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Multifunktionale (Meth)acrylat-Copolymere mit PhosphonsäurederivatenStarke, Sandra 07 December 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Ziel der Doktorarbeit war es, Copolymere mit phosphonsäurehaltigen Seitenketten zu entwickeln, die nachfolgend über polymeranaloge Umsetzungen in Terpolymere mit polymerisationsfähgen Gruppen umgewandelt werden sollten. Die Terpolymere können dann somit im Bereich der Schicht,- Lackindustrie eingesetzt werden.
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Multifunktionale (Meth)acrylat-Copolymere mit PhosphonsäurederivatenStarke, Sandra 17 November 2015 (has links)
Ziel der Doktorarbeit war es, Copolymere mit phosphonsäurehaltigen Seitenketten zu entwickeln, die nachfolgend über polymeranaloge Umsetzungen in Terpolymere mit polymerisationsfähgen Gruppen umgewandelt werden sollten. Die Terpolymere können dann somit im Bereich der Schicht,- Lackindustrie eingesetzt werden.
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A concept for nanoparticle-based photocatalytic treatment of wastewater from textile industryLe, Hoai Nga 14 September 2018 (has links)
Industrial wastewater, such as the effluents from textile and garment companies, may contain toxic organic pollutants, which resist conventional wastewater treatment. Their complete and environmentally friendly degradation requires innovative technologies. Photocatalysis, an advanced oxidation process, can serve this purpose. Since 1972, when the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide was first noticed, photocatalysis has drawn the attention of scientists and engineers but it has not yet been widely applied in industrial practice. This is mainly related to the challenges of up-scaling from laboratory experiments to large production sites.
The main goal of this thesis is to develop a concept of nanoparticle-based photocatalysis for the treatment of wastewater. Ideally, process parameters should be adjustable and process conditions should be well-defined. These constraints are prerequisite for establishing process models and comparing the photocatalytic efficiency of different photocatalysts or for different pollutants. More importantly, the configuration should be scalable, in order to cover a wide spectrum of applications.
In response to these requirements, this thesis introduces a new reactor concept for photocatalytic wastewater treatment, which relies on finely dispersed photocatalysts as well as uniform and defined process conditions with regard to illumination and flow. The concept was realized in a photocatalytic setup with an illuminated flow reactor. The flow channel has a rectangular cross section and meanders in a plane exposed to two dimensional illumination. Crucial process parameters, e.g., volumetric flow rate and light intensity, can be adjusted in a defined manner. This facilitates the study on the photocatalytic degradation of different organic pollutants in the presence of various photocatalytic materials under arbitrary illumination.
The thesis provides a comprehensive description of the operational procedures necessary to run photocatalytic reactions in the experimental setup. It includes three main steps: i) dispersion of photocatalysts, ii) equilibration with respect to pollutant adsorption and iii) accomplishing the photocatalytic reaction. Samples are collected in a mixing tank for online or offline analysis. The proceeding decrease in the concentration of organic pollutant is used to assess the activity of the photocatalytic materials.
A particular focus lies on the first of these steps, the dispersion of photocatalysts, because it is ignored in most studies. Typically, photocatalysts are in an aggregated state. The thesis demonstrates that type, intensity and energy of dispersion exert a crucial influence on size and morphology of the photocatalyst particles and, thus, on their optical properties and, accordingly, macroscopic photocatalytic behavior. Apart from this, a proper dispersion is necessary to reduce speed of gravitational solid-liquid separation, at best, to prevent catalyst sedimentation and to avoid misleading results.
The photocatalytic performance was intensively investigated for the color removal of a model dye substance, methylene blue. Commercial titanium dioxide nanoparticles, widely explored in literature, were used as a photocatalyst. Their characteristics (size, morphology, stability and optical properties) were determined. Photocatalytic experiments were carried out under UV irradiation. Influences of different factors, including the concentration of the photocatalyst, the concentration of the organic compounds, light intensity, optical pathlength and pH were examined. The degradation was quantified via the decrease of methylene blue concentration. This conversion is, however, an immediate result influenced by all process parameters, e.g., the volume, the light intensity, the optical pathlength. Hence, kinetic models on macroscopic and microscopic levels are established. Normalizations with respect to process conditions are proposed. The apparent reaction kinetics are traced back to volume- and intensity-related reaction rate constants, and the reaction rate constant at the illuminated surface of the reactor. Additionally, the model is modified to be used for time-variant UV intensities, as encountered for solar photocatalysis. These achievements allow for a comparison of the experimental results from different laboratories. Moreover, they are prerequisite for the translation of laboratory results into large scale plants.
Selected case studies for further applications are introduced. The photocatalytic degradation of different organic molecules (one antibiotic and two commercial dyes) with different photocatalytic materials (commercial nanomaterials and self-synthesized magnetic particles) under artificial or natural light sources was performed. Additionally, photocatalysis was studied in a realistic application. Preliminary tests with dye solutions of a textile company in Danang, Vietnam, impressively showed the feasibility of wastewater treatment by means of photocatalysis. Based on the reported capacity of wastewater in the current treatment plant of the company, the necessary process parameters were assessed. The rough estimation showed that photocatalysis can improve the working ability of the current wastewater treatment plant.
In conclusion, this thesis presents a concept for wastewater treatment by slurry photocatalysis. As the process conditions are adjustable and definable, the process can be ideally performed in laboratories for research purposes, where different materials need to be tested and the working volume can be lower than hundreds of milliliters. The photocatalytic configuration is expected to work with a capacity of hundreds of liters, although appropriate experimental evidences are reserved for further up-scaling studies.
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Thermodynamic and kinetic investigations into the syntheses of CdSe and CdTe nanoparticlesWaurisch, Christian 19 July 2012 (has links)
This thesis addresses the syntheses towards high quality CdSe and CdTe nanoparticles. Therefore, thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the hot injection method are investigated. By means of the introduction of a thermodynamically less favored nuclei species the nucleation event of CdSe quantum dot synthesis is affected. Utilizing highly reactive tin or lithium silylamides, primarily formed SnSe or Li2Se nuclei undergo a cation exchange to the demanded CdSe particles. The further growth proceeds without the incorporation of the so called quasi-seed species. In this manner, the mechanism of the cation exchange-mediated nucleation is proven and optimized with respect to the required amount of the quasi-seed species. Furthermore, this protocol is applied to up-scaling attempts to reduce the efforts for optimization to a minimum. Following this, a successful laboratory batch up-scaling is achieved by increasing flask size as well as precursor concentrations by factors of 2 and 10, respectively.
A further possibility to thermodynamically influence the hot injection synthesis is the activation of the precursor species. By altering the injection pathway, as compared to the standard synthesis, the precursor species are differently coordinated and hence possess different thermodynamic stabilities. Investigations on the system of CdTe quantum dots lead to the result of a cation activation by the use of the thermodynamically less stable carboxylate ligands instead of phosphonates. Additionally, anion activation is suggested due to a kind of aging of the phosphine ligands via their oxidation by phosphonic acids. Furthermore, it is found that the ratio of Cd-to-Te strongly influences the formation of so called magic-sized clusters. Following the results, the smallest detectable species is determined as a cluster species with a size of 1.8 nm. The role of the magic-sized clusters is not fully resolved, but the initial growth is assumed to occur via monomer deposition onto or the fusion of the observed clusters. On the other hand, cluster dissolution is thermodynamically forced by the decreasing monomer concentration and can simply be explained by the process of Ostwald ripening via the creation of a smaller cluster species. Mechanistically this is explained by the formation of configurational deviations from the ideal closed-shell structure.
Finally the inorganic coating of the core quantum dots in investigated. Therefore, homoepitaxial coating is employed to overcome the limit in particle size by introducing additional monomer supply. As a result, following the classical crystallization theory, defined injections of precursor material during the diffusion limited growth regime allow a fine tuning of the final particle size. Nevertheless, homoepitaxial coating inevitably leads to photoluminescence quenching, whereas heteroepitaxial growth usually improves the optical quality. By means of a type I structure, CdSe/CdS/ZnS, the successive ion layer adsoption and reaction mechanism is discussed. Furthermore, alloy structures of CdSe/ZnSe with a radially gradated intermediate shell of CdZnSe are achieved by postsynthetic high temperature treatments. This annealing induces internal diffusion processes and allows exactly adjusting the emission wavelength due to defined shrinkage of the initial core size during the alloying process.
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POLCA-T Neutron Kinetics Model BenchmarkingKotchoubey, Jurij January 2015 (has links)
The demand for computational tools that are capable to reliably predict the behavior of a nuclear reactor core in a variety of static and dynamic conditions does inevitably require a proper qualification of these tools for the intended purposes. One of the qualification methods is the verification of the code in question. Hereby, the correct implementation of the applied model as well as its flawless implementation in the code are scrutinized. The present work concerns with benchmarking as a substantial part of the verification of the three-dimensional, multigroup neutron kinetics model employed in the transient code POLCA-T. The benchmarking is done by solving some specified and widely used space-time kinetics benchmark problems and comparing the results to those of other, established and well-proven spatial kinetics codes. It is shown that the obtained results are accurate and consistent with corresponding solutions of other codes. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is carried out with the objective to study the sensitivity of the POLCA-T neutronics to variations in different numerical options. It is demonstrated that the model is numerically stable and provide reproducible results for a wide range of various numerical settings. Thus, the model is shown to be rather insensitive to significant variations in input, for example. The other consequence of this analysis is that, depending on the treated transient, the computing costs can be reduced by, for instance, employing larger time-steps during the time-integration process or using a reduced number of iterations. Based on the outcome of this study, one can finally conclude that the POLCA-T neutron kinetics is modeled and implemented correctly and thus, the model is fully capable to perform the assigned tasks.
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Thermal Initiation of Energetic Materials Caused by Hot Fragments / Termisk initiering av energetiska material orsakad av heta fragmentGhebreamlak, Sirak January 2022 (has links)
The cause of unintentional initiations of energetic materials is an important area of study due to the risks that comes with storing energetic materials such as high explosives. The current models used to simulate the process of heating energetic materials by a hot metal fragment do not give reliable predictions. The objective of this thesis is to study the current models in order to get a better understanding of how to improve the accuracy of the simulations. The heat transfer in the fragment and energetic material is modeled using the heat equation and the reaction rates in the chemical decomposition of the energetic material are modeled using Arrhenius equations. This study shows the importance of accurately implementing the contact area and heat transfer coefficient between the fragment and the energetic material. The thermal conductivity has a significantly smaller affect on the initiation time compared to the heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, the dimensions of the fragment affect the resulting simulations greatly, while the dimensions of the energetic material only does so for sufficiently small dimensions. / Orsaken till oavsiktliga initieringar av energetiska material är ett viktigt studieområde på grund av riskerna som följer med att lagra energiskt material, så som sprängämnen. De nuvarande modellerna som används för att simulera uppvärmningsprocessen av energetiska material med ett hett metallfragment ger inte tillförlitliga förutsägelser. Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera de nuvarande modellerna för att få en bättre förståelse för hur man kan förbättra noggrannheten i simuleringarna. Värmeöverföringen i fragmentet och det energetiska materialet modelleras med hjälp av värmeledningsekvationen och reaktionshastigheterna i den kemiska nedbrytningen av det energetiska materialet modelleras med hjälp av Arrhenius-ekvationer. Denna studie visar vikten av att korrekt implementera kontaktytan och värmeöverföringskoefficient mellan fragmentet och det energetiska materialet. Den termiska konduktiviteten har en betydligt mindre effekt på initieringstiden jämfört med värmeöverförings- koefficienten. Vidare så påverkar fragmentets dimensioner de resulterande simuleringarna i hög grad, medan dimensionerna av det energetiska materialet gör så endast för tillräckligt små dimensioner.
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A thermochemical dynamic model of a Top Submerged Lance furnace: Experimental validation with focus on minor elements for the Circular EconomyVan Schalkwyk, Rudolph Francois 07 February 2024 (has links)
The trend towards a more circular economy presents a unique challenge for the pyrometallurgical engineer. Secondary feeds bring complexity to the smelter in the form of non-traditional chemistries and minor elements. Models of furnaces will play an important role in this paradigm. Models should be able to predict operations in dynamic systems that do not always operate at equilibrium.The development of a top submerged lance (TSL) model was the subject of this study because the TSL has proven to be capable of treating secondary materials.The furnace consists of a vertical cylindrical vessel, containing molten slag and bullion at the bottom. A lance enters through the roof and the tip is submerged in the slag, into which gas and fuel are blown. Secondary or primary feeds, fluxes and reductants can be fed to the furnace. The reactions and interplay between the liquid phases, gas and added reductants set the temperatures and partial oxygen pressures in the furnace.
The Connected Local Equilibria (CLE) method was followed to model the furnace. This approach offers the benefit that speciation can be modelled simultaneously for many elements from thermochemical databases. The methodology is to divide the furnace into several equilibrium volumes, based on expected material flows. With each time step, equilibrium in each volume is calculated by Gibbs free energy minimization. Material is then exchanged between volumes according to expected flows. To validate the method, small scale crucible experiments were carried out. Molten lead-containing ferric calcium silicate slags (PbO-FCS slag, also containing GeO2, TeO2 and SnO2 in concentrations ˂ 1 wt%) were reduced under controlled CO/CO2 atmospheres to produce lead bullion. The kinetics of the process were measured. Similar experiments were carried out with a copper-containing ferric calcium silicate system. The CLE method was applied to simulate the data, using HSC Sim software. The crucible was divided into four equilibrium volumes: slag-gas contact; slag; slag-hearth contact; hearth. The gas flowrate to the slag-gas contact was determined by following a rate-law in the form of chemical reaction control (e.g. Rg-s = kapp.pCO (mol O.cm-2.s-1)). By using a single fitting factor (kapp), the dynamic behaviour of lead and the minor elements (tin, tellurium, germanium) could be predicted. The same method was successfully used for the CuO-FCS system. The use of this method enhanced understanding of the experiments, by showing the component speciation during reduction. Full-scale TSL models were then developed using HSC Chemistry software and SimuSage software. In both cases the CLE method was applied. The flow patterns in the furnace were gleaned from
published computational fluid dynamics (CFD) work. The interface areas were not known, and assumptions thus needed to be made to model an industrial process for lead-oxide FCS slag reduction. It was shown that the model can provide useful insight into real-world problems. Two branches of modelling might develop from this work. In one, CFD work can quantify interface areas in the furnace, so that CLE models similar to the current work are possible. In the second, only bulk fluid movement might be used. In either case, this work validates the approach of using a thermochemical approach to model kinetics.:1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE METALLURGICAL CHALLENGE TO ACHIEVE A CIRCULAR ECONOMY
1.2 APPLICATION OF UNIT MODELS IN TECHNO-ECONOMIC, EXERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT ANALYSES
1.3 FOCUS OF THE CURRENT WORK
2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 LEAD METALLURGY (INCLUDING WEEE)
3.2 COPPER METALLURGY
3.3 EQUILIBRIUM BEHAVIOUR OF MINOR ELEMENTS IN LEAD AND COPPER METALLURGY
3.4 SLAG REDUCTION KINETICS
3.5 TSL FURNACE
3.6 MODELLING OF BATH-TYPE SMELTERS
3.6.3 CFD Modelling
4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
4.1 MASTER SLAG PREPARATION
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.3 REDUCTION EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE
4.4 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
4.5 ANALYTICAL METHOD
4.6 REACTION OF SLAGS WITH CRUCIBLE WALLS
5 EXPERIMENTAL ERROR EVALUATION
5.1 ERROR IN MASTER SLAG COMPOSITION MEASUREMENTS
5.2 REPEAT TESTS
5.3 EXPERIMENTAL ERROR
6 MODELLING OF KINETICS WITH HSC SIM
6.1 HSC CHEMISTRY DYNAMIC MODULE AND CONNECTED LOCAL EQUILIBRIA MODELLING
6.2 RESULTS FOR MODELLING LEAD EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH HSC CHEMISTRY
6.3 RESULTS FOR MODELLING COPPER EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH HSC CHEMISTRY
7 TSL MODEL IN HSC CHEMISTRY
7.1 FLUID FLOW IN TSL FOR CONNECTED LOCAL EQUILIBRIA MODELLING
7.2 TANKS AND OPERATIONS IN HSC SIM MODEL
7.3 EXAMPLE OF HSC SIM CLE MODEL APPLICATION
8 TSL MODEL ON SIMUSAGE PLATFORM
8.1 METHOD FOR SIMUSAGE MODEL
8.2 SPECIES SELECTION IN SIMUSAGE MODEL
8.3 EXAMPLE OF SIMUSAGE CLE MODEL APPLICATION
9 COMPARISON OF HSC SIM AND SIMUSAGE RESULTS
10 CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MODEL METHODOLOGY
10.1 MEASUREMENT OF BULK VOLUME COMPOSITIONS
10.2 HEAT TRANSFER IN HSC SIM AND SIMUSAGE MODELS
10.3 USING BULK FLUID FLOWS VS INTERFACE APPROACH
11 CONCLUSIONS
11.1 MOTIVATION
11.2 LABORATORY KINETIC MEASUREMENTS AND MODELLING WITH CLE METHOD
11.3 TSL MODELLING WITH HSC SIM AND SIMUSAGE
12 REFERENCES
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Origin of Morphology Change and Effect of Crystallization Time and Si/Al Ratio during Synthesis of Zeolite ZSM-5Jonscher, Clemens, Seifert, Markus, Kretzchmar, Nils, Marschall, Mathias S., Le Anh, Mai, Doert, Thomas, Busse, Oliver, Weigand, Jan J. 06 June 2024 (has links)
Hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-5 is an often applied but incompletely understood procedure. In comparison to current research efforts that aim to produce complex micro-mesoporous catalysts for the conversion of biogenic and bulky hydrocarbons, this work focuses on the dependency between Si/Al ratio and zeolite morphology of microporous ZSM-5 to understand and to control the synthesis process. In two series of time dependent crystallization, kinetics were analyzed at Si/Al ratio 20 and 100 to optimize the crystallization time. Subsequently, zeolites with different Si/Al ratio were obtained and characterized. The results show a transition from a slow dissolutionrecrystallization process to a fast solid-state-transformation with increasing Si/Al ratio. This is followed by a switching morphology from clusters of small agglomerates to bigger spherical particles. Respective acid site density and zeolite morphology determine local residence time, hydride transfer behavior and finally selectivity towards aromatics and higher hydrocarbons during methanol conversion. This background should provide control of even more complex syntheses of porous catalysts.
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Evaluation of psychrotrophic anaerobic digestion of food waste / Utvärdering av psykrotrofisk anaerob nedbrytning av matavfallBuenos, Albert January 2024 (has links)
Anaerob nedbrytning vid låg temperatur är ett energieffektivt system, men få studier har fastställt kinetiken för anaerob nedbrytning av matavfall vid dessa temperaturer. I denna studie bestämdes kinetiken för en anaerob rötkammare för matavfall med mesofil inokulum vid 20°C. Effekten av acklimatiseringstiden avslöjades. Därefter användes biokol och spårämnen för att utvärdera deras inverkan vid 20°C. Det visade sig att tillsats av spårämnen ökade kinetiken upp till 114% av kontrollreaktorn. Denna studie visade att olika biokol har varierande effekt på kinetiken (här negativ och neutral effekt). De kinetiska värdena utvärderades med en första ordningens modell och användes för att uppskatta en virtuell fabrik. Med ett inflöde på 27 000 ton bioavfall/år och 80 % av den maximala metanpotentialen ansågs en psykrofil i ett steg vara orealistiskt (hydraulisk retentionstid (HRT): 9,6 månader med den experimentella kinetiken). Lovande resultat kan dock uppnås med en lämplig kombination av utetemperatur och substrattemperatur. / Low temperature anaerobic digestion is an energy efficient system, however few studies have determined the kinetics of the anaerobic digestion of food waste at those temperatures. This study determined the kinetics of a food waste anaerobic digestor with mesophilic inoculum at 20°C. The impact of acclimatation time was revealed. Then biochar and trace elements were employed to evaluate their impact at 20°C. It was shown that addition of the trace elements boosted the kinetic up to 114% of the control reactor. This study proved that different biochars have variable effect on the kinetics (here negative and neutral effect). The kinetic values were evaluated with a first order model and used to estimate a virtual factory. With 27 000 tons of biowaste /year influx and 80% expression of the maximum methane potential, a single stage psychrophilic was deemed unrealizable (Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): 9.6 month with the experimental kinetics). However, promising results can be obtained with an adequate exterior temperature & substrate temperature couple.
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Die Chemilumineszenz - Ihre Anwendung in der Konservierungsforschung bei der Untersuchung der Stabilität eines Triterpen-NaturharzesBuder, Andreas 15 March 2024 (has links)
In der Konservierungsforschung werden unterschiedlichste Materialien analysiert und auf ihre Stabilität hin geprüft, um gezielte Konservierungs- oder Restaurierungsmassnahmen durchzuführen und deren Nachhaltigkeit besser einschätzen zu können.
Die Chemilumineszenz - im Folgenden kurz CL - ist ein Phänomen, bei dem ein Elektron aus einem energetisch höher gelegenen Orbital in einen tiefer liegenden Zustand relaxiert und dabei seine Energie in Form von Photonen abgibt. Der angeregte Zustand wird durch eine chemische Reaktion verursacht.
Dieser Vorgang ist sehr spezifisch und tritt u.a. bei Oxidationsreaktionen auf. Durch Rekombination zweier Peroxide wird z.B. eine angeregte Carbonylverbindung erzeugt, die ihre Energie als Licht emittiert.
Dieser Zusammenhang zwischen der Oxidation organischer Substanzen und die Emission von Photonen bedingt die hier zentral gestellte Frage, ob die Chemilumineszenz als Methode zur Charakterisierung von Materialien, die in der Konservierungsforschung relevant sind, eingesetzt werden kann.
Innerhalb einer Forschungskooperation zwischen Departementen der Berner Fachhochschule BFH konnte ein Chemilumineszenz-Messgerät konstruiert, modifiziert und für diese Arbeit eingesetzt werden.
In der Arbeit wurde ein standardisiertes Messverfahren an verschiedenen Substanzen, wie z.B. Adamantylidenadamantan-1.2-dioxetan geprüft und die verschiedenen Einflüsse auf das Chemilumineszenz-Signal untersucht. Dabei konnten für das Messprinzip wichtige Daten, wie z.B. Präzision, Nachweis- und Bestimmungsgrenze erhoben werden.
Anhand der Stabilität von Dammar, einem Triterpen-Naturharz, konnte das Verfahren innerhalb der Arbeit, an einem komplexen Beispiel aus der Konservierungsforschung experimentell erprobt werden. Dabei wurden publizierte Resultate zum Oxidationsverhalten von Dammarharz teilweise verifiziert. Durch das spezifische Signal konnten die thermisch initiierten Reaktionen bei inerten und oxidativen Gas-Atmosphären dokumentiert werden. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit etablierten Methoden, wie z.B. DSC, TGA und ESR- Spektroskopie verglichen und Konsistenzen zu den Signalen erfasst.
Der in der Literatur diskutierte Einfluss von Stabilisatoren auf Dammarharz-Filme wurde an ungealterten und künstlich gealterten Proben mit der Chemilumineszenz untersucht. Dabei konnten ebenfalls in der Literatur empfohlene Formulierungen und Wirkungen bestimmter synergetischer Mischungen nachgewiesen und bestätigt werden.
Aus den ermittelten Daten der CL-Messungen liessen sich in einem Ausblick kinetische Berechnungen zu Aktivierungsparametern erstellen. Die ermittelten Parameter wurden zur Prognose von Reaktionsverläufen bei unterschiedlich simulierten Temperaturprofilen genutzt und machten eine Vorhersage zur Lebensdauer der Materialien möglich.
Neben der hohen Leistungsfähigkeit der Methode zeigte sich v.a. das hohe Potential der ermittelten Messdaten, v.a. in Bezug auf die Anwendung in der Modellfreien Kinetik.
Neben diesen Möglichkeiten wurden aber auch die Grenzen der Methode aufgezeigt. Diese sind einerseits durch die Besonderheit des Signals gegeben, welches mechanistisch bis heute noch nicht vollständig aufgeklärt ist, andererseits liegen sie bei der Weiterverarbeitung der Messdaten durch thermokinetische Software. Hier wird deutlich, dass die Qualität der Berechnungen zu Reaktionsverläufen nur so gut ist, wie die zuvor erhobenen Daten und, dass erstellte Prognosen zur Stabilität eines Materials lediglich eine Vorstellung vermitteln können. / During conservation studies different materials are analysed and tested for their solidity in order to be able to carry out precise conservation and restoration measures and to be able to assess their sustainability.
Chemiluminescence is a phenomenon in which an electron is relaxed from an energetically higher orbital into a lower situated condition while simultaneously releasing energy in the shape of photons. As a consequence the stimulated state is caused by a chemical reaction. This process is very specific and occurs during an oxidation reaction among other things. Through the recombination of two peroxides for example a stimulated carbonyl compound is generated which emits its energy as light.
This connection between the oxidation of organic substances and the emission of photons determines the main question, whether chemiluminescence can be used as a method for characterisation of materials which are relevant to the research of conservation.
As a result of a research project between departments of the Bern University of Applied Sciences BFH it was possible to construct a chemiluminescence measuring device and modify it in a way that it could be used for this work.
Within this experiment a standardised method of measurement was tested on different substances, for example adamantylidenadamantan-1.2-dioxetan, and the different impacts on the chemiluminescence-signal investigated. Through this process important facts were determined for the concept of measurement, for example precision, proof- and definition perimeters.
Based on the solidity of dammar, a triterpene resin, the method could be experimentally verified within the test using a complex example from conservation research. Within that process published results about the oxidation properties of dammar resin were verified. Due to the specific signal, the thermally initiated responses in inert as well as oxidative gas atmospheres could be documented. The results were compared with established methods like DSC, TGA and ESR spectroscopy and the consistencies to the signals logged.
The already much discussed influence of stabilisers on dammar resin was tested on nonaged and artificially aged specimens using chemiluminescence. Through these previously suggested formulations, effects of certain synergistic composites were detected and confirmed.
Using the data from the chemiluminescence measurements kinetic calculations about activation parameters were compiled. The identified parameters were used for the prognosis of the course of reactions during differently simulated temperature profiles, making a prediction of the materials’ life span possible.
Through these results not only the high performance ability of the method became apparent but also the potential of the determined measurement data, mainly in connection with the application within the model-free kinetic.
However, alongside these possibilities limitations of the method were revealed. These are partly caused by the characteristics of the signal which has yet to be mechanistically fully clarified. Simultaneously, further processing of the measurement data via thermokinetic software makes clear that the quality of the calculations of the reaction process is only as good as the quality of the initial data. This suggests the prognoses about the stability of the material only conveys a concept of their qualities.
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