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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

A review of the effectiveness of low-carbohydrate diets in controlling plasma glucose and resulting in other positive health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Thota, Naveena 09 November 2019 (has links)
Low carbohydrate diets have been studied for many years as nutritional therapy for treating patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Type 2 diabetes is an inflammatory disease that is defined by high blood glucose and HbA1c, lipid levels, BMI, central adiposity, and cholesterol levels, are some among the many indicators that can signal risk for diabetes or help to diagnose diabetes. These indicators are used in studies to evaluate the effectiveness of the nutritional therapy in producing positive health outcomes. Many medications are available for the treatment of T2DM; however, they have a host of side effects, and nutritional therapy has been shown to at least help reduce the dosage of these medications needed by the patients. There are other forms of nutritional therapy besides low carbohydrate diets, and some controversy remains about low carbohydrate diets that in the long term, replacing carbohydrates with fats and proteins could result in increased cholesterol and lipid levels, creating an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Although some studies have found that low carbohydrate diets, especially very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCK), do result in increased cholesterol, it is generally an increase in HDL, which is considered good cholesterol and not harmful. Overall weight loss benefits from reduced central adiposity, BMI, and reduced HbA1c levels outweigh the increase in HDL as a side effect. A few different variations of low carbohydrate diets are compared in this review, such as very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets, moderate carbohydrate calorie restricted diets, and moderate carbohydrate low (MCD) Glycemic Index (GI) diets. Due to the ability to exchange carbohydrates with high GI for carbohydrates with low GI, the MCD with low GI sounds promising for good adherence and positive health outcomes in the long run. Although very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets produce many positive health outcomes, the nutritional therapy must be very well designed and followed up, and care must be taken that fiber and nutrients are maintained in the diet. Adherence is a key part of the success of nutritional therapy and a study design plays a major role in that. Providing behavioral development classes, nutritional information classes, and intermittent classes focused on physical activity and healthy habit formation leads to overall increased positive affect which is better for the patient and thus, for the study as well. The easier the nutritionist or dietician can make the therapy transition for the participant, the more likely they are also to stay and try to stick with it. For example, in the studies where the study coordinator provided some small food provisions at the beginning or throughout the study seemed to be successful because the patients were less likely to fall to making their own choices poorly and being inconsistent. Although there were many diets that resulted in many positive health outcomes, ultimately a well-designed, adherence focused, very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet seemed to be the most effective at decreasing HbA1c and producing other positive health outcomes as well. In the long term however, a VLCKD, may be unsustainable for the patient and the body, given the extreme reduction in important carbohydrates.
42

Ketone Bodies and Acute Energy Compensation in Women Following Exercise

Duquet, Miryam 22 March 2022 (has links)
No description available.
43

Evaluating Psychological and Physiological Aspects of the Ketogenic Diet

Zornick, Rebecca M. 01 June 2020 (has links)
No description available.
44

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for Individuals with Epilepsy

Detrick, April 01 January 2021 (has links)
Individuals with epilepsy manage the clinical manifestations of the condition, primarily seizure-related activity, with daily use of pharmacologic agents, making it one of the most common neurological conditions treated with drug therapy for symptom management. Pharmacologic agents for epilepsy, also known as anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), are commonly prescribed to treat seizures and neurologic conditions associated with epilepsy but can lead to a reduced quality of life and many unwanted side effects. Complementary and alternative treatments can also provide relief from seizures associated with epilepsy. The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate the effectiveness of complementary and alternative treatments compared to pharmacological treatment for individuals with epilepsy. A literature review examining different alternative treatments, such as physical activity, medical cannabis, neurostimulation, and various diets, and their benefits on seizure reduction, seizure frequency, and the quality of life was conducted from various online databases. Research articles published from 2003 to 2020 that focused on the benefits of complementary and alternative therapies in controlling the clinical manifestations of epilepsy were included for synthesis. Results from 10 studies that used a complementary or alternative therapy as a treatment for epilepsy, alone or in combination with pharmacological therapy, were compared for effectiveness on clinical manifestations. Seventy percent of the studies analyzed show at least a fifty percent reduction in seizure frequency. The studies suggest that complementary and alternative therapies can be effective as monotherapy or as adjuvant agents for reducing seizure frequency, reducing seizure duration, and improving quality of life. Although benefits were found in each study, many studies were performed on animals or had small sample sizes, indicating the need for further research.
45

Influence of Nutritional Ketosis Achieved through Various Methods on Plasma Concentrations of Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor

Kackley, Madison Lee January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
46

Impacto da dieta cetogênica nas características oxidativas, físicas e lipídicas de lipoproteínas de crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária / Impact of the ketogenic diet on oxidative, physical and lipid characteristics of lipoproteins in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy

Lima, Patricia Azevedo de 11 August 2014 (has links)
Introdução - A dieta cetogênica (DC) é um tratamento não farmacológico prescrito especialmente para crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária. Objetivo - Avaliar o impacto da dieta cetogênica clássica nas características oxidativas, físicas e lipídicas das lipoproteínas de crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária. Métodos - Ensaio clínico não controlado de séries temporais com recrutamento de crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia refratária de 1 a 19 anos de ambos os sexos do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP. Parâmetros bioquímicos foram analisados: perfil lipídico, concentração de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNEs), LDL eletronegativa [LDL(-)], Anticorpo anti- LDL(-), substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARs), subfrações da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) e lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL). Além das análises bioquímicas foram avaliadas medidas antropométricas para classificação do estado nutricional, medidas de composição corporal por bioimpedância elétrica e consumo alimentar por registro alimentar de 3 dias. Todas essas medidas foram coletadas antes da DC (T=0), 3 meses após a DC (T1) e 6 meses após a DC (T2). Resultados - A concentração de colesterol total (CT), triacilgliceróis (TG), LDL, HDL, apolipoproteínas (APO A-I e APOB) e não-HDL aumentaram significativamente nos momentos T1 e T2. As razões CT/HDL, LDL/HDL e APOB/APOA-I também apresentaram aumento significativo indicando aumento superior das lipoproteínas e apolipoproteínas mais aterogênicas. Apesar desses aumentos, nenhuma dessas relações ou concentração de lipoproteínas e apolipoproteínas apresentaram aumento progressivo comparando-se T1 versus T2. De modo contrário, observamos aumento progressivo ao longo do tempo na concentração de AGNEs, partículas pequenas de LDL e redução no tamanho médio da LDL de 27,3 nm no T0 versus 26,7 nm no T2. A concentração de TBARs aumentou enquanto a LDL(-) reduziu. A classificação do estado nutricional bem como o % de massa magra e % de massa gorda não mudaram ao longo do tempo. Conclusões - A DC apresentou impacto negativo no metabolismo lipídico contribuindo com o aumento de partículas pequenas de LDL e um fenótipo mais aterogênico. / Introduction - The ketogenic diet (KD) is a non-pharmacological treatment prescribed for children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy. Objective To assess the impact of the classic ketogenic diet in the oxidative, physical and lipid lipoprotein characteristics of children and adolescents with refractory epilepsy. Methods - Single arm, times series trial with recruitment of children and adolescents 1-19 years of both sexes of the Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, after doctor indication for treatment with KD. Biochemical parameters were analyzed: lipid profile, level of non esterified fatty acids (NEFAS), LDL electronegative [LDL (-)], anti-LDL (-), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), subfractions of high density lipoprotein (HDL), subfractions of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL size. In addition, anthropometric measurements for classification of nutritional status, body composition by bioimpedance electrical and dietary intake through food records evaluated in 3 days. All these measures were collected before the KD (T = 0), three months after the KD (T1) and 6 months after KD (T2). Results - The level of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL, HDL, apolipoproteins (Apo A-I and Apo B) and non-HDL increased significantly in T1 and T2. The rations TC/HDL, LDL/HDL and APOB/APO A-I also showed a significant increase indicating higher increase in lipoproteins and apolipoproteins atherogenic. Despite these increases, any such rations or levels of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins progressive increase comparing T1 versus T2. Conversely, we observed a progressive increase along time in the levels of NEFAS, small LDL and reduction of LDL size of 27.3 nm (T0) to 26.7 nm (T2). The levels of TBARS increased while LDL (-) reduced. The classification of nutritional status as well as the % of lean mass and % of fat mass didn´t change along time. Conclusions - The KD showed a negative impact on lipid metabolism contributing to increased small LDL particles and a more atherogenic phenotype.
47

Influência da dieta cetogênica rica em triacilgliceróis de cadeia média e longa sobre a propagação da depressão alastrante cortical em ratos. / effects of short-term and long-term treatment with medium-and long-chain triglycerides ketogenic diet on cotical spreading depression in young rats.

Oliveira, Marcela de Almeida Rabello 15 August 2007 (has links)
The ketogenic diet is high fat, low carbohidrate and protein. This kind of diet is used to treatment of a lot of disease, especially epilepsy, because their ability to interfere on body metabolism and cerebral excitability. This work contains two articles. The first one is a review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of the ketogenic diet on the reduction of cerebral electrical activity to improve the seizures. The second one is an experimental study which aims to analyze the interference of two kinds of ketogenic diet on the cerebral excitability. One of diets used was the classical ketogenic diet, composed by long chain triglycerides with polyunsaturated fatty acids, soy oil, widely used to treatment of epilepsy; the other one was composed by triglycerides of the enantic acid, seven molecules of carbon, the triheptanoin, which is metabolized faster and well accepted by the organism, used to clinical treatment of disorders of pyruvate carboxilase enzyme and long chain fatty acid oxidation. In order to analyze the cerebral electric activity we used the Spreading Depression feature. The Spreading Depression is a phenomenon that occurs in the nervous system and when trigged at cerebral cortex leads to a reduction of neuronal activity which spreads slowly, with velocity of 2-5 mm/min, to all regions of the cerebral cortex. A burst of neuronal electrical activity similar to that found in epileptic EEG occurs during the initial phase of spreading depression. Because theirs characteristics this phenomenon had been widely used to study brain functionality. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A dieta cetogênica é caracterizada por altos níveis de lipídios e baixos níveis de proteínas e de carboidratos. Devido à sua grande interferência no metabolismo corporal, em especial na excitabilidade cerebral, este tipo de dieta tem sido utilizado para o tratamento de diversas doenças, em destaque a epilepsia. Este trabalho é composto por dois artigos. O primeiro artigo é uma revisão dos mecanismos moleculares e celulares pelos quais a dieta cetogênica poderia interferir no metabolismo cerebral causando uma redução da atividade elétrica cerebral, e assim, uma melhora das crises convulsivas. O segundo artigo trata da análise da influência de dois tipos de dietas cetogênicas na excitabilidade cerebral em ratos. Uma das dietas utilizadas foi a dieta cetogênica clássica, composta por triacilgliceróis com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados de cadeia longa, o óleo de soja, mais utilizada para tratamento clínico da epilepsia; o segundo tipo de dieta utilizado é constituído por triacilgliceróis derivados do ácido graxo enântico, a trienantina, mais rapidamente metabolizada pelo organismo e bem tolerada pelo mesmo, clinicamente utilizada para tratamento de deficiência da enzima piruvato carboxilase e deficiência na oxidação de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa. Para análise da atividade elétrica cerebral utilizou-se o modelo da Depressão Alastrante. A Depressão Alastrante é um fenômeno que ocorre no tecido nervoso e quando deflagrada no córtex cerebral, causa uma redução da atividade elétrica cortical que se propaga lentamente, com velocidade de 2-5 mm/min, por todas as regiões do córtex cerebral, e em cuja fase inicial encontrase um surto de atividade elétrica neuronal semelhante às ondas cerebrais características da epilepsia. Devido às suas características esse fenômeno tem sido amplamente utilizado para estudo da funcionalidade cerebral.
48

Avaliação toxicológica subcrônica de dieta cetogênica à base de trienantina em ratos jovens. / Subchronic toxicologicalevaluation of a ketogenic diet based upon trienantin in rats.

Lucena, Ana Luiza de Melo 20 December 2007 (has links)
The classic ketogenic diet, rich in long chain triacylglycerols (LCT), is characterised by a high concentration of lipids and a low concentation of carbohydrates and proteins, promoting ketonemia and ketonuria, a property used in the treatment of disorders that affect cerebral metabolism and function, for example epilepsy resistant to medication. Medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) are considered alternative substrates to LCT in the production of this diet, to promote a more rapid increase in the levels of the body´s blood ketones. Trienantin, a medium chain triacyglycerol from enantic fatty acid (7:0), has been used with success with children suffering hereditary metabolic syndromes, but has had few studies about its toxicological effects. The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate the toxicity of a subchronic consumption of a ketogenic diet with a trienantin base on young rats, and is submitted in the form of two articles. The first, under the name of: Substitution of LCT with MCT in nutritional therapy: an emphasis on ketogenic therapy presents a revision of the ketogenic diet, comparing the data of LCT and MCT in animal and clinical studies. The more rapid ketonemia promoted by MCT allows a lower quantity of lipids and a greater proportion of proteins and carbohydrates, enhancing the palatability of the diet. The effect of replacing LCT with MCT on physiological parameters, such as serum lipid profile, remains controversial and requires additional studies to comprehend the repercussions of this class of lipids on human health. The second article entitled: Toxicological evaluation of a subchronic ketogenic diet based upon trienantin in young rats deals with an experimental study of male Wistar rats in which 3 groups (n=10), named according to their received diet: Control (diet pattern AIN-93) KetoTAGC7 (ketogenic based upon AIN-93G: modified to contain 4% soy oil, 25.79% trienantin and 40% margarine) and Keto TAGsoy (ketogenic based upon soya: AIN-93G modified to contain 29.79% soya oil and 40% margarine). The proportion of lipid:carbohydrate+protein in the ketogenic diets was 3.5:1 (control diet, 1:11.8) and the experimental duration was 6 weeks. Triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, HDLc, VLDLc and LDLc, in addition tests for hepatic and renal function and injury, were performed from serum obtained, and samples of liver,stomach, kidney and small intestine were collected for histological analysis. It was verified that the energy value of the portions of rations ingested did not differ amongst the three groups during the experimental period, however the animals submitted to the ketogenic diets had ingested a similar quantity of rations within the group, but less than (p=0.005) the control group. The ketogenic diet promoted similar weight gain amongst the group and only the animals in group KetoTAGC7 exhibited weight gain less than that of the control group (p=0.004) between the second and fifth weeks of the experiment. At the end of the study, all groups presented equivalent weights. There were no significant viii differences between the three groups as to the lipid profile, serum glucose and of the markers for hepatic function and injury. Histological analysis of samples from the small intestine, stomach and kidney did not show any significant morphological alteration and the presence of lipid infiltration within hepatocytes was detected in the same manner amongst the three groups. A ketogenic diet with a trienantin base did not promote toxic effects, under the conditions of this study, indicating the possibility that MCT could be administered to patients suffering neurological and metabolic defects, as part of ketogenic diet. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A dieta cetogênica clássica, rica em triacilgliceróis de cadeia longa (TCL), é caracterizada por uma alta concentração de lipídeos e, ao mesmo tempo, por uma baixa concentração de carboidratos e proteínas para promover cetonemia/cetonúria, propriedade utilizada no tratamento de várias desordens que afetam o metabolismo e a função cerebral, a exemplo da epilepsia resistente ao uso de medicamentos. Os triacilgliceróis de cadeia média (TCM) são considerados um substrato alternativo aos TCL na elaboração desta dieta, por promoverem um aumento mais rápido nos níveis dos corpos cetônicos sanguíneos. A trienantina é um triacilglicerol de cadeia média do ácido graxo enântico (7:0), utilizada com sucesso em crianças portadoras de síndromes metabólicas herdadas, havendo poucos estudos sobre seus efeitos toxicológicos. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade do consumo subcrônico da dieta cetogênica à base de trienantina em ratos jovens, sendo desenvolvida na forma de dois artigos. No primeiro, denominado Substituição de TCL por TCM na terapia nutricional: uma ênfase no tratamento cetogênico, apresenta-se uma revisão sobre a dieta cetogênica, confrontando-se dados sobre os efeitos dos TCL e dos TCM, em experimentos animais e ensaios clínicos. A mais rápida cetonemia promovida pelos TCM permite utilizar uma menor quantidade de lipídios e maior de proteínas e de carboidratos, aumentando a palatabilidade da dieta. O efeito da substituição de TCL por TCM sobre parâmetros fisiológicos, como o perfil lipídico sérico, é controverso, necessitando-se de pesquisas adicionais para entendimento da repercussão dessa classe de lipídios sobre a saúde humana. O segundo artigo, intitulado Avaliação toxicológica subcrônica de dieta cetogênica à base de trienantina em ratos jovens, trata do estudo experimental realizado em ratos Wistar, em que foram estabelecidos 3 grupos (n=10), denominados, segundo a dieta recebida, em Controle (dieta padrão AIN-93G), CetoTAGC7 (cetogênico à base de trienantina; AIN-93G modificada para conter 4% de óleo de soja, 25,79% de trienantina e 40% de margarina) e CetoTAGsoja (cetogênico à base de soja; AIN-93G modificada para conter 29,79% de óleo de soja e 40% de margarina). A proporção lipídeos:carboidratos+proteína das dietas cetogênicas foi de 3,5:1 (dieta controle, 1:11,8) e o período experimental totalizou 6 semanas. Triacilgliceróis, colesterol total, HDLc, VLDLc e LDLc, além de provas de função e lesão hepática e renal, foram medidos nas amostras de soro obtidas e fragmentos de fígado, estômago, rim e intestino delgado foram coletados para a análise histológica. Verificou-se que o valor energético da cota de ração ingerida pelos três grupos, no período experimental, não foi diferente, embora os animais submetidos às dietas cetogênicas tenham ingerido uma quantidade de ração semelhante entre si, mas inferior (P<0,005) aos do grupo controle. As dietas cetogênicas promoveram ganho de peso vi semelhante entre si e apenas os animais do grupo CetoTAGC7 exibiram ganho de peso inferior (P=0,004) em relação aos do grupo controle, entre a 2ª e a 5ª semana de experimento. Ao final do estudo, todos os grupos apresentaram pesos equivalentes. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os três grupos quanto ao perfil lipídico e glicose séricos e aos marcadores de função e lesão hepática e renal. A análise histológica dos fragmentos de intestino delgado, estômago e rim não evidenciou qualquer alteração morfológica importante e a presença de infiltração lipídica nos hepatócitos foi detectada de maneira semelhante para os três grupos. A dieta cetogênica à base de trienantina não promoveu efeitos tóxicos, nas condições do presente estudo, indicando a possibilidade deste TCM ser administrado em pacientes portadores de desordens neurológicas e defeitos metabólicos, inclusive, em concentrações cetogênicas.
49

Efeito de dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco sobre as crises convulsivas de ratos portadores de epilepsia induzida por pilocarpina / Effect of the ketogenic diet based on coconut oil upon seizures of rats with epilepsy induced by pilocarpine

Rêgo, Elisabete da Silva Mendonça 20 April 2011 (has links)
Epilepsy is a chronic disturbance of brain function characterized by the presence of recurrent and spontaneous seizures, making one of the most frequent and severe neurological diseases, affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide, mainly children. Among these, 40% had antiepileptic drug refractory seizures. Non-drug options as surgery, vagus nerve stimulation and the ketogenic diet are timely. This diet, used since 1921 in treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy is characterized by a high concentration of lipids and often by low concentration of carbohydrates and proteins. Traditionally, the ketogenic diet use long chain triacylglycerols (LCT), however, the medium chain triacylglycerols (MCT) are considered an alternative substrate for promoting faster ketonemia-ketonuria. The oil from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a natural source of MCT, and is used for several purposes, including therapeutic. This dissertation aims to investigate the effects of the ketogenic diet based on coconut oil and soybean oil on epileptic seizures in rats, consists of a review chapter, entitled Drug-resistant epilepsies: an emphasis on treatment ketogenic, and an article from the results, entitled Effects of ketogenic diet based on coconut oil on the seizures of rats with epilepsy induced by pilocarpine. The article deals an experimental study conducted in Wistar rats, divided into three groups (n=10), named according to the diet received, in Control (standard diet AIN-93G), CetoTAGcoco (ketogenic diet based in coconut oil; AIN-93G diet modified to contain 7% soybean oil, 22.79% of extra virgin coconut oil and 40% margarine) and CetoTAGsoja (ketogenic diet based in soybean oil; AIN-93G diet modified to contain 29.79% of soybean oil and 40% margarine). The ratio lipid:carbohydrate+protein of ketogenic diets was 3.5:1 (control diet, 1:11.8). The experimental period lasted 19 days. The animals fed ketogenic diets showed food intake (g) below, however, dispend energetic and weight gain similar to Control group. The behavioral analysis showed that the experimental groups did not differ in frequency and duration of seizures, however, the animals in group CetoTAGcoco had shorter duration of seizures in the 19th day, that the Control group (0.00±0.00 against 22.78±2.95, respectively, P<0.05). Additionally, the CetoTAGcoco group presented lower variation of frequency and duration of seizures between the 19th and 1st day of treatment than the Control group (9.00±1.73 against 11.00±1.00, for frequency, and 20.80±12.61 against 49.14±21.15, for duration, respectively, P<0.05). The results of this study suggest a possible protective effect of ketogenic diet based on extra virgin coconut oil on seizures. That result, coupled with studies attesting to confidence and tolerance of the coconut oil, particularly in ketogenic ratios, indicating a potential benefit of this oil for control the seizures, especially for individuals with medically refractory epilepsy. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A epilepsia é um disturbio crônico da função cerebral, caracterizado pela presença de crises convulsivas recorrentes e espontâneas. Trata-se de uma das mais frequentes e graves doenças neurológicas, que afeta cerca de 50 milhões de pessoas no mundo, principalmente crianças. Dentre estas, 40% apresentam crises refratárias às drogas antiepilépticas existentes. Opções não farmacológicas, como cirurgia, estimulação do nervo vago e dieta cetogênica, são oportunas. Esta dieta, utilizada desde 1921 no tratamento da epilepsia fármaco-resistente, caracteriza-se por alta concentração de lipídeos e, frequentemente, por baixa concentração de carboidratos e proteínas. Tradicionalmente, a dieta cetogênica utiliza como fonte lipídica os triacilgliceróis de cadeia longa (TCL); porém, os triacilgliceróis de cadeia média (TCM) são considerados um substrato alternativo, por promoverem cetonemia/cetonúria de forma mais rápida. O óleo proveniente do coco (Cocos nucifera L.) representa uma fonte natural de TCM, sendo utilizado para diversos fins, inclusive terapêuticos. A presente dissertação visa investigar os efeitos de dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco e óleo de soja sobre as crises convulsivas de ratos epilépticos. É constituída por um capítulo de revisão, intitulado Epilepsias fármaco-resistentes: uma ênfase no tratamento cetogênico, e um artigo de resultados, intitulado Efeito de dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco sobre as crises convulsivas de ratos portadores de epilepsia induzida por pilocarpina. O artigo trata de um estudo experimental realizado com ratos Wistar, alocados em três grupos (n=10), denominados, segundo a dieta recebida, em Controle (dieta padrão AIN-93G), CetoTAGcoco (dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco; AIN-93G modificada, com 7% de óleo de soja, 22,79% de óleo de coco extra-virgem e 40% de margarina) e CetoTAGsoja (dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de soja; AIN-93G modificada, com 29,79% de óleo de soja e 40% de margarina). A proporção lipídeos: carboidratos+proteína das dietas cetogênicas foi de 3,5:1 (dieta controle, 1:11,8). O período experimental totalizou 19 dias. Os animais submetidos aos tratamentos cetogênicos apresentaram consumo alimentar (g) inferior, porém, consumo energético (Kcal) e ganho de peso corporal (g) semelhantes ao grupo Controle. As análises comportamentais demonstraram que os animais dos grupos experimentais não diferiram entre si quanto à freqüência e à duração total das crises; entretanto, os animais do grupo CetoTAGCcoco tiveram menor duração média de crises no 19º dia, que o grupo Controle (0,00±0,00 contra 22,78±12,95, respectivamente; p<0,05). Adicionalmente, o grupo CetoTAGcoco apresentou valores inferiores de variação de frequência e de duração das crises entre o 19° e o 1° dia de tratamento, que o grupo Controle (9,00±1,73 contra 11,00±1,00, para freqüência, e 20,80±12,61 contra 49,14±21,15, para duração, respectivamente; p<0,05). Os resultados do presente estudo apontam para um possível efeito protetor da dieta cetogênica à base de óleo de coco extra-virgem sobre as crises convulsivas. Tais resultados, associados a estudos que atestem a confiabilidade e a tolerância do consumo de óleo de coco, particularmente em proporções cetogênicas, poderiam indicar um benefício potencial deste óleo no controle das crises convulsivas, especialmente para indivíduos portadores de epilepsia refratária a medicamentos.
50

Efeitos de uma dieta com teores baixo de carboidratos e elevado de proteínas e lipídeos no fígado de ratas / Análise bioquímica, histológica e por citometria de fluxo

Monteiro, Maria Emília Lopes 12 January 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-12T16:10:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Emília Lopes.pdf: 20093800 bytes, checksum: 9bb89700f8b88159431e067064afe7dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-12T16:10:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Emília Lopes.pdf: 20093800 bytes, checksum: 9bb89700f8b88159431e067064afe7dd (MD5) / Há algumas décadas, dietas cetogênicas como a preconizada pelo Dr. Atkins, composta por 0% a 20% da oferta energética fornecida por carboidratos, 55% a 65% por proteínas e 25% a 35% por lipídeos são usadas visando ao emagrecimento. Mais recentemente, a indicação foi ampliada para algumas doenças neurológicas. A hipótese deste estudo é que, como o fígado recebe diretamente macronutrientes da absorção intestinal, as modificações na composição desses componentes da dieta possam levar à lesão dos hepatócitos. O objetivo geral do estudo é verificar o efeito de uma dieta com teores baixo de carboidratos e elevado de proteínas e lipídeos no fígado de ratas por análise bioquímica plasmática, histologia e citometria de fluxo do fígado. Vinte ratas, divididas em dois grupos, receberam dieta controle e dieta experimental. Os animais controles receberam dieta AIN-93M e os experimentais, dieta baseada na do Dr. Atkins, com carboidrato (8,44%), proteínas (57,19%), lipídeos (34,36%) e água, ad libitum, por oito semanas. As ratas no estro em jejum foram anestesiadas e pesadas, a glicemia capilar foi dosada e a coleta de sangue foi realizada para avaliar transaminases, ureia, creatinina, triacilglicerol, colesterol, lipoproteína de alta densidade, lipoproteína de baixa densidade, β-hidroxibutirato, malondialdeído, glucagon, insulina, interleucina-6 e fator de necrose tumoral. Seis fragmentos do fígado foram retirados e colocados em solução fisiológica a 0,9% para citometria de fluxo, e o restante do órgão colocado em solução de formalina neutra tamponada a 10% para microscopia óptica. O tecido adiposo branco periovariano bilateral foi retirado e pesado. Os resultados foram apresentados, como média e desvio padrão para a comparação, o teste t de Student, não pareado, e o teste ANOVA, seguido do teste de Tukey. Utilizou-se o teste de Pearson para estudos de correlação, sendo p<0,05 com significância. As médias de peso dos dois grupos aumentaram, sem diferença estatística no início e ao final. A média da ingestão de água foi 1,6 vezes maior no experimental. A média do consumo de dieta sempre foi significativamente menor no experimental, exceto na segunda semana. O peso do tecido adiposo foi menor no grupo experimental. Houve diferença estatística nas seguintes dosagens: transaminases, ureia, triacilglicerol, malondialdeído, e β- hidroxibutirato. Com exceção do triacilglicerol, todos foram maiores no grupo experimental. O peso do tecido adiposo periovariano foi menor no grupo de dieta experimental. A média do peso do fígado foi maior no grupo experimental. O aspecto macroscópico do fígado foi normal em ambos os grupos, e o estudo histológico do grupo experimental demonstrou sinusoides hepáticos alargados, hepatócitos de tamanho diminuído e glicogênio hepático diminuído. Não foi identificada autofagia dependende de Blimp-1 no estudo. A citometria de fluxo demonstrou que, o grupo experimental apresentou 30,85 ± 2,20% de células inviáveis; e no controle 13,22 ± 1,43%, com p<0,05. Houve correlação positiva entre o percentual de células inviáveis e malondialdeído plasmático, e negativa com triacilglicerol plasmático, o que pode sugerir serem estes possíveis indicadores plasmáticos de lesão hepática, associados à dieta experimental. Conclui-se que a dieta experimental levou à lesão hepática (apoptose) no estudo. / For many decades, ketogenic diets as Atkins diet, composed of 0% - 20% calories from carbohydrate, 55% - 65% protein and 25% - 35% lipids have been used to weight loss. More recently, the indication was expanded to some neurological diseases. The overall objective of the study is to assess the effect of a lowcarbohydrate, high-protein and lipids diet on the liver of rats by plasma biochemical analysis, histology and cytometric liver flow study.The hypothesis is that as the liver gets directly absorption of macronutrients, low- carbohydrates, high-protein and lipids diets can injure hepatocytes. Twenty female rats were divided into control diet group and experimental diet group. The control group received an AIN-93M diet and the experimental one a diet based on the Atkins's diet with carbohydrates (8.44%), protein (57.19%), lipids (34.36%) and water, ad libitum, for eight weeks. The rats in estrous cycle were anesthetized, weighted, capillary glucose was dosed and blood was collected for measurement of transaminases, urea, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, β-hydroxybutyrate, malonaldehyde, glucagon, insulin, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor. Six liver fragments were removed and placed in physiological solution at 0.9% for flow cytometry and the rest of the organ was put in a neutral buffered formalin 10% solution for optical microscopy. The white adipose tissue bilateral periovarian was pulled out and weighted. The results were presented as a mean and standard deviation, and the comparison between the average with Student's t-test unpaired, and ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Pearson's test was used for correlation studies. It was considered a statistically significant difference at p <0.05. The average weight of the two groups increased during the study. At the beginning and in the end of the study, there was no statistical difference in mean weight. The average water intake was 1.6 times higher in the experimental group. The average dietary intake was significantly lower in the experimental group, except in the second week. There was a statistical difference between the groups in only the following dosages: transaminases, urea, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, and β-hydroxybutyrate. Adipose tissue weight was smaller in the experimental group. The mean weight of liver was greater in the experimental. The macroscopic appearance of the liver was normal in both groups and the histological study demonstrated that the experimental group had an extended hepatic sinusoid, decreased the size of hepatocytes and decreased liver glycogen. Autophagy has not been identified. Flow cytometry showed statistical significance, in the experimental group 30.85% ± 2.20% were inviable cells while in the control group 13.22 ± 1.43% were, with p <0.05. There was a positive correlation between the percentage of non-viable cells and plasma malondialdehyde and a negative with plasma triglycerides suggesting that they are possible plasma indicators of hepatic injury associated with the experimental diet. Based on these results, it can be concluded that a low-carbohydrate and high-protein and lipids diet leads to liver damage, and apoptosis is the main cell injury process

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