Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Introduction: Children with disabilities and other special needs present unique challenges for oral health professionals in the planning and execution of dental treatment. The oral health of children with special health care needs is influenced by various socio-demographic factors, including their living conditions and severity of the impairment. According to United States (US) Maternal and Child Health Bureau, special health care needs (SHCN) children are defined as “those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally”. Aim and Objectives: The aim was to determine the oral health status of children with special needs. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesions among children with special needs in Khartoum State aged 5 to 15 years old attending educational and rehabilitation institutions. Methodology: A descriptive cross–sectional study was carried out. Data were collected with a data capture sheet that was a modified WHO Oral Health Assessment Clinical Oral Examination Guideline. Demographic variables, dmft, periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesions were recorded. Results: The mean dmft /DMFT scores was 2.02/1.25. The DMFT score increased with age, girls showed higher score than boys and autistic children had the poorest oral health among other disabilities. More than two third of the examined sextants were healthy, less than quarter had bleeding (18.3%) and 5% calculus accumulation. Fissured tongue was the most frequent oral lesion found. Conclusion: Children with special needs in Khartoum State demonstrated a high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease and do not receive adequate dental care. There is an urgent need for both preventive and treatment programmes to improve the oral health of children with special needs.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / The professional status of physiotherapists in Sudan is reported to be low even though the profession was established in Khartoum, Sudan in 1969. Intensive care units are operating in Khartoum, Sudan. Physiotherapists have been reported to be integral to the management of intensive care patients. Globally, the role of ICU physiotherapists in the management of ICU patients have been explored and described; however, this information is lacking for Khartoum, where the profession is still in its infancy. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and describe the physiotherapists’ perceptions of their role in the management of intensive care patients in Khartoum, Sudan. / 2022

Cette thèse analyse les évolutions liées à l’introduction des réformes néolibérales dans le secteur de l’eau à partir des histoires urbaines de trois quartiers périphériques de l’agglomération du Grand Khartoum. Articulé autour de la transition depuis des systèmes d’approvisionnement et d’accès à l’eau locaux vers les réseaux d’adduction d’eau centraux et publics, ce travail privilégie une approche scalaire et temporelle qui met en évidence la recomposition des relations de pouvoir liées aux infrastructures et au contrôle de la ressource. Cette approche met en évidence les négociations multiples qui se jouent autour de l’eau. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse d’une politique scalaire descendante de l’acteur gouvernemental, la Khartoum State Water Corporation (KSWC) contribue à la mise en place d’organisations locales de l’approvisionnement en eau par une association ou les comités populaires. Cette politique s’appuie et renforce les catégorisations de l’espace et de service discriminantes dans lesquels s’intègrent d’autres acteurs de l’approvisionnement et de l’accès à l’eau (ONG, gestionnaires locaux, population). Dans un second temps, l’intensification des réformes néolibérales entraîne la restructuration du service au niveau de l’agglomération. L’extension des réseaux et de l’administration public-es par la KSWC qui participe à la redistribution des responsabilités techniques et du pouvoir liés à la ressource en eau. Cette politique n’implique pas une désagrégation de l’autorité centrale mais une recomposition des instances étatiques au sein de la ville. Les stratégies et les pratiques scalaires des acteurs locaux et de la population lors des négociations sur le développement des réseaux unitaires témoignent des évolutions de la relation entre l’État et la société urbaine. Enfin, l’étude scalaire des relations autour de l’eau à partir des systèmes locaux met en évidence la mutation et l’intégration des formes d’exercice autoritaire de pouvoir dans la ville. / Starting from the urban history of three peripheral districts of the Greater Khartoum urban area, this thesis analyses the transformations of the water supply due to neoliberal reforms. The transition from local water supply systems to central and public networks involves embedded negotiations around water. The scalar and temporal perspective used in this work underlines important restructurings of power relations linked to infrastructures and control over the resource. First, the politic of down-scaling from the governmental actor, the Khartoum State Water Corporation (KSWC), leads to the development of local water supply systems, either by an association, or by the popular committees. This politics of down-scaling water supply reinforces discriminatory categories of space and service which are integrated by others actors like NGOs, local managers and the population. Secondly, the intensification of neoliberal reforms entails the restructuring of water service at the urban level. KSWC’s networks and administration expansion contributes to the redistribution of technical responsibilities and water powers. This turn does not lead to the disintegration of the central authority, but rather to a restructuration of the state apparatus in the urban space. When networks arrive, the scalar strategies and practices of local actors and population give evidence of changes in the State-Society relationships. Finally, the scalar approach of relations around water underlines the integration of authoritarian forms of power.

Les déplacements dans l’espace urbain et l’expression de ces déplacements sont liées à la réalité géographique et sociale des villes, à des données culturelles et à des données linguistiques. C’est pourquoi un cadre pluridisciplinaire empruntant à la psychosociologie de l’espace, à la linguistique et à l’analyse de discours est nécessaire pour les aborder. Notre champ d’étude est la ville de Khartoum au Soudan et la ville de Besançon en France et les langues concernées sont l’arabe et le français car des relations académiques et universitaires unissent ces deux univers linguistiques et culturels. Dans une perspective comparative d’analyse des discours et des représentations, nous avons constitué des corpus oraux relevant de différents genres en arabe et en français à partir de plusieurs démarches méthodologiques : réponses à un questionnaire, micro-récits rétrospectifs d’itinéraire, communications d’itinéraire piéton. Nous avons précisé le contexte géographique, historique et sociolinguistique de l’étude et nous avons analysé nos corpus de points de vue différents : un angle psycho-culturel et psycho-cognitif portant sur les représentations et les images mentales des villes, un angle linguistique (sémantique et syntaxique) portant sur les verbes de déplacement en arabe et en français,un angle discursif portant sur les descriptions d’itinéraire et nous avons complété notre analyse avec notre expérience vécue à Khartoum. Les résultats de l’analyse des corpus ont jeté la lumière sur la diversité des expressions de déplacement et ont montré certains phénomènes qui y sont attachés. En effet, cette étude nous confirme par exemple que les personnes appartenant à un même groupe se font une image collective identique de l’espace urbain, que dans les communications d’itinéraire, les itinéraires séquentiels dominent sur les indications générales. En ce qui concerne les représentations de la capitale Khartoum elles sont plutôt positives chez les Soudanais que nous avons interrogés et la plupart d’entre eux ont des sentiments d’appartenance très forts vis-à-vis de leur village ou ville d’origine. En décrivant leurs déplacements, les locuteurs privilégient les verbes de polarité médiane et l’effacement énonciatif. / The displacements in the urban space and the expression of these displacements are related to the geographical and social reality of cities, to cultural and linguistic data. This is why a multidisciplinary framework borrowing from psychosociology of space, linguistics and discourse analysis is necessary to tackle them. Our field of study is the city of Khartoum in Sudan and the city of Besançonin France and the languages concerned are Arabic and French because academic and university relations unite these two linguistic and cultural universes. In a comparative perspective of analysis of discourse and representations, we have created oral corpus of different genres in Arabic and French from several methodological approaches : answers to a questionnaire, retrospective micro-narratives of itinerary, communications of pedestrian itinerary. We specified the geographic, historical and sociolinguistic context of the study and we analyzed our corpus of different points of view: a psychocultural and psycho-cognitive angle on representations and mental images of cities, a linguistic angle (semantic and syntactical) on displacement verbs in Arabic and French, a discursive angle on itinerary descriptions and we completed our analysis with our experience in Khartoum.The results of the corpus analysis shed light on the diversity of the expressions of displacement and showed some phenomena that are attached to them. In fact, this study confirms, for example, that people belonging to the same group have an identical collective image of urban space, that in itinerary communications, sequential itineraries dominate over general indications. Regarding the representations of the capital Khartoum they are rather positive among the Sudanese we interviewed and most of them have strong feelings of belonging to their village or city of origin. By describing their displacements, the speakers favor medial polarity verbs and enunciative erasure

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The aim of the research was to determine oral health status, knowledge, attitude and practicesv regarding oral hygiene among pregnant women attending Omdurman Maternity Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan.

The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs produced in Khartoum State, Sudan was estimated and determined. All available producing layer farms in the state were sampled in April, June and August 2008. For each layer house three egg samples were randomly collected to increase the sensitivity of antimicrobial residue screening test detectability. In total, 933 egg samples were analyzed, collected from 175 layer farms (335 layer houses) in three periods of collection. An in-house residue detection test using Geobacillus stearothermophillus var calidolactis was the analytical procedure used for the analysis. Data were analysed using Survey Toolbox to calculate the true prevalence and confidence intervals. The proportion of layer farms with antimicrobial residues in April, June and August was 61.1%, 60.2% and 68.7% respectively. The proportion of layer houses affected in April, June and August were 56.0%, 54.1% and 57.1% respectively. The results showed insignificant variation among the three periods of the surveillance (p = 0.57). A census covering all three localities of the state (Khartoum, Bahry and Omdurman) was carried out in late 2007 and early 2008. Data were recorded on areas where farms occur, number of houses per farm, total capacity of birds and farming systems. The census showed that there were 252 layer farms in the state distributed in 31 different areas with a total population of 2 221 800 birds. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out in April 2008 in the state, to assess and collect data on risk factors associated with the presence of antimicrobial residues in table eggs. The questionnaire investigated antibiotic usage patterns for each layer farm as well as the basic knowledge and understanding of farmers about public health concerns associated with antibiotic use in food producing animals. Questions were closed ended and data was obtained through direct interviews with farm owners and managers. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out on the information captured; calculating frequencies, graphs and measures of association, using the EpiInfo™ statistical package. Ninety two farms were surveyed 98% of which comprised open-sided houses. It was found that 48.9% of the farms surveyed were on antibiotic treatment when the survey was conducted, while 58.7% of the farms had used antibiotics within the last three months. There was a significant association between having disease on the farm and using antibiotics (P<0.001). The study showed that there is a serious lack of knowledge about the dangers of using antibiotics in animals and their potential impact on human health. In addition, Sudan lacks any type of formal control of veterinary drugs in terms of legislated residue limits or monitoring and surveillance programmes. This leads the authors to the conclusion that all Sudanese consumers are at risk for ARs in eggs. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

No description available.

Khartoum State in Sudan is subject to the erratic and intense rainfall during the short rainy season and dryness and heat throughout the rest of the year. High intensity rainstorms with a short duration have become more frequent in the area during the last two decades resulting in cities inundation and flash floods in the rural parts. On the other hand, the dry season means hot weather in the urban parts and water shortage in the rural part. Rural areas are dependent on the runoff water brought about by the seasonal streams as a source of water. For this study, Khartoum City Center and Seleit area were taken to investigate the application of water harvesting in the urban and rural areas, respectively. Accordingly, the hydrological characteristics and the specification of the potential water harvesting sites and systems were examined. For Khartoum City Center, characteristics of the drainage system were examined using ArcGIS platform. It is found that the drainage system covers 42% of the area with total capacity of 24000 m3. Daily rainfall data for urban meteorological station were used to calculate the probability and the return period of the rainfall, as well as the potential runoff. Rainfall probability of occurrence was calculated applying Gumbel distribution method for extreme events that were arranged according to the Peak-over-Threshold method. The potential runoff that could be generated from a certain rainfall was calculated using the Natural Resources Conservation Services method provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (US-NRCS). Accordingly, the curve number was calculated depending on the land use/land cover and the hydrological soil group. Consequently, the weighted curve number is found to be 94%, indicating dominant imperviousness. 13.1 mm rainfall depth produces runoff volume equal to the drainage system capacity with return period of one year; whereas more than four folds the drainage system capacity is produced by 30 mm rainfall depth that is considered the threshold for raising flood hazard. Six potential sites for roof rainwater harvesting were selected. Accordingly, it is found that, the application of roof water harvesting in 18% and 72% of the commercial and business district buildings can accommodate the runoff resulting from the 13.1 and 30 mm rainfall depth, respectively. Hence, impounding rainstorm water would help managing the urban runoff water, and consequently, the stored water could be used for making more green areas that will enhance the urban environment. Three watersheds of ephemeral streams (wadi), namely Wadi El Kangar, Wadi El Seleit, and Wadi El Kabbashi make up Seleit area. Distinct maps were prepared in ArcMap for the calculation of the potential runoff and the specification of the appropriate water harvesting sites and systems. The Wadis watersheds areas are found to be 540, 344 and 42 km2 for Wadi El Kangar, Wadi El Seleit and Wadi El Kabbashi, respectively. Daily rainfall data of rural meteorological station were classified into three groups representing the soil dry (AMCI), moderate (AMCII), and wet (AMCIII) moisture conditions; the respective CNI, CNII, and CNIII values were calculated accordingly. The weighted CN values indicate high runoff potential within the three soil moisture conditions. Accordingly, the rainfall thresholds for runoff generation for AMCI, AMCII and AMCIII conditions are found to be respectively 18.3 mm, 9.1 mm and 4.4 mm for Wadi El Kabbashi and 22 mm, 11 mm and 5 mm for both Wadi El Seleit and Wadi El Kangar. El Kangar dam subwatershed was used for calibrating the potential runoff calculated by the NRCS method. Since the Wadis are ungauged, Google Earth and GIS platforms were used to calculate geometrically the volume of the dam reservoir water for three years. This volume was compared to the annual runoff calculated by the NRCS method. Consideration to different factors was made to locate the potential water harvesting sites. Accordingly, water harvesting systems for fodder and crop plantation; sand storage surface or subsurface dams; or groundwater recharge, were specified. The socio-economic study revealed that the financial capacity, if any, of the villagers is very limited. Thus, the financial source for the construction of the suggested potential water harvesting or the rehabilitation of the existing ones is questionable. Hence, other potential financial sources are needed to help executing water harvesting projects in the region, e.g. Khartoum State Government. Applying water harvesting in Seleit area is found to be promising. Improving the livelihood of the villagers by applying runoff water harvesting could assure better water accessibility, better income generation from farms production, and allocation of time for other activities, e.g. education. This would be reflected in reduced migration to nearby cities and stabilized market supply of agricultural and animal products. Therefore, the development of the rural part is of great benefit to the development of Khartoum State, as long as the interdependency and mutual benefit between the rural and urban areas, represented by the local food and labor market, remain exist.

Dans le contexte multilingue soudanais où le français est enseigné comme une deuxième langue étrangère, les instances éducatives témoignent d’un véritable intérêt pour la culture et pour la langue française. Cette thèse porte sur l’enseignement de la littérature française et francophone dans un contexte universitaire soudanais. Elle pose deux questions principales : Quels sont les problèmes liés à l’enseignement / apprentissage de la littérature en FLE dans le contexte de la Faculté des Lettres de l’Université de Khartoum ? et comment améliorer les pratiques d’enseignement des modules de littérature dans son département de français ? La thèse propose une analyse des pratiques didactiques à travers un croisement de données : observations de classes, entretiens avec les enseignants et les étudiants et analyse de productions écrites. L’apprenant de langue étrangère ne peut être dissocié de son contexte, de sa langue maternelle et de ses stratégies d’apprentissage, la première partie de la thèse est donc consacrée au contexte historique et sociolinguistique soudanais ainsi qu’à une brève présentation du système éducatif. La deuxième partie présente l’ancrage théorique de la recherche ainsi que son cadreméthodologique. La troisième partie expose l’analyse des données recueillies. Le but principal de cette thèse est de proposer des pistes d’amélioration de l’enseignement de la littérature dans cette université. / In the Sudanese multilingual context, where French is taught as a second foreign language, educational bodies demonstrate a genuine interest in French language and culture. This thesis focuses on the teaching of French and francophone literature in Sudanese universities. Two main questions are asked: What problems are linked to teaching/learning literature in French as a foreign language courses at the Faculty of arts of the University of Khartoum? And how can the department’s teaching methods for literature modules be improved? The thesis proposes an analysis of the didactic practises through a cross-analysis of class observations, interviews with professors and students, and students’ written work. The foreign language learner cannot be separated from their context, their native language and their learning strategies, which is why the first part of the thesis isdedicated to the Sudanese historical and sociolinguistic context, as well as a brief introduction to the school system. The second part presents the research’s theoretical integration as well as the methodological frame. The third part presents the analysis of the collected data. The main objective of this thesis is to suggest improvement ideas for the teaching of literature at this university. / في السياق السوداني متعدد اللغات، حيث يتم تدريس اللغة الفرنسية كلغة أجنبية ثانية، تُظهر الؤسساتُ التعليميةُ اهتماماً حقيقياً باللغةِوبالثقافة الفرنسية. تركز هذه الرسالة على تدريس الدب الفرنسي والفرانكوفوني في الامعات السودانية بطرح سؤالي رئيسيي : ما هي الشاكلالرتبطة بتدريس ودراسة الدب في اللغة الفرنسية حال كونها لغة أجنبية وبصفة خاصة في كلية الداب في جامعة الرطوم؟ وكيف يكن تسيطرق تدريس الدب في الشعبة العنية ؟ تقترح الطروحة تليلً للممارسات التعليمية بعد ملحظتها ووصفها بداية، ثم إجراء القابلت مع الساتذةوالطلب، وأخيراً تليل العمل الكتوب للطلب. ل يكن فصل متعلم اللغة الجنبية عن مجتمعه ولغته الصلية واستراتيجيات تعلمه، وهذا هو السبفي أن الباب الول من الطروحة مخصص للسياق اللغوي الجتماعي السوداني، بالضافة إلى مقدمة موجزة للنظام الدرسي. يعرض الباب الثانيالدراسات والبحوث السابقة في هذا الال وكذلك الطار النهجي للطروحة. الباب الثالث يقدم تليل ًمفصلً للبيانات التي ت جمعها. الهدف الرئيسيمن هذه الرسالة هو اقتراح أفكار لتحسي وطرق تدريس الدب في هذه الامعة.

Khartoum State in Sudan is subject to the erratic and intense rainfall during the short rainy season and dryness and heat throughout the rest of the year. High intensity rainstorms with a short duration have become more frequent in the area during the last two decades resulting in cities inundation and flash floods in the rural parts. On the other hand, the dry season means hot weather in the urban parts and water shortage in the rural part. Rural areas are dependent on the runoff water brought about by the seasonal streams as a source of water. For this study, Khartoum City Center and Seleit area were taken to investigate the application of water harvesting in the urban and rural areas, respectively. Accordingly, the hydrological characteristics and the specification of the potential water harvesting sites and systems were examined. For Khartoum City Center, characteristics of the drainage system were examined using ArcGIS platform. It is found that the drainage system covers 42% of the area with total capacity of 24000 m3. Daily rainfall data for urban meteorological station were used to calculate the probability and the return period of the rainfall, as well as the potential runoff. Rainfall probability of occurrence was calculated applying Gumbel distribution method for extreme events that were arranged according to the Peak-over-Threshold method. The potential runoff that could be generated from a certain rainfall was calculated using the Natural Resources Conservation Services method provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (US-NRCS). Accordingly, the curve number was calculated depending on the land use/land cover and the hydrological soil group. Consequently, the weighted curve number is found to be 94%, indicating dominant imperviousness. 13.1 mm rainfall depth produces runoff volume equal to the drainage system capacity with return period of one year; whereas more than four folds the drainage system capacity is produced by 30 mm rainfall depth that is considered the threshold for raising flood hazard. Six potential sites for roof rainwater harvesting were selected. Accordingly, it is found that, the application of roof water harvesting in 18% and 72% of the commercial and business district buildings can accommodate the runoff resulting from the 13.1 and 30 mm rainfall depth, respectively. Hence, impounding rainstorm water would help managing the urban runoff water, and consequently, the stored water could be used for making more green areas that will enhance the urban environment. Three watersheds of ephemeral streams (wadi), namely Wadi El Kangar, Wadi El Seleit, and Wadi El Kabbashi make up Seleit area. Distinct maps were prepared in ArcMap for the calculation of the potential runoff and the specification of the appropriate water harvesting sites and systems. The Wadis watersheds areas are found to be 540, 344 and 42 km2 for Wadi El Kangar, Wadi El Seleit and Wadi El Kabbashi, respectively. Daily rainfall data of rural meteorological station were classified into three groups representing the soil dry (AMCI), moderate (AMCII), and wet (AMCIII) moisture conditions; the respective CNI, CNII, and CNIII values were calculated accordingly. The weighted CN values indicate high runoff potential within the three soil moisture conditions. Accordingly, the rainfall thresholds for runoff generation for AMCI, AMCII and AMCIII conditions are found to be respectively 18.3 mm, 9.1 mm and 4.4 mm for Wadi El Kabbashi and 22 mm, 11 mm and 5 mm for both Wadi El Seleit and Wadi El Kangar. El Kangar dam subwatershed was used for calibrating the potential runoff calculated by the NRCS method. Since the Wadis are ungauged, Google Earth and GIS platforms were used to calculate geometrically the volume of the dam reservoir water for three years. This volume was compared to the annual runoff calculated by the NRCS method. Consideration to different factors was made to locate the potential water harvesting sites. Accordingly, water harvesting systems for fodder and crop plantation; sand storage surface or subsurface dams; or groundwater recharge, were specified. The socio-economic study revealed that the financial capacity, if any, of the villagers is very limited. Thus, the financial source for the construction of the suggested potential water harvesting or the rehabilitation of the existing ones is questionable. Hence, other potential financial sources are needed to help executing water harvesting projects in the region, e.g. Khartoum State Government. Applying water harvesting in Seleit area is found to be promising. Improving the livelihood of the villagers by applying runoff water harvesting could assure better water accessibility, better income generation from farms production, and allocation of time for other activities, e.g. education. This would be reflected in reduced migration to nearby cities and stabilized market supply of agricultural and animal products. Therefore, the development of the rural part is of great benefit to the development of Khartoum State, as long as the interdependency and mutual benefit between the rural and urban areas, represented by the local food and labor market, remain exist.