Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma / Durante la temporada 2013/14, se realizó una investigación en el huerto Santa Marta, ubicado en la Comuna de Quinta de Tilcoco, Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de las aplicaciones de ácido naftalén acético (NAA) y cianamida hidrogenada 2,5% (CH), durante el período de botón lateral despegado y receso, respectivamente, sobre la disminución de frutos laterales y frutos dobles en kiwis 'Hayward' y 'Summer Kiwi'. Se realizó un ensayo independiente para cada variedad, los cuales fueron analizados mediante modelos lineales mixtos. En 'Summer Kiwi' se analizaron 9 tratamientos, producto de la combinación de 2 épocas de aplicación de CH 2,5%: 25 y 35 días antes de brotación y 3 concentraciones de NAA: 0; 100 y 150 mg∙L-1, más un testigo sin aplicación de CH para cada concentración de NAA; cada tratamiento fue aplicado a 5 plantas que presentaron tamaño y crecimiento uniforme. En 'Hayward' se analizaron 3 tratamientos, según épocas de aplicación de CH 2,5%: 25 y 35 días antes de brotación más un tratamiento testigo sin aplicación; cada tratamiento fue aplicado a 15 plantas con vigor uniforme. En ambos ensayos, 10 días después de la aplicación de NAA se evaluó el número de botones florales laterales y deformes por cargador; a cosecha se evaluó producción por planta, número de frutos por planta, calibre de la fruta, firmeza, sólidos solubles y materia seca. La aplicación de CH no tiene efecto en la disminución de flores dobles en ambos ensayos; sólo en 'Hayward' disminuyó el porcentaje de flores laterales respecto del testigo. La aplicación de NAA aumentó el porcentaje de flores dobles en 'Summer kiwi'. No existió interacción entre los factores concentración de NAA y época de aplicación de CH, sobre el porcentaje de flores laterales y dobles. / During the season 2013/2014, a reseach was done in Santa Marta orchard, located at Quinta de Tilcoco, Libertador General Bernardo O´Higgins Region, Chile. The objective was to determine the effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and hydrogen cyanamide 2,5% (Dormex) sprayed at open cluster and dormancy stage, respectively, for reducing lateral and double fruits in 'Hayward' and 'Summer Kiwi' kiwifruit vines. A separate trial was conducted for each variety. Data was analyzed by Lineal Mixed Models. In 'Summer Kiwi' 9 treatments were established, combining CH sprayed at different dates, 25 and 35 days before budbreak, and no CH spray and 3 different NAA concentration, 0; 100 and 150 ppm; each treatment was sprayed to 5 vines with similar vigour and growth. 'Hayward' received 3 treatments corresponding to CH sprayed at different dates and a control without CH; each treatment was sprayed to 15 vines with similar vigour and growth. Ten days after NAA spray the number of main, lateral and misshapen flowers were determined; at harvest, tree yield, total fruits for plant, fruit size, fruit firmness, soluble solid content and dry matter were also determined. CH sprayed at 25 and 35 days before bloom does not decrease misshapen flowers, however decreased lateral flowers in 'Hayward'. In 'Summer kiwi' NAA increases misshapen flowers. There was not interaction between NAA and CH.

Vocalisations of the endangered Brown Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) are currently used in a nationwide monitoring program to assess the health of a number of small remnant populations. Only an estimate of population health can be obtained from these surveys. This has to form the basis for a number of critical management decisions. The ability to identify kiwi individually during monitoring would greatly improve the accuracy and quality of information obtained and provide a wider base of knowledge when management decisions are made. This study produces a detailed description of the male and female kiwi call, including duetting and seasonal variations. It then explores whether kiwi demonstrate individually distinctive vocalisations, which could be used in conservation management of kiwi.Calls from seven male and four female kiwi were recorded from Rarewarewa, Whangarei between the 5th of May 2003 to the 31st of April 2004. Two call variables (call duration, number of syllables), two temporal syllable variables (syllable duration, syllable gap duration) and five syllable spectral variables (frequency with the most amplitude, high frequency, low frequency, start frequency, end frequency) were measured from 48 male and 14 female calls. Variables from each call were used to describe and classify calls using one way repeated measures ANOVAs and Discriminant Function Analysis. Males contained on average 24 syllables and females containing on average 22 syllables, with calls from both sexes lasting on average 28 seconds. Male and female kiwi calls differed in multiple spectral, temporal and structural features. Dueting rates and behaviour differed between pairs. Some pairs almost always called in duets, whereas others never dueted. Dueting behaviour also changed seasonally with fewer duets occurring in the non-breeding season and with females initiating more duets in the breeding season. Call structure did not differ between the breeding and non-breeding season. Although the sample size was not sufficient to test for this.Statistically significant differences occurred among nearly all variables between individual male and female kiwi calls, despite statistically significant difference occurring between syllables within calls. Frequency variables were the most important variables in discriminating between individuals, but multiple spectral and temporal variables were needed to separate all individuals. Discriminant Function Analysis was able to correctly classify 87.5% of male and 85.7% of female calls correctly when using the means of the seven syllable variables and the two call variables and 68.2% of male and 66.8% when using the values from each syllable. The latter was improved to 85.9% of male calls correctly classified when only 3 syllables from the middle of the calls were used in DFA, reflecting the variation found at the beginning and end of calls.Brown kiwi show strong signs of individually distinctive vocalisations, which remained consistent over a one year period. The conservation implications of individually distinctive vocalisations and how this feature could be incorporated into the current monitoring of kiwi are discussed.

No Brasil, a propagação do kiwizeiro (Actinidia sp) é realizada através da enxertia, com porta-enxertos provenientes de sementes, que pode resultar na perda das características agronômicas de interesse, além de plantas morfofiosiologicamente desuniformes no pomar. Uma possibilidade, tanto para obtenção da variedade copa, como de porta-enxerto clonal, é a estaquia. O presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar a época do ano mais favorável para realizar a estaquia, o potencial de enraizamento de diferentes genótipos de kiwizeiro, bem como determinar a concentração exógena de AIB mais eficiente neste processo. No primeiro estudo, foram realizadas coletas de material propagativo nos meses de maio, agosto e dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017 da cultivar ‘Bruno’ (Actinidia deliciosa). As estacas foram elaboradas deixando-se duas gemas e metade da área de uma folha madura, as quais foram submetidas, na sua base, ao tratamento com AIB, nas concentrações de zero, 1.000, 2.000 e 4.000 mg L-1. Após 90 dias em ambiente protegido com sistema de nebulização intermitente, avaliou-se a percentagem de estacas enraizadas; percentagem de estacas mortas; percentagem de estacas brotadas; percentagem de estacas com retenção foliar; comprimento médio das três maiores raízes e número de raízes por estaca. Os tratamentos com AIB influenciam a percentagem de enraizamento das estacas de kiwizeiro ‘Bruno’ coletadas no mês de março com 36,07% de enraizamento na concentração de 2.320 mg L-1, e em dezembro, com uma resposta linear, obtendo-se 57,59% de enraizamento na concentração de 4.000 mg L-1 de AIB. No segundo estudo, durante a primavera, foi coletado material propagativo das cultivares ‘Bruno’, ‘Elmwood’ e ‘Matua’ (A. deliciosa) e ‘MG06’(A. chinensis), cujas estacas foram submetidas ao tratamento com zero, 1.000, 2.000, 4.000, 6.000 e 8.000 mg L-1 de AIB. Avaliou-se a percentagem de estacas enraizadas; percentagem de estacas com calos; percentagem de estacas com retenção foliar; comprimento das três maiores raízes; número e massa da matéria seca de raízes. Estacas herbáceas da cultivar ‘MG06’ e ‘Bruno’ foram as que apresentaram maior percentagem de enraizamento e, as da cultivar ‘Matua’, o menor. Em relação às concentrações de AIB, para as diferentes cultivares, observou-se saturação da resposta na dose de 4.640 mg L-1, em que se pode obter 48,9% de enraizamento. / In Brazil, the kiwifruit (Actinidia sp) propagation is usually done through grafting onto rootstocks obtained from seeds, it can results in the loss of desirable agronomic characteristics, as well as morphophysiologically uneven plants in the orchard. One possibility, both to obtain the scion variety and the clonal rootstock, is by cutting. The present study aims to identify the most favorable time of the year for cutting, the rooting potential of different genotypes of kiwifruit, as well as to determine the exogenous concentration of IBA (indolbutyric acid) most efficient in this process. In the first experiment, propagation material of cultivar ‘Bruno’ (Actinidia deliciosa) was collected in May, Augost and December/2016 and March 2017. The cuttings were prepared by leaving two buds, keeping half of a leaf in the upper bud. A hydroalcoholic IBA solution at concentrations 0, 1.000, 2.000 and 4.000 mg L-1 was applied at the base of the cuttings by dipping for seven seconds. The percentage of rooted cuttings; percentage of dead cuttings; percentage of sprouted cuttings; percentage of cuttings with leaf retention; medium-length of the three largest roots and number of roots by cuttings, were evaluated 90 days later. Spring was the season where the best response to rooting was observed, while summer was the worst. The IBA treatments positively influenced the rooting percentage in the March, with 36.07% of rooted cuttings at the dose of 2.320 mg L-1, and in the December, obtained a linear response, with 57.59% rooting at the 4.000 mg L-1 concentration of AIB. In the second experiment, propagating material of the cultivars 'Bruno', 'Elmwood' and 'Matua' (A. deliciosa), 'MG06' (A. chinensis) were harvested in December/2016, were submitted to treatment with zero, 1.000, 2.000, 4.000, 6.000 and 8.000 mg. L-1 of IBA. Parameters of percentage of rooted cuttings; percentage of cuttings with calluses; percentage of cuttings with foliar retention; length of the three largest roots; number and mass of root dry matter were recorded. Herbaceous cuttings of the 'MG06' and ‘Bruno’ cultivar showed the highest percentage of rooting and the 'Matua' cultivar, the lowest. In relation to the IBA concentrations, for the different cultivars, saturation of the response was observed at the dose of 4.640 mg L-1, where 48.94% of rooting was recorded.

O kiwizeiro pertence ao gênero Actinidia e família Actinidiaceae. Todas as espécies deste gênero são trepadeiras perenes que se comportam de forma desordenada quando não manejadas e caracterizam-se por crescimento extremamente vigoroso. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento vegetativo e produtivo de kiwizeiros das cultivares ‘Elmwood’ (Actinidia deliciosa) e ‘MG06’ (Actinidia chinensis), enxertados sobre plantas oriundas de sementes de frutos da cultivar ‘Bruno’ (Actinidia deliciosa), conduzidos em sistema latada e submetidos a diferentes intensidades de poda de inverno, além de testar a possibilidade de utilização da técnica de ‘tip squeezing’ (“compressão do meristema apical” - CMA) para redução do vigor e do crescimento de parte aérea de kiwizeiros ‘MG06’, na região da Serra Gaúcha, RS, Brasil. O primeiro estudo foi realizado de junho de 2016 a abril de 2017 com a cultivar ‘Elmwood’. Nesse, três tratamentos com nove repetições foram utilizados no delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram na manutenção de diferentes níveis de cargas de gemas em cada vara: 10, 15 e 20 gemas vara-1. Avaliou-se o índice de fertilidade das gemas; o número, percentual e posição de gemas não brotadas, brotações vegetativas e brotações mistas; área, massa seca e área específica das folhas; diâmetro e comprimento de ramos; rendimento e número de frutos; e diâmetros transversal e longitudinal, massa fresca, firmeza, teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), pH, acidez total titulável (ATT) e relação SS/ATT de frutos. O segundo estudo foi realizado entre julho e dezembro de 2017 com a cultivar ‘MG06’, testando-se diferentes cargas de gemas em cada vara: 10, 15 e 20 gemas vara-1, com e sem a utilização da CMA, representando 6 diferentes tratamentos. Cada tratamento era composto de nove repetições (cada repetição correspondia a uma planta) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Avaliou-se o índice de fertilidade das gemas; o número, percentual e posição de gemas não brotadas, brotações vegetativas e brotações mistas; área e massa seca das folhas; diâmetro e comprimento de ramos e de entrenós; diâmetros transversal e longitudinal, massa fresca, firmeza, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável e relação SS/ATT de frutos. A poda com diferentes cargas de gemas não influencia o índice de fertilidade real das gemas de kiwizeiros ‘Elmwood’ e ‘MG06’ em um mesmo ciclo, porém afeta o tamanho das folhas e dos ramos. A poda de kiwizeiros ‘Elmwood’ mantendo varas com 10 gemas favorece o aumento da massa de fruto e não reduz produtividade. A CMA reduz o vigor das brotações de kiwizeiros ‘MG06’ sem influir na qualidade dos frutos. / The kiwifruit belongs to Actinidia Genus and Actinidiaceae Family. All species from this kind are perennial bindweeds which behave in desordered way when not managed and are characterized by extremely vigourous growth. The objective of this work is to evaluate vegetative and productive behavior of kiwifruit trees from ‘Elmwood’ (Actinidia deliciosa) and ‘MG06’ (Actinidia chinensis) cultivars, grafted over plants originating from seeds of fruits of the ‘Bruno’ cultivar (Actinidia deliciosa), conduced in trellis system and submitted to different intensities of winter pruning, besides testing the possibility of usage of ‘tip squeezing’ technique for vigor and growth reduction of the vegetative part of ‘MG06’ kiwifruit trees, in Serra Gaucha region, RS, Brazil. The first study has been made from june of 2016 to april of 2017 with ‘Elmwood’ cultivar. In this one, three treatments with nine repetitions (each repetition corresponded to a plant) were used in the completely randomized design. The treatments consisted in maintenance of different bud loading levels in each cane: 10, 15 and 20 buds cane-1. It was evaluated the index of fertility of the buds; the number, percentage and position of not sprouted buds, vegetative buds and mixed buds; area, dry mass and specific area of the leaves; diameter and length of the branches; productivity and number of fruits; and transversal and longitudinal diameters, dry mass, firmness, soluble solids content (SS), pH, titratable total acidity, (TTA) and relation SS/TTA of the fruits. The second study has been made between july and december of 2017 with ‘MG06’ cultivar, being tested different loads of buds in each cane: 10, 15 and 20 buds cane-1, with and without the usage of the “squeezing”, representing 6 different treatments. Each treatment was compound of nine repetitions in completely randomized design. It was evaluated the index of fertility of the buds; number, percentage and position of the not sprouted buds, vegetative buds and mixed buds, area and dry mass of the leaves; diameter and length of branches and internodes; transversal and longitudinal diameters, fresh mass, firmness, SS, TTA and relation SS/TTA of the fruits. The pruning with different loads of buds doesn’t influence the index of real fertility of the buds from ‘Elmwood’ and ‘MG06’ kiwifruit trees in a same season, however it affects the size of leaves and branches. The pruning of ‘Elmwood’ kiwifruit trees maintaining canes with 10 gems favors the increase of fruit mass and it doesn’t reduce productivity. The “tip squeezing” reduces the vigor of kiwifruit trees ‘MG06’ without influencing fruits quality.

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar, a campo, os danos de A. fraterculus e avaliar, em laboratório, aspectos biológicos da espécie em duas cultivares de quivi (Actinidia chinensis cv. MG06 e Actinidia deliciosa cv. Bruno). Frutos das duas cultivares foram infestados em pomar situado em Farroupilha, RS, no início (30% do tamanho final), metade (90% do tamanho final) e final do ciclo (ponto sw colheita), e em laboratório, desde o início da frutificação até a colheita, com adultos de A. fraterculus. Na cultivar MG06, três dias após a primeira infestação, realizada no início do desenvolvimento, observou-se a formação de exsudato cristalino nos locais de punctura e, na colheita, rachaduras, depressões e primórdios de galerias. Na mesma cultivar, registrou-se fibrose nos frutos infestados no ponto de colheita. Apesar de terem sidos computados ovos nos frutos, a campo, não houve desenvolvimento larval nessa cultivar. Na cultivar Bruno não foram constatados danos e ovos. Não houve queda de frutos atribuída a A. fraterculus em ambas cultivares Verificou-se o desenvolvimento larval, em laboratório, quando os frutos apresentavam, no mínimo, 6,4% e 7,0% de sólidos solúveis totais, respectivamente, para as cultivares MG06 e Bruno. Anteriormente ao período de colheita, moscas desenvolvidas na cultivar MG06 apresentaram menor duração do período de ovo a pupa. Em frutos colhidos no ponto de colheita, um número significativamente maior de ovos foi constatado na cultivar MG06, o que pode ser atribuído à menor pilosidade. Entretanto, o número de pupários foi semelhante entre as cultivares. Na cultivar Bruno, verificou-se, significativamente, menor duração do período ovo a pupa, maior longevidade de fêmeas e maior tamanho de indivíduos de ambos os sexos em frutos colhidos no ponto de colheita. Adultos emergidos nesse hospedeiro foram mais fecundos e férteis. Os resultados sugerem que a cultivar MG06, em laboratório, é a mais adequada para o desenvolvimento de A. fraterculus até próximo à época de colheita, ocorrendo o contrário quando os frutos foram coletados no ponto de colheita. Entretanto, não foram obtidos indivíduos a campo em ambas as cultivares. / The present study aimed to characterize the damage of A. fraterculus and evaluate biological aspects of this specie in two kiwi cultivars (Actinidia chinensis cv. MG06 e Actinidia deliciosa cv. Bruno). Fruits of both cultivars were infested in orchards at Farroupilha, RS, in the beginning (30% of final size), middle (90% of final size) and end (harvest point) of the cicle, and in laboratory, since the beginning of fruiting until harvest, with A. fraterculus adults. Three days after the first infestation, held in early development of cultivar MG06, the formation of a crystalline exudate in puncture sites was observed, and, at harvest, cracks, depressions and beginnings of galleries. Also, there was fibrosis in fruits infested at harvest point. Although the eggs have been counted, at field, there was no larval development on MG06 fruits. Damage and oviposition weren’t found at cultivar Bruno. There was no fruit drop attributed to A. fraterculus in both cultivars. In laboratory, larval development was observed when the fruits had, at least, 6.4 % (MG06) and 7.0 % (Bruno) of total soluble solids. Before the harvest period, flies developed in MG06 showed shorter duration of egg to pupa In fruits collected at harvest point, a significantly higher number of eggs was found on MG06 fruits which can be attributed to the lower pubescence. However, the number of pupae was similar between the cultivars. There was significantly shorter cycle of egg to pupa, higher longevity and size of individuals of both sexes developed on Bruno fruits collected at harvest point. Also, adults emerged from this cultivar laid more eggs and were more fertile. The findings suggest that the MG06 cultivar, in laboratory, is the most appropriate for the developing of A. fraterculus before the harvest season than Bruno, but the opposite occurs when fruits are collected in harvest point. However, no individuals were observed at field in both kiwi cultivars.

<p>Abstract</p><p>My purpose with this study was to learn more about different ways to teach children how to read and to investigate how teachers can use more fiction when they teach.</p><p>During the years that I have been working in school, I have only met teachers who use a method that is built on sounds. The children learns to read from books where the words is not put in their right purpose; for example; we can se a sun, a dear looks down in a lake.</p><p>After my teacher-education in literature I became more and more interested in if it could be possible to use more fiction when you teach children how to read. I also wondered if it was possible to find readers where the sentences are put in a meaningful story.</p><p>I heard of a method called Whole Language, or the kiwi-method and I decided to find out more about that method. I decided to make a comparison between the “sound-method” and the Whole Language-method.</p><p>I have been using qualitative interviews with both children and teachers with experience from these different ways of teaching. The interviews with the children had been very instructive for me. In my results I have became to discover that the children who had been taught by the Whole language-method where more positive about reading. Concurrently I do not think that we can reject the older way to teach children how to read. I think that you can take parts even from this method and put different methods together in your own way. The most important for the children is that their teacher is satisfied with his/hers way of teaching.</p><p>Key-words: inclination, reading, “sound-method”, Whole Language (kiwi-method)</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Min avsikt var att genom detta examensarbete dels lära mig mer om läsinlärning i allmänhet och dels att undersöka hur man kan använda sig av skönlitteratur i större utsträckning. Jag har under årens lopp som jag arbetat inom skolan hittills endast stött på användandet av ljudmetoden och den form av läsläror som bygger på texter som inte är kopplade till ett sammanhang; tex vi ser en sol, en ren ser ner i en sjö osv. Efter våra skönlitteraturstudier i svenskämnet på lärarutbildningen blev jag mer och mer intresserad av att använda mig av skönlitteratur och texter där orden är satta i ett meningsfullt sammanhang.</p><p>Jag hörde talas om Whole Language eller kiwimetoden som den också kallas och bestämde mig för att ta reda på mer om hur den metoden fungerar. Jag bestämde mig för att göra en jämförelse mellan den traditionella ljudmetoden och Whole Language (kiwimetoden). Tillvägagångsättet har varit kvalitativa intervjuer med pedagoger och barn som har erfarenheter av de olika sätten att lära sig läsa. Att intervjua framförallt eleverna har varit väldigt lärorikt för mig och jag har i mina resultat kommit fram till att jag har lyckats skönja en större läsglädje hos de elever som har undervisats enligt kiwimetoden. Samtidigt tror jag inte att men helt ska förkasta den äldre ljudmetoden – utan plocka delar även från detta sätt att lära ut. Det viktigaste för eleverna verkar vara att läraren är positiv och själv känner sig nöjd med det sätt han/hon använder sig av.</p><p>Nyckelord: kiwi-metoden, ljudmetoden, lust, läsning</p>

Utifrån temat Hållbart Samhälle och aspekten Socialt Hållbart Samhälle, är denna uppsats en berättelse om ett examensarbete som tagit sig an leken i förhållande till funktionsnedsättningen autism hos barn och där frukten av examensarbetet blivit en leksaksprodukt. Med hjärta, hjärna och engagemang har jag undersökt utifrån mina användare hur jag kan skapa en artefakt med potential att ge mina användare förutsättningar som de behöver för att leka, samspela och kommunicera. Men även andra barns behov i lek, samspel och kommunikation har varit viktiga att tillgodose då målet har varit att möjliggöra det sociala samspelet mellan båda dessa parter. Med andra barn menas barn oavsett funktionsnedsättning eller ej. Målet har därmed även varit att formge en leksaksprodukt som möter dessa två parters behov, såväl till form som funktion. Visuellt ska leksaksprodukten inte ge något uttryck av hjälpmedel, utan ska snarare vara en leksak som dolt kan tillgodose behoven hos barn med autism. Examensarbetet har även varit en möjlighet för mig som designstudent att få lära mig om hur företag arbetar med design för barn, vilket har lett mig till företaget BRIO AB som givit sina erfarenheter samt åsikter till leksaksprodukten. Leksaksprodukten har även på så sätt haft utgångspunkten i vad jag som designer tror skulle kunna passa in i BRIOs sortiment av leksaker. Som designer har jag ambitionen att arbeta med lekfull och hållbar design för barn. Barn med autism var ett steg för mig att ge mitt område större komplexitet för att ge mig en möjlighet att utvecklas. / Kiwi Bird Box - Leksaker för alla

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención Sanidad Vegetal / En marzo de 2014, se estudió el efecto del aceite mineral (Elf Purespray 15 E) y el aceite vegetal de Linaza (BIOIL spray) a concentraciones de 0,5 %, 0,7 % y 1 % v/v sobre la fijación de ninfas de escama blanca de la Hiedra en kiwis variedad JB Y 374. El estudio se efectuó en un huerto comercial perteneciente a la frutícola Viconto ubicada en la comuna de Buin, Región Metropolitana.

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar, a campo, os danos de A. fraterculus e avaliar, em laboratório, aspectos biológicos da espécie em duas cultivares de quivi (Actinidia chinensis cv. MG06 e Actinidia deliciosa cv. Bruno). Frutos das duas cultivares foram infestados em pomar situado em Farroupilha, RS, no início (30% do tamanho final), metade (90% do tamanho final) e final do ciclo (ponto sw colheita), e em laboratório, desde o início da frutificação até a colheita, com adultos de A. fraterculus. Na cultivar MG06, três dias após a primeira infestação, realizada no início do desenvolvimento, observou-se a formação de exsudato cristalino nos locais de punctura e, na colheita, rachaduras, depressões e primórdios de galerias. Na mesma cultivar, registrou-se fibrose nos frutos infestados no ponto de colheita. Apesar de terem sidos computados ovos nos frutos, a campo, não houve desenvolvimento larval nessa cultivar. Na cultivar Bruno não foram constatados danos e ovos. Não houve queda de frutos atribuída a A. fraterculus em ambas cultivares Verificou-se o desenvolvimento larval, em laboratório, quando os frutos apresentavam, no mínimo, 6,4% e 7,0% de sólidos solúveis totais, respectivamente, para as cultivares MG06 e Bruno. Anteriormente ao período de colheita, moscas desenvolvidas na cultivar MG06 apresentaram menor duração do período de ovo a pupa. Em frutos colhidos no ponto de colheita, um número significativamente maior de ovos foi constatado na cultivar MG06, o que pode ser atribuído à menor pilosidade. Entretanto, o número de pupários foi semelhante entre as cultivares. Na cultivar Bruno, verificou-se, significativamente, menor duração do período ovo a pupa, maior longevidade de fêmeas e maior tamanho de indivíduos de ambos os sexos em frutos colhidos no ponto de colheita. Adultos emergidos nesse hospedeiro foram mais fecundos e férteis. Os resultados sugerem que a cultivar MG06, em laboratório, é a mais adequada para o desenvolvimento de A. fraterculus até próximo à época de colheita, ocorrendo o contrário quando os frutos foram coletados no ponto de colheita. Entretanto, não foram obtidos indivíduos a campo em ambas as cultivares. / The present study aimed to characterize the damage of A. fraterculus and evaluate biological aspects of this specie in two kiwi cultivars (Actinidia chinensis cv. MG06 e Actinidia deliciosa cv. Bruno). Fruits of both cultivars were infested in orchards at Farroupilha, RS, in the beginning (30% of final size), middle (90% of final size) and end (harvest point) of the cicle, and in laboratory, since the beginning of fruiting until harvest, with A. fraterculus adults. Three days after the first infestation, held in early development of cultivar MG06, the formation of a crystalline exudate in puncture sites was observed, and, at harvest, cracks, depressions and beginnings of galleries. Also, there was fibrosis in fruits infested at harvest point. Although the eggs have been counted, at field, there was no larval development on MG06 fruits. Damage and oviposition weren’t found at cultivar Bruno. There was no fruit drop attributed to A. fraterculus in both cultivars. In laboratory, larval development was observed when the fruits had, at least, 6.4 % (MG06) and 7.0 % (Bruno) of total soluble solids. Before the harvest period, flies developed in MG06 showed shorter duration of egg to pupa In fruits collected at harvest point, a significantly higher number of eggs was found on MG06 fruits which can be attributed to the lower pubescence. However, the number of pupae was similar between the cultivars. There was significantly shorter cycle of egg to pupa, higher longevity and size of individuals of both sexes developed on Bruno fruits collected at harvest point. Also, adults emerged from this cultivar laid more eggs and were more fertile. The findings suggest that the MG06 cultivar, in laboratory, is the most appropriate for the developing of A. fraterculus before the harvest season than Bruno, but the opposite occurs when fruits are collected in harvest point. However, no individuals were observed at field in both kiwi cultivars.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de: Ingeniero Agrónoma / El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estudiar el consumo de kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) fresco en la comuna de Maipú, Región Metropolitana, Chile. Maipú es una de las comunas más grandes de la Región y presenta una distribución de estratos socioeconómicos similares al resto de la población. Se realizó un sondeo de la oferta disponible de kiwi, tanto en Lo Valledor como en supermercados y ferias libres, de la Región Metropolitana, entre los meses de octubre y noviembre del año 2012. Como segunda etapa, se realizó una encuesta en los meses de marzo y abril del 2013, que constituyó la principal fuente de información para esta investigación. Dicho instrumento, se elaboró con 100% de preguntas de tipo cerrada. Éste se aplicó a una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 459 personas, siendo 400 consumidores de kiwi fresco y 59 no consumidores. A partir de esto, se evaluaron distintas características de este grupo de personas: sociodemográficas, hábitos de consumo y de compra, actitudes de los consumidores y segmentos, así como preferencias hacia el consumo. Además, se abordaron las razones del por qué esas 59 personas no consumían kiwi. En el análisis se utilizaron técnicas de análisis univariado y multivariado (análisis factorial, conglomerado y conjunto). Por medio del análisis de componentes principales, se identificaron las dimensiones que explican las actitudes hacia el consumo, ellos fueron: Información del producto (23,11%), Funcionalidad (15,01%), Oportunidad (8,81%) y Bienestar (8,27%), los cuales fueron capaces de explicar el 55,3% de la varianza y con un KMO de 0,669. Luego, se identificaron tres segmentos de consumidores: Reticentes (35%), Flexibles (31,25%) y vida sana (33,75%). Las preferencias en cada segmento fueron: Reticentes; 18,82% (Sistema de Producción), 26.06% (Precio) y 55,12% (Forma). Flexibles; 21,86% (Sistema de Producción), 25,99% (Precio) y 50,55% (Forma). Vida Sana; 21,96% (Sistema de Producción), 27,6% (Precio) y 50,4% (Forma). El segmento Reticente no muestra una tendencia clara hacia la Disposición a Pago, no así el segmento Flexible y el Vida Sana que en su mayoría estarían dispuestos a pagar más por un kiwi orgánico y por un kiwi envasado, pelado y trozado, existiendo mayor probabilidad de compra si en general conocen las diferencias nutricionales con otras frutas. Respecto a los entrevistados que se declararon no consumidores del producto en cuestión, el motivo que prevalece es “no me agrada su sabor” y “me incomoda la cáscara del kiwi”. Las acciones de marketing en el mercado interno deberían centrarse en los atributos intrínsecos y extrínsecos del kiwi, con publicidad y promoción. / The main objective of this research was to study the consumption of fresh kiwi(Actinidia deliciosa) in the district of Maipú, Metropolitan Region, Chile. Maipú is one of the largest district of the Region, being a socioeconomic level distribution similar to the rest of the population. During October and November 2012, as a first step of the study, an exploration of the available supply of kiwi was made, through Lo Valledor distribution center, Supermarkets and streetmarkets. A inquiry was made during March and April 2013, resulting the main source of information for this research. This instrument was developed with 100% closes type questions. This was applied to a no probabilistic sample of convenience of 459 people, with 400 consumers of fresh kiwi and 59 nonconsumers. Different characteristics were evaluated to this group of people: Sociodemographic, spending habits and buying habits consumer, attitudes and segments, as well as preferences for consumption. Moreover, reasons have been discused why these 59 people did not eat kiwi. Techniques univariate and multivariate analysis (factorials analysis, cluster and conjoit) was used in the analysis. Product information (23,11%), Functionality (15,01%), Opportunity (8,81%) and Wellness (8,27%), have been identified as the dimensions explaining the different attitudes towards consumptions, which were able to explain 55,3% of varience with a KMO of 0,669, through of principal component analysis. Three consumer segments were identified: Reticent (35%), flexible (31,25%) and healthy life (33,75%). Preferences for each segment were: Reticent; 18.82% (Production System), 26.06% (price) and 55.12% (Shape). Flexible; 21.86% (Production System), 25.99% (price) and 50.55% (Shape). Lifestyle; 21.96% (Production System), 27.6% (price) and 50.4% (Shape). The Reticentnt segment do not shows marked tendency towards Willingness to Pay, additionally the Flexible and Lifestyle segment willing to pay more for an organic kiwifruit and for packaging, peeling and bucking kiwifruit, have been more likely to exist purchase if generally known nutritional differences with other fruits. Those who declared to be non kiwi consumer indicated reasons as "not like the taste" and "kiwi peel makes me uncomfortable”. The marketing in the internal market should focus on intrinsic and extrinsic attributes kiwi, advertising and promotion.