Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) have evolved under unique evolutionary pressures and uniquely occupy a nocturnal, ground-dwelling niche. They share few traits with other birds: they have small eyes, an elongated bill, and several features more characteristic of mammals. Early anatomical studies described a number of unique features in the kiwi brain, but their relevance to the behaviour and ecology of the species was not clearly established. This study aims to describe the structure of the primary cranial sensory systems of kiwi and comment on the evolutionary pressures that may have shaped their current form. The external morphology and relatively large size of the brain of kiwi, in particular those of the telencephalon, contrast with those of other Palaeognaths. The relative size of the cerebral hemispheres is rivalled only by a handful of parrots and songbirds. This enlargement results from a differential enlargement of the nidopallium, mesopallium and, to a lesser extent, of the basal ganglia. In other birds these regions are associated with the integration of information, cognition and learning. Kiwi brain centres processing visual information were small, although the retina structure showed an adaptation to dim light. The olfactory and trigeminal systems associated with the bill were hypertrophied. The auditory system shows specialisations associated with an overrepresentation of high frequency coding areas that originates in the cochlea and is preserved throughout the auditory brainstem. In absolute terms, the upper frequency response limit, based on hair cell morphology, is estimated to be about 5 kHz, the lower limit to be about 500 Hz, with a slightly higher frequency range predicted from the morphology of central auditory structures. The organisation of both nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus laminaris (NL) in kiwi suggest that the central auditory system has retained the ancestral organisation except for the morphological features associated with the overrepresentation of high frequencies. Overall, the brain and sensory structures of kiwi have evolved neural adaptations that accompany the very different behavioural strategies associated with the unique niche the birds occupy. A large telencephalic size and shift away from vision towards an increased reliance on olfactory, tactile and auditory cues constitute a collection of features that make kiwi unique among birds. These findings provide a unique glimpse of the evolutionary history that has led to this unusual design, in particular, and challenge many of our current views about the evolution of brains and encephalisation, in general.

Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) have evolved under unique evolutionary pressures and uniquely occupy a nocturnal, ground-dwelling niche. They share few traits with other birds: they have small eyes, an elongated bill, and several features more characteristic of mammals. Early anatomical studies described a number of unique features in the kiwi brain, but their relevance to the behaviour and ecology of the species was not clearly established. This study aims to describe the structure of the primary cranial sensory systems of kiwi and comment on the evolutionary pressures that may have shaped their current form. The external morphology and relatively large size of the brain of kiwi, in particular those of the telencephalon, contrast with those of other Palaeognaths. The relative size of the cerebral hemispheres is rivalled only by a handful of parrots and songbirds. This enlargement results from a differential enlargement of the nidopallium, mesopallium and, to a lesser extent, of the basal ganglia. In other birds these regions are associated with the integration of information, cognition and learning. Kiwi brain centres processing visual information were small, although the retina structure showed an adaptation to dim light. The olfactory and trigeminal systems associated with the bill were hypertrophied. The auditory system shows specialisations associated with an overrepresentation of high frequency coding areas that originates in the cochlea and is preserved throughout the auditory brainstem. In absolute terms, the upper frequency response limit, based on hair cell morphology, is estimated to be about 5 kHz, the lower limit to be about 500 Hz, with a slightly higher frequency range predicted from the morphology of central auditory structures. The organisation of both nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus laminaris (NL) in kiwi suggest that the central auditory system has retained the ancestral organisation except for the morphological features associated with the overrepresentation of high frequencies. Overall, the brain and sensory structures of kiwi have evolved neural adaptations that accompany the very different behavioural strategies associated with the unique niche the birds occupy. A large telencephalic size and shift away from vision towards an increased reliance on olfactory, tactile and auditory cues constitute a collection of features that make kiwi unique among birds. These findings provide a unique glimpse of the evolutionary history that has led to this unusual design, in particular, and challenge many of our current views about the evolution of brains and encephalisation, in general.

Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) have evolved under unique evolutionary pressures and uniquely occupy a nocturnal, ground-dwelling niche. They share few traits with other birds: they have small eyes, an elongated bill, and several features more characteristic of mammals. Early anatomical studies described a number of unique features in the kiwi brain, but their relevance to the behaviour and ecology of the species was not clearly established. This study aims to describe the structure of the primary cranial sensory systems of kiwi and comment on the evolutionary pressures that may have shaped their current form. The external morphology and relatively large size of the brain of kiwi, in particular those of the telencephalon, contrast with those of other Palaeognaths. The relative size of the cerebral hemispheres is rivalled only by a handful of parrots and songbirds. This enlargement results from a differential enlargement of the nidopallium, mesopallium and, to a lesser extent, of the basal ganglia. In other birds these regions are associated with the integration of information, cognition and learning. Kiwi brain centres processing visual information were small, although the retina structure showed an adaptation to dim light. The olfactory and trigeminal systems associated with the bill were hypertrophied. The auditory system shows specialisations associated with an overrepresentation of high frequency coding areas that originates in the cochlea and is preserved throughout the auditory brainstem. In absolute terms, the upper frequency response limit, based on hair cell morphology, is estimated to be about 5 kHz, the lower limit to be about 500 Hz, with a slightly higher frequency range predicted from the morphology of central auditory structures. The organisation of both nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus laminaris (NL) in kiwi suggest that the central auditory system has retained the ancestral organisation except for the morphological features associated with the overrepresentation of high frequencies. Overall, the brain and sensory structures of kiwi have evolved neural adaptations that accompany the very different behavioural strategies associated with the unique niche the birds occupy. A large telencephalic size and shift away from vision towards an increased reliance on olfactory, tactile and auditory cues constitute a collection of features that make kiwi unique among birds. These findings provide a unique glimpse of the evolutionary history that has led to this unusual design, in particular, and challenge many of our current views about the evolution of brains and encephalisation, in general.

Kiwi (Apteryx spp.) have evolved under unique evolutionary pressures and uniquely occupy a nocturnal, ground-dwelling niche. They share few traits with other birds: they have small eyes, an elongated bill, and several features more characteristic of mammals. Early anatomical studies described a number of unique features in the kiwi brain, but their relevance to the behaviour and ecology of the species was not clearly established. This study aims to describe the structure of the primary cranial sensory systems of kiwi and comment on the evolutionary pressures that may have shaped their current form. The external morphology and relatively large size of the brain of kiwi, in particular those of the telencephalon, contrast with those of other Palaeognaths. The relative size of the cerebral hemispheres is rivalled only by a handful of parrots and songbirds. This enlargement results from a differential enlargement of the nidopallium, mesopallium and, to a lesser extent, of the basal ganglia. In other birds these regions are associated with the integration of information, cognition and learning. Kiwi brain centres processing visual information were small, although the retina structure showed an adaptation to dim light. The olfactory and trigeminal systems associated with the bill were hypertrophied. The auditory system shows specialisations associated with an overrepresentation of high frequency coding areas that originates in the cochlea and is preserved throughout the auditory brainstem. In absolute terms, the upper frequency response limit, based on hair cell morphology, is estimated to be about 5 kHz, the lower limit to be about 500 Hz, with a slightly higher frequency range predicted from the morphology of central auditory structures. The organisation of both nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus laminaris (NL) in kiwi suggest that the central auditory system has retained the ancestral organisation except for the morphological features associated with the overrepresentation of high frequencies. Overall, the brain and sensory structures of kiwi have evolved neural adaptations that accompany the very different behavioural strategies associated with the unique niche the birds occupy. A large telencephalic size and shift away from vision towards an increased reliance on olfactory, tactile and auditory cues constitute a collection of features that make kiwi unique among birds. These findings provide a unique glimpse of the evolutionary history that has led to this unusual design, in particular, and challenge many of our current views about the evolution of brains and encephalisation, in general.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Agroindustria / Una de las mayores dificultades que debe afrontar la exportación del kiwi chileno es el ablandamiento precoz de los frutos, el cual ocasiona una reducción en la demanda y en los precios de venta. Esta situación es agravada por las mejores condiciones que presentan los kiwis producidos en Nueva Zelanda, especialmente por sus cualidades organolépticas, y por la mantención de la firmeza durante su comercialización, obteniendo así mejores precios.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Fruticultura / La investigación se basó en evaluar mediante ensayos el nivel de susceptibilidad al ablandamiento en almacenamiento refrigerado de frutos de kiwi provenientes de plantas con distinto vigor y el de frutos de distinto tamaño. Los ensayos se realizaron durante la temporada 2003-2004 en seis huertos de kiwi variedad ‘Hayward’, dos de ellos ubicados en Quinta de Tilcoco, VI Región, uno en Teno, VII Región y los tres restantes en diversas localidades de Curicó, VII Región.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero en Alimentos / El kiwi es un fruto consumido en todo el mundo, donde Chile es uno de sus y principalmente, productores-exportadores. En los últimos años los frutos de kiwi han enfrentado un escenario comercial complicado. El principal problema que afecta la exportación de kiwi chileno hacia mercados exigentes como Europa y Estados Unidos, está relacionado con la pérdida de firmeza de estos frutos almacenados en cámaras de frío o durante su transporte, provocando una reducción en la calidad comercial del kiwi chileno, produciendo una gran desventaja al competir en el mercado con la producción de kiwis de Nueva Zelanda. Debido a esta situación, la finalidad de este trabajo, fue realizar la caracterización de frutos de kiwi variedad Hayward, mediante análisis fisicoquímicos, considerando tiempos de almacenamiento en frío (0°C), a 0, 60 y 120 días, de esta forma se lograron realizar tres salidas de frío de los frutos (salida 1= 0 días, salida 2= 60 días y salida 3=120 días). Durante el desarrollo del trabajo se efectuaron diferentes análisis en frutos de kiwi en etapa de postcosecha, realizando mediciones de parámetros como: concentración de sólidos solubles, materia seca, acidez titulable, porosidad, densidad, color externo e interno, firmeza en las tres zonas diferenciadas del fruto (columela, semilla, pulpa) respiración, etileno, deshidratación y evaluación sensorial. Entre las tres salidas de frío realizadas se encontraron diferencias significativas en cada uno de los parámetros evaluados. Los cambios más destacados en el tiempo, fueron los sólidos solubles que aumentaron de 7,2° a 13,3 ° Brix, cambio que estuvo acompañado con una disminución de acidez, una importante pérdida de firmeza y de peso, y un alza en la concentración de etileno. Los cambios de firmeza en el tiempo, fueron analizados mediante el modelo matemático de Normalización y Linealización de Peleg, debido al comportamiento viscoelástico de este fruto, confirmando a nivel reológico, que las tres zonas diferenciadas de los frutos de kiwi, se comportan distintamente entre si, en un mismo fruto, al aplicar un mismo esfuerzo de compresión. Los frutos de kiwi sufren diferentes cambios en todos los parámetros de madurez estudiados, durante el almacenamiento en frío, los que son acompañados por una pérdida de firmeza drástica, permitiendo que luego de cuatro meses de almacenamiento, este fruto pierda gran parte de sus características típicas, y por tanto su calidad comercial. / The kiwi fruit is consumed throughout the world, being Chile one of his foremost producers and exporters. In recent years the fruits of kiwi have faced a difficult business scenario. The main problem affecting the export of Chilean kiwifruit to demanding markets such as Europe and the United States is related to the loss of firmness of the fruits in cold storage or during transport, causing a reduction in the commercial quality of Chilean kiwifruit producing a great disadvantage when competing in the market with the production of kiwifruit in New Zealand. For this situation, the purpose of this paper is to perform the characterization of Hayward kiwi fruits across physicochemical analysis, considering the time of cold storage (0°C) at 0, 60 and 120 days, achieving to make three cold outputs fruit (output 1 = 0 days, output 2 = 60 days and output 3 = 120 days). During the development of this study different analyses were performed in kiwifruit at post-harvest stage, making measurements of parameters such as: soluble solids, dry matter, titratable acidity, porosity, density, internal and external color, firmness in three distinct areas the fruit (columela, seed, pulp) respiration, ethylene, dehydration and sensory evaluation. Among the three outputs of cold be found significant differences in each of the parameters evaluated. The most notable changes over time, were soluble solids which increased from 7,2 ° to 13,3 ° Brix, change that was accompanied with a decrease in acidity, a significant loss of strength and weight, and an increase in the ethylene concentration. The changes in firmness in time were analyzed using the Peleg's mathematical model of Normalization and Linearization, due to the viscoelastic behavior of this fruit, confirming rheological level; the three distinct zones of kiwi fruit behave differently, in the same fruit, with applying the same compressive stress. The kiwifruits have different changes in all parameters studied maturity, during cold storage, which are accompanied by a drastic loss of firmness, allowing that after four months of storage, the fruit loses much of its typical characteristics, and therefore its commercial quality.

No description available.

Thesis (MAppSc -- Environmental Studies) -- AUT University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references. Also held in print (138 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. + 1 CD-Rom (4 3/4 in.)) in the Archive at the City Campus (T 598.5409931 FOR)

Thesis (M.I.N.C.) -- Lincoln University, 2008. / Also available via the World Wide Web.