A busca de uma vida mais saudável tem levado o consumidor a repensar seus hábitos alimentares, ingerir frutas e hortaliças em substituição a produtos industrializados, devido a isso, a demanda dos produtos minimamente processados tem evoluído rapidamente. O kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) possui alto valor nutritivo, sendo rico principalmente em vitamina C, o qual apresenta grande aceitação nos mercados consumidores. Dessa forma, juntamente com o mamão, o maracujá e o abacaxi, o kiwi pode ser considerado como um recurso adicional de vitamina C na dieta, ou como substituto das frutas cítricas tradicionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama nas características físico-químicas de kiwis minimamente processados e armazenados sob refrigeração, uma vez que essa tecnologia aumenta a vida útil de prateleira de frutos e hortaliças. Os kiwis foram descascados, tratados e cortados em rodelas, armazenados em potes de polietileno de 10 cm de diâmetro por 6 cm de altura e irradiados nas doses de 0 (controle), 1 e 2 kGy, em fonte de 60Co Gammacell 220, com taxa de dose 0, 429 kGy/hora, no qual cada tratamento constou de 5 repetições com 15 rodelas de kiwis por repetição. Após irradiação as amostras foram armazenadas em câmara climática com temperatura de 6ºC (próxima à temperatura de geladeiras comerciais). Foram realizadas as seguintes análises físico-químicas: pH, cor, teor de clorofila, perda de massa fresca, umidade, ºBrix, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico. O período de avaliações do kiwi foi 1º, 7º e 14º dia após a irradiação. Pelos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que a radiação gama não induziu mudanças prejudiciais nas propriedades fisico-químicas do kiwi, podendo ser utilizada para a conservação de frutos de kiwi minimamente processado o qual apresentou 7 dias de vida útil. / The search for a healthy life has led consumers to rethink their eating habits, consuming fruits and vegetables in place of manufactured products, therefore, the demand for minimally processed products has evolved rapidly. The kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) has high nutritional value, being rich in C vitamin especially, which has wide acceptance in consumer markets. Thus, along with papaya, passion fruit and pineapple, kiwi can be considered as an additional feature of C vitamin in the diet, or as a substitute for traditional citrus. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of gamma radiation on physical and chemical characteristics of kiwis minimally processed and stored under refrigeration, since this technology increases the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The Kiwis was stripped, processed and cut into slices, stored in polyethylene bags of 10 cm squared and irradiated at doses of 0 (control), 1 and 2 kGy. A source of 60Co Gammacell 220, dose rate of 0.429 kGy/hour, in which each treatment had 5 replicates with 15 slices of kiwifruit per replicate. After irradiation the samples were stored in a climatic chamber at 6°C (near the temperature of commercial refrigerators). The following criteria were physicalchemical analysis: pH, color, chlorophyll content, loss of weight, moisture, acidity and Brix. The analysis were done on 1st, 7th and 14th days after irradiation. The results indicated that gamma radiation did not induce deleterious changes in the physicochemical properties of the kiwi may be used for preservation of minimally processed kiwifruit.

A busca de uma vida mais saudável tem levado o consumidor a repensar seus hábitos alimentares, ingerir frutas e hortaliças em substituição a produtos industrializados, devido a isso, a demanda dos produtos minimamente processados tem evoluído rapidamente. O kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) possui alto valor nutritivo, sendo rico principalmente em vitamina C, o qual apresenta grande aceitação nos mercados consumidores. Dessa forma, juntamente com o mamão, o maracujá e o abacaxi, o kiwi pode ser considerado como um recurso adicional de vitamina C na dieta, ou como substituto das frutas cítricas tradicionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama nas características físico-químicas de kiwis minimamente processados e armazenados sob refrigeração, uma vez que essa tecnologia aumenta a vida útil de prateleira de frutos e hortaliças. Os kiwis foram descascados, tratados e cortados em rodelas, armazenados em potes de polietileno de 10 cm de diâmetro por 6 cm de altura e irradiados nas doses de 0 (controle), 1 e 2 kGy, em fonte de 60Co Gammacell 220, com taxa de dose 0, 429 kGy/hora, no qual cada tratamento constou de 5 repetições com 15 rodelas de kiwis por repetição. Após irradiação as amostras foram armazenadas em câmara climática com temperatura de 6ºC (próxima à temperatura de geladeiras comerciais). Foram realizadas as seguintes análises físico-químicas: pH, cor, teor de clorofila, perda de massa fresca, umidade, ºBrix, acidez titulável e ácido ascórbico. O período de avaliações do kiwi foi 1º, 7º e 14º dia após a irradiação. Pelos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que a radiação gama não induziu mudanças prejudiciais nas propriedades fisico-químicas do kiwi, podendo ser utilizada para a conservação de frutos de kiwi minimamente processado o qual apresentou 7 dias de vida útil. / The search for a healthy life has led consumers to rethink their eating habits, consuming fruits and vegetables in place of manufactured products, therefore, the demand for minimally processed products has evolved rapidly. The kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) has high nutritional value, being rich in C vitamin especially, which has wide acceptance in consumer markets. Thus, along with papaya, passion fruit and pineapple, kiwi can be considered as an additional feature of C vitamin in the diet, or as a substitute for traditional citrus. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of gamma radiation on physical and chemical characteristics of kiwis minimally processed and stored under refrigeration, since this technology increases the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The Kiwis was stripped, processed and cut into slices, stored in polyethylene bags of 10 cm squared and irradiated at doses of 0 (control), 1 and 2 kGy. A source of 60Co Gammacell 220, dose rate of 0.429 kGy/hour, in which each treatment had 5 replicates with 15 slices of kiwifruit per replicate. After irradiation the samples were stored in a climatic chamber at 6°C (near the temperature of commercial refrigerators). The following criteria were physicalchemical analysis: pH, color, chlorophyll content, loss of weight, moisture, acidity and Brix. The analysis were done on 1st, 7th and 14th days after irradiation. The results indicated that gamma radiation did not induce deleterious changes in the physicochemical properties of the kiwi may be used for preservation of minimally processed kiwifruit.

Memoria para optar al título profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo mención Fruticultura

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Manejo de Suelos y Agua

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Fruticultura

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma / El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre la maduración de kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) ‘Jintao’. Los frutos una vez cosechados, provenientes de la localidad del Lontué, fueron trasladados al laboratorio de AgroFresh, donde se realizó el tratamiento de curado por 48 horas. Se evaluó color de pulpa (101,2±1,9 H º), firmeza de pulpa (9,1±2,5 Lbf) y solidos solubles (15,3±1,2 º Brix) de 130 frutos para determinar estado inicial. Se embalaron en cajas con 100 unidades. Se enfriaron para luego aplicar las diferentes concentraciones (500 ppm y 1000 ppm) de 1-MCP (SmartFresh, 0,14 % i.a) por 24 horas a 0 °C. Luego de almacenar por 60 días a 0 °C la fruta tratada y la no tratada (control) se aplicó etileno (34 mL) por 6 horas a 20 °C a la mitad de cajas de cada tratamiento, generando 6 tratamientos, T: almacenamiento refrigerado a 0 °C, T+E: Almacenamiento refrigerado a 0 ºC+aplicación de etileno, M1: Almacenamiento refrigerado con aplicación de 500 ppm 1-MCP, M1+E: almacenamiento refrigerado con aplicación de 500 ppm de 1-MCP+aplicación de etileno, M2: Almacenamiento refrigerado a 0 °C con aplicación de 1000 ppm de 1-MCP, M2+E: almacenamiento refrigerado con aplicación de 1000 ppm de 1-MCP+aplicación de etileno. Se hicieron evaluaciones a salida de frío a los 60, 90 y 120 días de: color de pulpa (H °), firmeza de pulpa (Lbf), contenido de sólidos solubles (%), tasa de producción de etileno (μL C2H4∙kg−1∙h−1), tasa de respiración (mL CO2∙kg−1∙h−1). Además luego de 90 y 120 días a 0 °C, se hizo un periodo de comercialización simulada (7 días a 20 °C) para una caja de cada tratamiento, donde se evaluó los mismos parámetros que a salida de frío agregando dureza de columela y acidez titulable. Ambas concentraciones de 1-MCP lograron evitar la caída de firmeza de pulpa, aumentando la vida postcosecha a 0 °C hasta los 120 días de almacenamiento. La aplicación de mayor concentración de 1-MCP, tuvo un efecto inicial mayor en el mantenimiento de la firmeza de pulpa que la aplicación de menor concentración, pero a lo largo del tiempo de almacenaje en frío y periodo de comercialización simulada, ambas perdieron su efectividad. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas sobre los parámetros de calidad evaluados entre las diferentes concentraciones de 1-MCP. La aplicación de etileno, no tuvo un efecto estadísticamente significativo en conjunto con las aplicaciones de 1-MCP, además no logró disminuir la dureza de columela.

The film script Mangrove is both an eco-warrior thriller with science fiction elements and a documentation of the quirky, multicultural milieu of 21st century Auckland. It deals with the issues surrounding experimentation with genetic engineering and human alienation and disability.The script references the tradition of New Zealand film and its development as a "cinema of unease" through the character of Nat, who lives as a "man alone" on a moored yacht, and through its setting in a desolate mangrove estuary adjacent to a suburban industrial estate. It features characters who are recent immigrants from varying cultures and offers insights to world views that contrast with the pessimistic colonial outlook on life that pits man against the environment in a struggle for domination.The title, Mangrove, is a metaphor for the rich human environment that can be found in outposts of society that are often maligned and overlooked for their perceived lack of value.Mangrove's main character, Talia, is a disabled woman whose desire is to be accepted for her difference, her insights and her humanity. She is confronted with her past and her origins that may be part of a late 20th century genetic experiment.She meets Nat, a former journalist hiding out from society who is searching for a way to express his idealism. Likewise, Shiva, an indo-Fijian living in a nearby car wreckers yard has a love of music and the environment and shares Nat's idealism and desire to work for a better world. The three uncover a potentially world-altering genetic experiment with sugar. The antagonist multinational has Russian mafia allies that have to be dealt with, while the protagonists have the assistance of some Thai monks and Pacific Island street kids as they strive to expose the experimentation, and work out their relationships with one another.

The Moehau Kiwi Sanctuary is one of five sanctuaries established in 2000 and managed by the Department of Conservation. The objective of the sanctuaries is to protect the most endangered kiwi taxa, and increase kiwi survivorship. Operation Nest Egg (ONE) is a programme utilised by the Moehau Kiwi Sanctuary for artificially incubating abandoned Kiwi eggs and captive rearing chicks until they begin to show a gain in weight. ONE chicks were then released back onto Moehau or adjacent protected areas. Kiwi populations are declining on the mainland at an average of about 3% per year in areas where predators of kiwi are not controlled. The main cause for this decline is chick mortality due to predation by stoats (Mustela erminea). During natal dispersal kiwi are known to disperse significant distances of between 5–20 km, and this has influenced the size of management areas needed for the protection of kiwi (10,000 hectares). The type of forest-cover is an important element in determining where management areas are located, as kiwi has preferences for certain forest types over others. This study conducted at Moehau, Coromandel, on the North Island Brown Kiwi advances our knowledge of kiwi by examining differences in rates and distances of dispersal among chicks, sub-adults, non-territorial and territorial adults, as well as between genders. This study investigates kiwi selective use of roost site types, ground-cover types, forest types and physiographical features. Addressed in this study are differences in dispersal, habitat selection and mortality among age-classes and between genders over the months of the year, and across elevations. Comparisons between ONE and wild-reared kiwi dispersal and mortality are included. Data were collected between 2001 and 2008 from observations of kiwi located during daytime hours. The data recorded included the grid reference, elevation, ground-cover type, forest type, physiography, and the type of roost site. The sample size for this study was significantly larger than for any previous studies thus enabling a greater confidence in estimated dispersal rates and dispersal distances, habitat selection and factors relating to mortality. All wild-reared kiwi displayed dispersal and were not philopatric to their natal area. Dispersal distances were found to be further than previously estimated, with the net distance of natal dispersal differing among age-classes, from an average of 834m (SE +/- 131) for kiwi chicks to 7,553m (SE = +/- 1167) for non-territorial adults. Female sub-adult kiwi dispersed further (7,215m) than male sub-adult kiwi (4,226m) (p = 0.04). The time taken to travel one km during natal dispersal ranged from an average of 131days/km (SE = +/- 9) for chicks to 89 days/km (SE = +/- 13) for sub-adults. Habitat selection has been observed in other studies on kiwi but not specifically for Coromandel North Island Brown Kiwi, and selection for ground-cover types by kiwi when roosting on the surface has never been previously studied. Roost site selection of kiwi differed among age-classes (p <0.001), between gender (p <0.001), and across elevations (p <0.001). Female kiwi were found more often in surface roosts (64%) than hole roosts (32%), and male kiwi were found at similar frequencies in holes (46%) and on the surface (47%). Sub-adults used holes to a greater extent as elevation increased, and selected for sub-alpine forest over broadleaf forest (p <0.001). This study is the first to recognise that selection of ground-cover types by kiwi differs among age-classes (p <0.001). Kiwi chicks were more often found on the surface under dead fern fronds and debris (39%) than other ground-cover types. The mortality rate was highest in chicks (33%), with predation responsible for 60% of these deaths; conservation management techniques were responsible for a further 20% of deaths; the remaining 20% of deaths were due to natural or unknown causes. Summer (December-February) was the season in which 81% of kiwi chick deaths occurred. The high proportion of deaths from monitoring techniques and the use of radio-transmitters (22%) indicates improvements need to be made to current management practices. ONE chicks were found to disperse shorter distances and had a greater mortality rate than wild-reared chicks. Therefore, recommendations are made for changes to ONE management practices. Further recommendations are made for the enhancement of kiwi habitat that could reduce kiwi mortality, and for increasing the habitat available to kiwi, thereby potentially increasing population sizes and/or densities.

The film script Mangrove is both an eco-warrior thriller with science fiction elements and a documentation of the quirky, multicultural milieu of 21st century Auckland. It deals with the issues surrounding experimentation with genetic engineering and human alienation and disability.The script references the tradition of New Zealand film and its development as a "cinema of unease" through the character of Nat, who lives as a "man alone" on a moored yacht, and through its setting in a desolate mangrove estuary adjacent to a suburban industrial estate. It features characters who are recent immigrants from varying cultures and offers insights to world views that contrast with the pessimistic colonial outlook on life that pits man against the environment in a struggle for domination.The title, Mangrove, is a metaphor for the rich human environment that can be found in outposts of society that are often maligned and overlooked for their perceived lack of value.Mangrove's main character, Talia, is a disabled woman whose desire is to be accepted for her difference, her insights and her humanity. She is confronted with her past and her origins that may be part of a late 20th century genetic experiment.She meets Nat, a former journalist hiding out from society who is searching for a way to express his idealism. Likewise, Shiva, an indo-Fijian living in a nearby car wreckers yard has a love of music and the environment and shares Nat's idealism and desire to work for a better world. The three uncover a potentially world-altering genetic experiment with sugar. The antagonist multinational has Russian mafia allies that have to be dealt with, while the protagonists have the assistance of some Thai monks and Pacific Island street kids as they strive to expose the experimentation, and work out their relationships with one another.

The Moehau Kiwi Sanctuary is one of five sanctuaries established in 2000 and managed by the Department of Conservation. The objective of the sanctuaries is to protect the most endangered kiwi taxa, and increase kiwi survivorship. Operation Nest Egg (ONE) is a programme utilised by the Moehau Kiwi Sanctuary for artificially incubating abandoned Kiwi eggs and captive rearing chicks until they begin to show a gain in weight. ONE chicks were then released back onto Moehau or adjacent protected areas. Kiwi populations are declining on the mainland at an average of about 3% per year in areas where predators of kiwi are not controlled. The main cause for this decline is chick mortality due to predation by stoats (Mustela erminea). During natal dispersal kiwi are known to disperse significant distances of between 5–20 km, and this has influenced the size of management areas needed for the protection of kiwi (10,000 hectares). The type of forest-cover is an important element in determining where management areas are located, as kiwi has preferences for certain forest types over others. This study conducted at Moehau, Coromandel, on the North Island Brown Kiwi advances our knowledge of kiwi by examining differences in rates and distances of dispersal among chicks, sub-adults, non-territorial and territorial adults, as well as between genders. This study investigates kiwi selective use of roost site types, ground-cover types, forest types and physiographical features. Addressed in this study are differences in dispersal, habitat selection and mortality among age-classes and between genders over the months of the year, and across elevations. Comparisons between ONE and wild-reared kiwi dispersal and mortality are included. Data were collected between 2001 and 2008 from observations of kiwi located during daytime hours. The data recorded included the grid reference, elevation, ground-cover type, forest type, physiography, and the type of roost site. The sample size for this study was significantly larger than for any previous studies thus enabling a greater confidence in estimated dispersal rates and dispersal distances, habitat selection and factors relating to mortality. All wild-reared kiwi displayed dispersal and were not philopatric to their natal area. Dispersal distances were found to be further than previously estimated, with the net distance of natal dispersal differing among age-classes, from an average of 834m (SE +/- 131) for kiwi chicks to 7,553m (SE = +/- 1167) for non-territorial adults. Female sub-adult kiwi dispersed further (7,215m) than male sub-adult kiwi (4,226m) (p = 0.04). The time taken to travel one km during natal dispersal ranged from an average of 131days/km (SE = +/- 9) for chicks to 89 days/km (SE = +/- 13) for sub-adults. Habitat selection has been observed in other studies on kiwi but not specifically for Coromandel North Island Brown Kiwi, and selection for ground-cover types by kiwi when roosting on the surface has never been previously studied. Roost site selection of kiwi differed among age-classes (p <0.001), between gender (p <0.001), and across elevations (p <0.001). Female kiwi were found more often in surface roosts (64%) than hole roosts (32%), and male kiwi were found at similar frequencies in holes (46%) and on the surface (47%). Sub-adults used holes to a greater extent as elevation increased, and selected for sub-alpine forest over broadleaf forest (p <0.001). This study is the first to recognise that selection of ground-cover types by kiwi differs among age-classes (p <0.001). Kiwi chicks were more often found on the surface under dead fern fronds and debris (39%) than other ground-cover types. The mortality rate was highest in chicks (33%), with predation responsible for 60% of these deaths; conservation management techniques were responsible for a further 20% of deaths; the remaining 20% of deaths were due to natural or unknown causes. Summer (December-February) was the season in which 81% of kiwi chick deaths occurred. The high proportion of deaths from monitoring techniques and the use of radio-transmitters (22%) indicates improvements need to be made to current management practices. ONE chicks were found to disperse shorter distances and had a greater mortality rate than wild-reared chicks. Therefore, recommendations are made for changes to ONE management practices. Further recommendations are made for the enhancement of kiwi habitat that could reduce kiwi mortality, and for increasing the habitat available to kiwi, thereby potentially increasing population sizes and/or densities.