Signaling pathways of regulated necrosis, such as necroptosis and ferroptosis, contribute to acute kidney injury (AKI), but the role of pyroptosis is unclear. Pyroptosis is mediated by the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD). Here, we report a specific pattern of GSDMD-protein expression in the peritubular compartment of mice that underwent bilateral ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI). Along similar lines, the GSDMD-protein expression in whole kidney lysates increased during the first 84 h following cisplatin-induced AKI. Importantly, unlike whole kidney lysates, no GSDMD-protein expression was detectable in isolated kidney tubules. In IRI and cisplatin-induced AKI, GSDMD-deficient mice exhibited hypersensitivity to injury as assessed by tubular damage, elevated markers of serum urea, and serum creatinine. This hypersensitivity was reversed by a combined deficiency of GSDMD and the necroptosis mediator mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL). In conclusion, we demonstrate a non-cell autonomous role for GSDMD in protecting the tubular compartment from necroptosis-mediated damage in IRI.

No description available.

No description available.

Yes / Acute kidney injury (AKI) can occur rarely in patients exposed to iodinated contrast and result in contrast-induced AKI (CI-AKI). A key risk factor is the presence of pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), therefore it is important to assess patient risk and obtain kidney function measurement prior to administration. Point of care (PoC) testing provides an alternative strategy but there remains uncertainty, with respect to diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility. A device study compared three PoC analysers (Nova StatSensor, Abbott i-STAT, Radiometer ABL800 FLEX) with a reference laboratory standard (Roche Cobas 8000 series, enzymatic creatinine). Three hundred adult patients attending a UK hospital phlebotomy department were recruited to have additional blood samples for analysis on the PoC devices. The ABL800 FLEX had the strongest concordance with laboratory measured serum creatinine (mean bias=-0.86, 95% limits of agreement = -9.6 to 7.9) followed by the i-STAT (average bias=3.88, 95% limits of agreement = -8.8 to 16.6) and StatSensor (average bias=3.56, 95% limits of agreement = -27.7 to 34.8). In risk classification, the ABL800 FLEX and i-STAT identified all patients with an eGFR≤30, whereas the StatSensor resulted in a small number of missed high-risk cases (n=4/13) and also operated outside of the established performance goals. The screening of patients at risk of CI-AKI may be feasible with PoC technology. However in this study it was identified that the analyser concordance with the laboratory reference varies. It is proposed that further research exploring PoC implementation in imaging department pathways is needed. / Yorkshire and Humber Academic Health Science Network (Grant Number: YHP0318)

Contexte: la survenue d’IRA chez les patients ayant subi un traumatisme est une problématique qui a été peu étudiée jusqu’à ce jour. La présence de cette atteinte rénale a été démontrée comme étant associée à un risque accru de morbidités et de mortalité chez les sujets atteints. Objectifs: identifier les facteurs prédictifs d’insuffisance rénale ou plus récemment appelée atteinte rénale dans cette population particulière et tenter de trouver des facteurs qui peuvent être mesurés dans les premières heures de la prise en charge du patient. Aussi, nous avons cherché à savoir si l’injection de produit de contraste est associée à un risque accru d’insuffisance rénale aiguë dans cette population. Méthodes et résultats: la recherche a eu lieu à l’Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, un centre de traumatologie tertiaire en milieu urbain. Nous avons utilisé le registre des patients hospitalisés en traumatologie dans notre centre hospitalier entre 2002 et mars 2007 de même que les banques de données de laboratoire et de radiologie pour obtenir les données sur la créatinine et les examens avec produits de contraste. Finalement, une revue de dossiers structurée fut conduite pour recueillir le reste de l’information requise. L’incidence d’IRA dans la population étudiée est estimée à environ 5 %. Une analyse cas témoins fut conduite pour identifier les facteurs prédictifs d’IRA. Quarante-neuf cas d’IRA diagnostiqués par le médecin traitant et 101 témoins sélectionnés au hasard ont été analysés. Les facteurs prédictifs suivants ont été identifiés à l’analyse univariée : la première valeur de créatinine obtenue (p<0,001), l’instabilité hémodynamique (p<0,001), les antécédents d’insuffisance rénale chronique tels que notés dans le dossier par le médecin traitant (p=0,009), une maladie cardiaque (p=0,007), une chirurgie dans les 48 premières heures suivant le traumatisme (p=0,053), le niveau de gravité du traumatisme (Injury Severity Score) (p=0,046) et l’injection de produit de contraste au cours des 48 heures suivant le trauma (p=0,077). Parmi ces facteurs, deux ont été identifiés comme prédicteurs indépendants d’IRA à l’analyse multivariée. Une des valeurs était la première valeur de créatinine obtenue RC = 6,17 (p<0,001, IC95 % 2,81 – 13,53) pour chaque augmentation de 0.5mg/dL de créatinine. L’autre facteur était la présence d’instabilité hémodynamique RC 11,61 (p<0,001, IC95 % 3,71 – 36,29). Conclusion: des informations obtenues tôt dans la prise en charge du patient permettent de prédire le risque d’IRA chez ces patients. L’administration de contraste (intraveineuse ou intra-artérielle) ne s’est pas avérée un facteur indépendant de prédiction d’insuffisance rénale aiguë dans cette population dans le modèle multivarié. / Background: acute kidney injury (AKI) has important mortality and morbidity complications. Few studies have looked at predictors of acute renal failure in a trauma patient population. Objectives: we sought to identify factors associated with AKI that can be assessed in the early hospital stay of trauma patients. We also specifically assessed if the administration of radiological contrast was a predictor of AKI. Methods: we conducted a nested case-control study from the trauma registry of an urban Level I trauma center which includes data on more than 6 000 subjects. The cases consisted of 49 patients with a diagnosis of AKI by their treating physician in the first 7 days following their trauma between 2002 and 2007 (March 2007). The controls were randomly selected for a 1:2 case to control ratio. Data were retrieved from the prospective trauma registry database. Additional data were also obtained via the hospital laboratory and radiology databases. Finally, a structured chart review was conducted to obtain the remaining information. Univariate analyses were conducted. Elements with a significance level of <0.1 were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: predictors identified in the univariate analysis were: the first creatinine value obtained (p<0,001), hemodynamic instability (p<0,001), history of coronary artery disease (p=0,007), history of chronic renal insufficiency as per physician’s diagnosis in the chart (p=0,009), surgery in the 48 hours following the trauma (p=0,053), and, injection of contrast in the 48 hours following the trauma (p=0,077). In the final multivariate model, two factors were statistically significant. One factor was the first creatinine value p<0,001, OR 6,17 CI95 % (2,81 – 13,53) for each increase of creatinine by 0,5mg/dL. The other factor was the presence of hemodynamic instability p<0,001 OR 11,61 CI95 % (3,71 – 36,29). Conclusion: easily obtained information in the emergency department can aid in predicting the risk of AKI in a trauma population. Early administration of radiological contrast was not an independant predictor of AKI in this population.

Les patients en état critique nécessitant une ventilation artificielle sont particulièrement exposés au risque d'une agression rénale ischémique. L'apparition d'une insuffisance rénale aiguë (IRA) dans ce contexte est responsable d'une surmortalité. L'objectif de ce travail était l'optimisation de la prévention de l'IRA incluant deux axes de recherche. D'une part l'évaluation de mesures de protection rénale visant au maintien de la délivrance rénale en oxygène et d'autre part l'étude de la performance des outils d'évaluation de la fonction rénale pour la détection et la caractérisation d'une agression.La principale mesure de prévention de l'IRA proposée en pratique clinique pour la restauration et le maintien d'une perfusion rénale est l'expansion volémique mais avec un risque d'altération de la fonction pulmonaire. Nos travaux ont permis de montrer que le pronostic rénal au cours de la réanimation liquidienne dépend du type de soluté administré. L'incidence de l'IRA est plus élevée lorsque des colloïdes à base d'hydroxyéthylamidons et/ou ayant un pouvoir oncotique élevé sont utilisés. Contrairement au rein, l'évolution de la fonction respiratoire ne dépend pas de l'effet oncotique du soluté utilisé mais des volumes administrés. La degradation de la fonction respiratoire semble survenir pour un volume moindre de colloïdes que de cristalloïdes, sans doute du fait d'une efficacité plus importante sur l'augmentation du volume intravasculaire.Associé à la restauration de la perfusion rénale, le maintien de l'oxygénation artérielle est un autre déterminant potentiel de l'oxygénation rénale. Nous avons évalué la réponse rénale à une hypoxémie modérée, habituelle au cours du syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë. Une baisse de la FiO2 est en effet recommandée pour la prévention des lésions pulmonaires induites par l'oxygène. Une ventilation de 2 heures à un niveau de SaO2 entre 88 et 92% engendre une réponse diurétique et une augmentation des résistances artérielles rénales mesurées par la méthode Doppler. Cette réponse rénale est indépendante des modifications ventilatoires et hémodynamiques, elle est rapidement réversible avec la réoxygénation. En plus de sa capacité à détecter une modification de la vascularisation rénale, nous avons retrouvé que la mesure de l'index de résistance prédisait de façon satisfaisante la persistance d'une IRA, performance meilleure que celle de certains indices biochimiques urinaires habituellement recommandés.Ces différents travaux ont permis de mieux appréhender les interactions physiopathologiques entre la prévention des dysfonctions rénale et pulmonaire et soulignent les antagonismes qui peuvent exister entre ces deux organes. La réanimation liquidienne peut être optimisée par le choix d'un soluté hypo-oncotique pour réduire le risque d'IRA sans altérer la fonction respiratoire. La réponse rénale à une hypoxémie modérée suggère que la préservation de l'oxygénation artérielle puisse avoir un rôle dans la préservation de la fonction rénale. Enfin, le Doppler rénal est un outil prometteur pour la sélection, l'évaluation et l'optimisation des mesures de protection rénales. / Critically ill patients needing mechanical ventilation are particularly exposed to ischemic renal injury leading for acute kidney injury (AKI) occurrence is associated and poor outcome. The aim of this work was to optimize AKI prevention. We evaluated protective measures for renal oxygen delivery on one hand and the performance of usual tools for the detection and characterization of renal injury on the other hand.The main measure in preventing AKI is the correction and the preservation of blood volume; fluid resuscitation is, however, associated with an increased risk of pulmonary oedema. Our results show that renal outcome depends on the type of fluid used with an increased risk of AKI using hydroxyethylstarches and/or hyper-oncotic colloids while pulmonary function is not influenced by the type of fluids used but depends on the volume infused. Pulmonary worsening seems to occure for a lower volume of colloids than crystalloids, probably because of a higher efficiency to increase intravascular volume.In addition to the restoration of renal perfusion, arterial oxygenation is a potential determinant of renal oxygenation. Because the use of a low FiO2 level is recommended to avoid oxygen related pulmonary lesions, we assessed the renal response to a moderate hypoxemia, usually applied in patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Two hours of mechanical ventilation with a SaO2 between 88% and 92% induces renal diuretic and vascular response identified by Doppler. This response is independent from ventilator and hemodynamic changes. Renal response is rapidly reversible with the correction of hypoxemia. In addition to the ability in detecting changes of intra-renal vascular resistances, we found that Doppler resistive index is helpful in predicting the persistence of AKI, better than most of the usual urinary indices.Our works allow a better approach of the intricate mechanisms in preventing renal and pulmonary functions. Fluid resuscitation can be optimized preferring hypo-oncotic fluids for reducing AKI incidence without apparent negative impact on pulmonary function. Renal response to a moderate hypoxemia suggests that arterial oxygen preservation might be essential for renal function preservation. Renal Doppler is a promising tool for the selection and the evaluation of AKI preventive measures.

principal dificuldade na identificação de novos biomarcadores para doenças renais consiste em encontrar marcadores que são específicos do rim ou do processo patológico em que se encontra, além de conseguir caracterizar a doença renal independente de outras doenças pré-existentes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar novos candidatos a biomarcadores, predominantemente renais, de lesão renal em um modelo suíno controlado unilateral de lesão renal aguda (LRA) por isquemia/reperfusão (I/R) renal percutânea. Para isto, foram feitas análises do proteoma e do nitroproteoma de amostras de urina e soro nos períodos pré-isquemia, isquemia (60min) e pós-reperfusão (4 ou 6h, 11 e 16h), e das de amostras do córtex renal após 24h de reperfusão, todas no Q-ExactiveTM. Os resultados foram analisados no MaxQuant seguidos da análise de biologia de sistemas. A seleção das proteínas candidatas a biomarcadores de lesão renal foi baseada na predominância de expressão dessas proteínas no rim através do banco TiGER e/ou Atlas Human Protein. Foram identificadas 1365 proteínas no proteoma total dos córtices renais, das quais 535 estavam presentes em pelo menos 3 animais e mais expressas no rim isquêmico, com excessão da Xaa-pró aminopeptidase 2. Estas proteínas participam dos processos de transcrição, tradução, adesão celular, proliferação e reparo, importantes para a recuperação da lesão renal após 24h. A intersecção das proteínas sub ou superexpressas no rim isquêmico com os proteomas do soro ou da urina resultou em seis proteínas séricas (VIM, HPSA8, HSPD1, COL1A1, LCP1e TPI1) entre as 170 identificadas capazes de fornecer um painel para LRA ou processo degenerativo. Enquanto na urina, foram identificadas 49 de 501 proteínas presentes na intersecção, sendo 4 predominantemente renais (BHMT2, GBA3, DDC e DPPIV). A atividade da DPPIV na urina aumentou após 4h de reperfusão retornando aos níveis basais após este período validando o nosso candidato a biomarcador. A DPPIV também foi validada em uma coorte de pacientes com nefropatia diabética que apresentou uma moderada correlação com os parâmetros ligados a disfunção renal: MDRD, proteinúria, hemoglobina glicada, PTH e renina. Apesar de não haver diferença na concentração de proteínas nitradas no rim contralateral e isquêmico houve uma diferença no perfil de proteínas encontradas. Foram identificadas 843 proteínas no nitroproteoma dos córtices renais das quais 53 estavam superexpressas no rim isquêmico e 2 no rim contralateral. Das 55 proteínas, 38% eram mitocondriais e relacionadas com as vias energéticas. Foi possível validar a nitração de duas destas proteínas, a DPPIV e a BHMT2. No nitroproteoma da urina identificou-se 126 proteínas das quais 27 se agruparam de forma diferente para cada período do experimento baseado no comportamento da expressão proteica. A excreção de proteínas nitradas também foi observada no tempo basal, supondo um papel fisiológico da nitração. Além disso, o perfil de excreção de proteínas nitradas ao longo da I/R foi independente das mudanças ocorridas no perfil proteico total. Por fim, duas proteínas se destacaram como candidatas a biomarcador, a UMOD e a ALDOB. Já, o nitroproteoma sérico resultou em 55 proteínas, das quais as 33 mais representativas dos animais foram capazes de separar o período antes e após a reperfusão renal. Duas destas proteínas foram consideradas candidatas a biomarcadores de lesão renal, a SEMG2 e a DMGDH, esta última foi validada. A partir dos resultados gerados, foi possível identificar alterações proteicas ao longo da I/R renal, novas proteínas nitradas e novos candidatos a biomarcador de lesão renal. Novos estudos com uma abordagem mais direcionada e aprofundada devem ser desenvolvidos, tanto para confirmar os candidatos a biomarcadores e seu potencial uso clínico, quanto para analisar o comportamento fisiopatológico e bioquímico das proteínas com e sem nitração na LRA por I/R renal em rins morfo-fisiologicamente semelhantes aos encontrados em humanos / The main bottleneck in studies aiming to identify novel biomarkers in kidney disease has been the identification of markers that are organ and process specific and characterize the kidney disease regarding other other pre-existing diseases. The aim of this study was to identify new candidates, predominantly renal, that could be used as systemic biomarkes for acute kidney disease (AKI) in a unilateral percutaneous controlled porcine renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) model. The nitroproteome and proteome of urine and serum samples were analyzed in Q-ExactiveTM on the period pre-ischemia, ischemia (60 min) and 4, 11 and 16 h post-reperfusion. The renal cortex samples were analyzed only after 24 h of reperfusion. The results were analyzed in the MaxQuant followed by systems biology analysis. The selection of candidate proteins for renal injury was based on the predominance of expression of these proteins in the kidney through TiGER and Atlas Human Protein. In renal cortex proteome, it was identified 1365 proteins which 535 were present at least 3 animals and more expressed in ischemic kidney, with exception of Xaa-pro aminopeptidase 2. These proteins participate of transcription, translational, cellular adhesion, proliferation and repair, important for the recovery of renal injury after 24h. Intersecting the set of proteins up- or down-regulated in the ischemic tissue with both serum and urine proteomes, 6 serum proteins from 170 identified proteins (VIM, HPSA8, HSPD1, COL1A1, LCP1 and TPI1) were identified that may provide a set of targets for AKI or degenerative process. Additionally, 49 from 501 urinary proteins were identified in the intersection, being 4 predominantly renal (BHMT2, GBA3, DDC and DPPIV). As a proof of concept, the activity of DPPIV in the urine increased after 4h of reperfusion returning to baseline levels after this period and with subsequent translational validation in a cohort of patients with diabetic nephropathy who presented a moderate correlation with the parameters related to renal dysfunction: MDRD, proteinuria, glycated hemoglobin, PTH and renin Althought there was no diference between nitrated proteins levels in contralateral and ischemic kidneys, there was difference in the protein profile found. In niroproteome from cortex were identified 843 proteins, of which 53 were up-regulated in the ischemic kidney and 2 in the contralateral kidney. Of the 55 proteins, 38% were mitochondrial and related to the energy pathways. It was possible to validate the nitration of two of these proteins, DPPIV and BHMT2. In the urine nitroproteome, 126 proteins were identified, 27 of which were grouped differently for each period of the experiment based on the behavior of protein expression. The nitrated protein excretion was also observed at baseline, assuming a physiological role of nitration. In adition, the profile of urine proteins along I/R was independent of changes in the total protein profile. Finally, two proteins stood out as candidates for biomarker, UMOD and ALDOB. The serum nitroproteome resulted in 55 identified proteins, 33 were more representative from animals and they able to distinguish the periods before and after renal reperfusion. Two predominantly renal proteins, SEMG2 and DMGDH, were described as candidates to renal injury biomarkers and the last protein was validated. From these results, proteins changes were observed along the renal I/R, new nitrated proteins and new candidates for biomarkers of kidney injury were identified. New studies with a more focused and in-depth approach should be developed both to confirm the candidates for biomarkers and their potential clinical use and to analyze the pathophysiological and biochemical behavior of the proteins with and without nitration in AKI by I/R renal in kidneys morphologically and physiologically similar to those found in humans

En réanimation, il n’existe pas de gold standard pour estimer le débit de filtration glomérulaire (DFG). Nous avons mesuré la clairance du iohexol chez 20 patients en insuffisance circulatoire aiguë (injection de 5 mL de iohexol et cinétique riche sur 24h). Les clairances urinaire et plasmatique étaient équivalentes ; la clairance plasmatique n’était pas influencée par le remplissage. Nous avons étudié la distribution de la clairance du iohexol chez 85 patients en insuffisance circulatoire aiguë. Quarante-et-un patients (48%) avaient un DFG < 30 mL.min-1, 29 (34%) entre 30 et 60mL.min-1, 10 (12%) entre 60 et 90mL.min-1, 4 (5%) entre 90 et 130 mL.min-1 et 1 (1%) > 130 mL.min-1. Nous avons mesuré les biomarqueurs lésionnels [TIMP-2].[IGFBP-7] juste avant, 6h et 24 h après un scanner injecté en réanimation; il n’y a pas eu d’augmentation significative des biomarqueurs, confortant l’hypothèse d’une toxicité négligeable des produits de contraste iodés en réanimation. En conclusion, le iohexol peut être considéré comme un gold standard pour l’estimation du DFG chez des patients en insuffisance circulatoire aiguë en termes de faisabilité, fiabilité et sécurité. / There is no gold standard for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation in intensive care unit. We measured iohexol clearance in 20 patients experiencing acute circulatory failure (5 mL iohexol bolus, urine and blood-sample collections over 24h). Urinary and plasma clearances were equivalent; rapid fluid infusion did not influence plasma clearance. We studied iohexol clearance repartition in 85 patients experiencing acute circulatory failure. Forty-one (48%) had a GFR < 30 mL.min-1, 29 (34%) between 30 and 60mL.min-1, 10 (12%) between 60 and 90mL.min-1, 4 (5%) between 90 and 130 mL.min-1 and 1 (1%) > 130 mL.min-1. We measured lesion biomarkers [TIMP-2].[IGFBP-7], before, 6h and 24h after an injected computed tomography scan; there was no significant raise in the biomarkers. This result supports the hypothesis that contrast media are armless in intensive care units. To conclude, iohexol can be considered as a gold standard for GFR estimation in acute-circulatory-failure patients regarding feasibility, reliability and safety.

O treinamento resistido intervalado de alta intensidade (high intensity interval resistance training-HIIRT) tem se tornado cada vez mais popular nos últimos anos poispromoveresultados positivos com curtas sessões de treinamento. No entanto, sua alta intensidade pode causar efeitos adversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se uma sessão de HIIRT causa dano muscular agudo e alterações nos biomarcadores de lesão renal. Cinquenta e oito voluntários saudáveis, divididos igualmente entre homens e mulheres com 24 anos de idade (mediana), participaram deste estudo. Nenhum deles usou suplementos dietéticos ou medicamentos. Eles foram submetidos a cinco minutos de aquecimento seguido de quatro minutos de HIIRT. Uma escala numérica de Borg para dor (CR10P), amostras de sangue e urina foram coletadas antes (basal), 2 e 24h após a sessão HIIRT. As amostras de sangue foram analisadas e dosadocreatinina sérica (CrS),lipocalina associada a gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGALS), creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) e mioglobina (Mio). As amostras urinárias foram analisadas e dosadoscreatinina (CrU),lipocalina associada a gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGALU), interleucina 18 (IL-18), calbindina, microalbuminúria (?albumina), trefoil factor-3(TFF3) e beta-2microglobulina (ß2M). O CR10 e CPK tiveramum aumento significativo e crescente após2 e 24h. Mioaumentou significativamente em 2h e continuouelevadaapós24h. CrSaumentou significativamente após24h e em três homens,o aumento atingiu os critérios para o diagnóstico de injúria renal aguda (IRA). Todos os biomarcadores urinários aumentaram significativamente 2 horas após o exercício e retornaram aos valores basais24h após HIIRT. Concluindo, uma única sessão de HIIRT em indivíduos jovens e saudáveis causou elevações precocese significativas em CPK, mioglobina, CrS,microalbuminúria e biomarcadores urinários, indicando lesão tubularrenal, sugerindo a ocorrência de rabdomiólise e danos funcionais eestruturais aos rins / High intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) emerged as one of the fastest growing exercise programs in recent years because provides positive results with short training sessions. However, its high intensity might cause adverse effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a session of HIIRT causes acute muscle damage and changes in kidney injury biomarkers. Fifty-eight healthy volunteers, divided equally among men and women (median age 24 years), participated in this study. None of them used dietary supplements or medications. They were submitted to five minutes of warm-up followed by four minutes of HIIRT. A Borg CR10 Scale for pain (CR10P), and blood and urinary samples were collected before (baseline), 2 and 24h after HIIRT session. Blood samples were analyzed for serum creatinine (SCr), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (SNGAL), creatine kinase(CK) and myoglobin (Myo). Urinary samples were assessed for creatinine (UCr), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (UNGAL), interleukin 18 (IL-18), calbindin, microalbuminuria (ualbumin), trefoil factor-3 (TFF3) and beta-2 microglobulin (beta2M). CR10 had a significantly and crescent increase on 2 and 24h. CK increased significantly on 2h and further in 24h. Myo increased significantly on 2h and stayed elevated at 24h. SCr increased significantly on 24h and inthree men the increase met criteria for acute kidney injury diagnosis. All the other serum and urinary kidney injury biomarkers increased significantly at 2 hours and returned to basal values at 24h after HIIRT. In conclusion, a single session of HIIRT inyoung, healthy individuals caused early and significant elevations in CK, myoglobin, SCr, microalbuminuria and urinary biomarkers indicative of kidney tubular injury, suggesting the occurrence of rhabdomyolysis and functional and structural kidney damage

Estudos tem demonstrado que a injúria renal aguda (IRA) pode evoluir para doença renal aguda ou crônica, principalmente quando associada à comorbidades como a hipertensão sal-dependente. Além disso, o desenvolvimento da perda de função renal é comumente associado a distúrbios mineral e ósseo. O uso de antioxidantes como a N-acetilcisteína (NAC) tem sido utilizado para prevenir a lesão da IRA, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre o uso deste medicamente em um período prolongado e os seus efeitos no metabolismo mineral e ósseo. Sendo assim os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar a repercussão da sobrecarga de sódio na dieta em modelo de IRA com ou sem tratamento com NAC, e observar a influência da IRA, dieta hipersódica e tratamento no metabolismo mineral e ósseo após 10 semanas de protocolo. Para isto foram utilizados ratos machos Wistar alimentados com dieta normossódica (0,5% Na - NS) ou hipersódica (3,2% Na - HS), tratados com ou sem NAC (IR NAC) (600mg/L) e submetidos à cirurgia de isquemia (45 minutos) e reperfusão renal bilateral (IR) ou Sham. Os animais foram acompanhados por 10 semanas após a cirurgia. Foram avaliadas pressão arterial caudal, função renal, metabolismo mineral e histomorfometria óssea. Os animais que sofreram IR e foram alimentados com dieta HS apresentaram maior excreção de sódio, cálcio e fósforo e albuminúria. A albuminúria correlacionou-se com o aumento do PTH induzindo a um maior tecido osteoide e superfície de osteoblastos nestes animais. A NAC diminuiu excreção de sódio, cálcio, fósforo, albuminúria e PTH, mas causou a diminuição do volume ósseo e aumento da separação trabecular. A ingestão do sódio influenciou nos níveis séricos altos de 1-25(OH)2D e baixos de FGF-23. Estes resultados sugerem que a sobrecarga de sal na dieta causou evolução da IRA após 10 semanas. Essa perda de função renal aumentou o PTH, volume osteoide e osteoblastos. Em contrapartida, o tratamento com a NAC preveniu a progressão da disfunção renal, mas levou à perda de massa óssea / Studies have shown that acute kidney injury (AKI) can progress to acute or chronic kidney disease especially when associated with co-morbidities such as salt-dependent hypertension. In addition to impairment of renal function there is association with mineral and bone disorders. The antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been used to prevent the AKI; however; the prolonged use and its effects in mineral and bone metabolism is not well studied. The aim of the study was to evaluate dietary sodium overload repercussion on the AKI associated to NAC treatment and to observe its effects on bone metabolism after 10 weeks. Were used Wistar rats were fed with normal sodium (0.5% NaCl - NS) or high sodium (3.2% NaCl - HS) diet and treated or not with NAC (600 mg/L) and submitted to renal ischemia (45 minutes) and reperfusion (IR) or Sham surgery. The animals were followed up for 10 weeks after surgery. We evaluated caudal blood pressure, renal function, mineral metabolism and bone histomorphometry. In our results urinary sodium, calcium, phosphorus excretion and albuminuria were higher in HS IR animals. There was a positive correlation between albuminuria and PTH leading to osteoid tissue and surface of osteoblasts augmentation in these animals. In other hand, NAC decreased sodium, calcium, phosphorus excretion, albuminuria and PTH; however, it was observed lower bone volume and higher trabecular separation. Sodium intake had an isolated effect on 1-25(OH)2D and FGF-23. These results suggest that overload salt diet caused AKI development. Loss of renal function increased PTH, osteoid volume and osteoblasts Treatment with NAC prevented renal function impairment, however it induced to bone mass loss