co-occurrence of words can be used as an indicator for the degree of importance of words. If a term and some frequent terms have similar distributions of co-occurrence, it would probably be a keyword. Unlike English word segmentation which can be done by using word delimiters, Chinese word segmentation has been a challenging task because there are no spaces between characters in Chinese. The proposed algorithm performs Chinese word segmentation by using a bigram-based approach, and we compare the segmented words with those given by CKIP and Stanford Chinese Segmenter. In this thesis, we present comparisons for different settings: One considers whether or not infrequent terms are filtered out, and the other considers whether or not frequent terms are clustered by a clustering algorithm. The dataset used in experiments is downloaded from the Academia Sinica Digital Resources and the ground truth is provided by Gainwisdom, which is developed by Computer Systems and Communication Lab in Academia Sinica. According to the experimental results, some of the segmented words given by the bigram-based approach adopted in the proposed algorithm are the same as those given by CKIP or Stanford Chinese Segmenter, while some of the segmented words given by the bigram-based approach have stronger connections to topics of documents. The main advantage of the bigram-based approach is that it does not require a corpus or dictionary.

Ce document présente des travaux de recherche réalisés durant la période allant de 2000 à 2005 et portant sur la modélisation de scènes dynamiques à partir de plusieurs caméras. Ce thème constitue un axe de recherche actif du domaine de la vision par ordinateur depuis de nombreuses années. L'objectif général est la capacité à produire une description opératoire du contenu d'une scène à partir de plusieurs vidéos. Au même titre que dans la vision humaine, et selon une théorie computationnelle de celle-ci, cette description a pour objet d'alimenter des processus cognitifs qui mènent de la perception à l'action. Le contenu de cette description peut alors être varié, en fonction de l'action visée. Il peut s'agir d'information sur les formes, comme la géométrie et l'apparence, pour la navigation d'un robot ou pour virtualiser la réalité et en modifier les aspects visuels. La description peut aussi porter sur la sémantique de la scène, par exemple ce qui est en mouvement et de quelle manière, pour en permettre son interprétation.

Le but de cette étude est de suivre le chemin de la reprise du mythe dans l’oeuvre de Giono. Le monde antique reste pour Giono une donnée permanente et imprescriptible de la condition humaine. Reprendre un mythe c'est souvent pour refaire de son héros un autre Moi, identique ou opposé. L'univers mythique de Giono, tel qu'il est représenté dans ses oeuvres, relève bien sûr de son imagination psychologique et de l’envie de se trouver un chemin qui conduit à la découverte de Soi. Etre Soi ou être un Autre, voilà la question fondamentale de la littérature contemporaine qui prend toute son ampleur chez les écrivains d'après-guerre. Giono, dans le cours de son existence réelle, a inventé son mythe de l'écrivain à travers le « portrait de l’artiste par lui-même ». C'est en devenant Ulysse ou Noé qu'il est enfin le plus authentiquement lui-même, en commençant par les autoportraits notamment Pour saluer Melville, ensuite l'autobiographie de Jeunesse dans Jean le Bleu. / The aim of this study was to follow the path to recovery myth in the novelistic work of Jean Giono. For Giono, the ancient world remains a permanent and inalienable human condition. Resume is often a myth of his hero to remake another ego, a similar one or the opposite one. The mythical world of Giono, as represented in his works, is of course the psychological imagination and the desire to find a path that led to the self discovery. Being self or being an Other, this is the fundamental question in the contemporary literature. This problem takes a full extent in the post-war writers. During his real existence, Giono invented the myth of the author through the "portrait of the artist himself". Becoming Ulysses or Noah, Giono is finally the most authentically when being himself, starting with the self-portraits including Pour saluer Melville, then followed by the youth autobiography in Jean le Bleu.

Ce travail est une analyse du concept de représentation tel qu'il peut s'élaborer à partir de la symbolique des quatre éléments (air, terre, eau, feu) dans des textes aussi bien religieux ou littéraires que philosophiques. A travers les notions voisines de participation, d'analogie, de pli ou de chair qui posent le problème du rapport de l'âme au corps, nous cernons peu à peu la représentation comme une prise de conscience saisissante qui, paradoxalement, correspond à un acte de distanciation du sujet par rapport à son monde. Quel est le statut de cette "présence-absence"? C'est non seulement le rapport du subjectif à l'objectif qui est interrogé mais aussi de façon plus générale celui de l'intimité à l'altérité. Nous tentons de montrer comment ces matières premières que sont les quatre éléments, "hormones de l'imagination" selon Gaston Bachelard, figurent concrètement la problématique d'une médiation entre le sensible et l'intelligible. Ils articulent en effet nos perceptions à diverses symbolisations par un recours à l'image. En ce sens, on peut les définir comme de véritables métaphores d'un processus de représentation ouvert sur la réflexion et la création. Au-delà de l'analyse d'une articulation entre la sensation et l'idée, c'est bien la question du sens qui est posée : que se joue-t-il, affectivement, dans notre attention au monde ? Comment la littérature utilise-t-elle la symbolique des éléments afin d'extérioriser la subjectivité et de partager une spiritualité commune ? Pourquoi les hommes ont-ils besoin de mettre leur vie en scène et de lui accorder une dimension sacrée ? / Confronting different philosophical, religious and literary pieces of work, this thesis studies the concept of representation through the use of the four elements: Air, Earth, Water and Fire. Through the similar notions of participation, analogy, fold or flesh which bring up the question of relationship between body and soul, we realize that the representation, or staging, is an obvious way to understand this relationship, and is also, paradoxically, a way for the subject to put a distance between himself and the world. How can we understand this "presence-absence" ambivalence? In order to do it we have to question the relationship between objectivity and subjectivity and furthermore the one between intimacy and otherness. We want to demonstrate that these four elements, these raw materials also known as "hormones of the imagination" in Gaston Bachelard's work, are, in practical terms, a link between our senses and our mind. Using the medium "image" they help us to understand how we perceive different symbolisms. Therefore, they are metaphors of a representation process open upon the thinking and the creative worlds. Beyond studying the connection between feelings and thoughts, we are interested in the senses themselves: how do they affect our perception of the world? How does literature use the symbolic nature of the elements in order to express a subjectivity and to share a common spirituality? Why do human beings need to dramatize life and add a sacred dimension to it?

Les recherches qui ont abouti à cette thèse de doctorat s’inscrivent dans la thématique des nationalismes ibériques contemporains qui ont animé (et animent toujours) les questions territoriales et nationales de l’Espagne. L’Aragon, souvent absent de ce débat, est pourtant un territoire charnière entre la France, la Catalogne, le Pays valencien, la Castille et le bloc basco-navarrais. D’un point de vue géopolitique, l’Aragon apparaît donc en territoire « tampon » entre l’Espagne centrale (exclusivement castillane, hispanophone et nationalement espagnole) et l’Espagne périphérique (bilingue et dont la conscience nationale est plus complexe). Du fait de ces spécificités, l’Aragon ne connaît pas le bipartisme PSOE/PP propre aux régions de l’intérieur de l’Espagne. Pour gouverner l’Aragon et ses communes, ces deux partis espagnols doivent s’allier à des forces aragonaises (une de centre-droit et une de centre-gauche). Chunta Aragonesista (CHA), créée en 1986 est ce parti aragonésiste de gauche ; il se dit « nationaliste ». Le « nationalisme aragonais » de CHA trouve sa légitimité dans l’existence d’une « nation aragonaise » justifiée par l’Histoire médiévale du Royaume d’Aragon et ses institutions politiques et juridiques. CHA défend ainsi « l’autodétermination de la nation aragonaise » au sein d’un État espagnol fédéral. Son membre le plus célèbre, a sans doute été José Antonio Labordeta, disparu en septembre 2010, qui a été député au Congreso de los Diputados de Madrid pendant deux législatures (2000-2004 et 2004-2008). / The research presented in this thesis deals with the study of the contemporary Iberian nationalism which has influenced the territorial and national questions of Spain. Aragon, despite being a crossroad territory between France, Catalonia, Valencia, Castile and the Basque-Navarrese region, is often missing from this discussion. From a geopolitical point of view, Aragon appears to be like a “buffer” territory between central Spain and its borders. Moreover, due to these characteristics, Aragon has no two-party system PSOE/PP as is the case in Spain’s interior regions, but it also doesn’t have the hegemonic role of a NSWP (Non State-wide Parties), which defends a non-Spanish nationalism. What we do find in Aragon are two NSWPs with which the two big Spanish SWPs (State-wide Parties) have to form an alliance with, in order to govern in the big cities and at the Autonomous Parliament. The main focus of this thesis is on the Chunta Aragonesista (CHA), the Aragonese left-wing political Party which was created in 1986. Its political tradition, its ideology, its position in comparison to other NSWPs will be studied along with the circumstances that have made it possible for them to obtain a deputy at the Spanish Parliament in 2000 and to become the third major political force of Aragon from 2003 to 2007. Then, the possible causes of the Chunta Aragonesista’s electoral failure since 2007 will be analyzed. Finally, this paper will examine the role that Aragon (and the Chunta Aragonesista) could play by putting forward a new configuration of the Spanish state on the basis of a federal republic.

Comme toute civilisation, l'Occident médiéval confère au tombeau un sens particulier. Basée sur les dessins de la collection Gaignières, l'étude sérielle de plus de 1500 monuments funéraires permet d'explorer la construction et les usages de cette image-objet entre le XIIe et le XVe siècle. En combinant les méthodes quantitative et qualitative, l'analyse fait ressortir de ce corpus hétérogène des structures et des dynamiques qui opposent deux approches monumentales du tombeau : une approche verticale qui implique l'usage de structures en élévation et de la statuaire, et une approche horizontale qui concerne spécifiquement les dalles funéraires. Cette bipolarisation est socialement déterminée. Les tombeaux verticaux sont privilégiés par la haute hiérarchie ecclésiastique et laïque et les tombeaux horizontaux par le reste des clercs et des aristocrates, ainsi que par les bourgeois. En plus de refléter et de reproduire la hiérarchie sociale, une telle répartition des tombeaux renvoie à deux types de constructions mémorielles. En s'imposant physiquement dans l'espace ecclésial et en refoulant les références à la mort, les tombeaux verticaux participent surtout à une commémoration rétrospective du défunt dont les finalités sont temporelles (identité et légitimation sociale). En entretenant avec le lieu de la tombe un rapport direct et évocateur, les tombeaux horizontaux répondent davantage aux besoins d'une commémoration prospective, orientée vers le salut de l'âme. Ces tendances commémoratives ne s'excluent pas mutuellement mais constituent, en définitive, les deux pôles entre lesquels se développe la variété formelle et iconographique des tombeaux. / As with all civilizations, the Medieval West gave a specific meaning to the funeral monument. Based on drawings from the Gaignières Collection, the serial study of over 1500 tombs helps to explore the construction and uses of this particular « image-object » between the 12th and 15th century. By combining quantitative and qualitative methods which help reveal the structures and dynamics of the documents, the analysis identifies two ways of approaching the tomb as monument : a vertical approach characterized by the use of elevated structures and statues, and a horizontal approach entirely associated with funeral slabs. The bipolarization is socially determined. Vertical tombs are favored by the upper echelons of the religious and lay hierarchies, while horizontal tombs are used by the remaining clerics and aristocrats as well as by the burghers. In addition to reflecting and reproducing the social hierarchy, these tendencies express two types of memorial constructions. By physically imposing themselves in church space et by avoiding direct references to death, vertical monuments mostly answer to a retrospective commemoration by which the glorified memory of the deceased serves temporal ends (i.e. social identity and legitimacy). By maintaining a close and suggestive relation with the site and content of the tomb, horizontal monuments favor a prospective commemoration orientated towards the soul's salvation. Far from being mutually exclusive, these two types of commemoration rather constitute the poles between which the Medieval tomb expresses its formal and iconographic diversity.