Orientador: Florencia Cecilia Menegalli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T18:11:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eca_KalianaSitonio_D.pdf: 11624368 bytes, checksum: 1d2527979251f0edd2a7c6d6a523f634 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver revestimentos ativos de pectina incorporados com extratos de frutas a fim de entender e avaliar a estabilidade e a difusão dos nutrientes incorporados aos mesmos, assim como o seu efeito antioxidante quando aplicados em alimentos. Na primeira etapa foram desenvolvidos filmes ativos de pectina. Extratos alcoólicos e aquosos de acerola, caju, mamão, morango e pequi foram obtidos. Estes foram caracterizados e selecionados de acordo com teores de vitamina C, carotenoides, antocianinas, compostos fenólicos e atividades antioxidantes (ABTS, DPPH e FRAP). Como os extratos alcoólicos de acerola, caju e morango foram os com maior recuperação de nutrientes e, consequentemente, maiores atividades antioxidantes (969,0 ± 0,7, 163,6 ± 0,2 e 138,1 ± 0,5 mg de Trolox/g de extrato seco, respectivamente), eles foram incorporados aos filmes. Também foi elaborada uma formulação com a mistura dos extratos. Os filmes foram avaliados quanto às suas atividades antioxidantes, propriedades ópticas e pela capacidade de reter nutrientes através de um estudo de estabilidade. Dentre os filmes estudados, o de acerola possuiu a maior atividade antioxidante (36±2 ?g de Trolox/g de filme seco) com um tempo de meia vida de 99 dias. A segunda parte do trabalho avaliou a migração dos compostos fenólicos (nutrientes majoritários) para meios simulantes de alimentos a fim de entender o comportamento difusional desses compostos. Foram utilizados como simulantes líquidos, o metanol e a água, e como sólidos, géis de gelatina (com e sem adição de celulose). Os filmes foram aditivados com os extratos alcoólicos de fruta. Para os simulantes líquidos, o metanol foi o mais efetivo na extração de compostos fenólicos, enquanto que para o simulante sólido foram observadas maiores retenções para os filmes em contato com o gel contendo celulose (retenções entre 41 % e 45%) devido à maior resistência mecânica causada pela adição da fibra de celulose. Na terceira etapa do trabalho, foram preparadas coberturas de pectina, de acordo com as formulações testadas para os filmes na primeira parte do trabalho. Estas coberturas foram aplicadas a fatias de kiwi previamente ao processo de secagem. O estudo avaliou a influência das coberturas aditivadas sobre as características químicas e físicas do kiwi, após o processo de secagem e ao longo do armazenamento. As influências das coberturas nas isotermas de sorção e sobre as cinéticas de secagem também foram avaliadas. A aplicação das coberturas contendo antioxidantes contribuiu para minimizar os efeitos indesejáveis da oxidação de nutrientes sem influenciar no processo difusional da água, além de promover uma melhoria da manutenção das características de qualidade dos kiwis ao longo da estocagem por 31 dias. No geral, os resultados revelaram que a incorporação de extratos de frutas nos revestimentos de pectina, potencialmente, produz filmes e coberturas ativos, podendo ser utilizados para diferentes aplicações em produtos alimentares. Além de atuar como barreira anti-oxidante, podem conferir nutrientes aos produtos em questão / Abstract: This study aimed to develop pectin films and coatings incorporated with fruit extracts, evaluate the stability and diffusion of nutrients in these films and coatings, and understand the antioxidant effect of fruit extracts on food. The first stage of the study consisted in developing active pectin films. Evaluation of the alcoholic and aqueous extracts of five fruits (acerola, cashew, papaya, strawberry, and pequi) in terms of nutrient content (vitamin C, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) showed that the alcoholic extracts of acerola, cashew, and strawberry promoted the highest recovery of nutrients and, consequently, higher antioxidant activity (969.0 ± 0.7, 163.6 ± 0.2 and 138.1 ± 0.5 mg Trolox /g of dry extract, respectively) which justified their incorporation in the films. Next, a formulation with a mixture of these alcoholic extracts was prepared. The resulting films were assessed in terms of their antioxidant activity, optical properties, and ability to retain nutrients along a stability study. The film incorporated with acerola extract had the highest antioxidant capacity (36 ± 2 ?g of Trolox/g of dry film); its half-life was 99 days. In an attempt to understand the diffusion behavior of nutrients, the second part of this study investigated how phenolic compounds (major nutrients) migrated from films incorporated with alcoholic fruit extracts to different food simulants. Methanol and water served as liquid simulants; gelatin gels with and without cellulose were the solid simulants. In the case of liquid simulant systems, methanol extracted phenolic compounds more effectively than water. As for solid simulant systems, films in contact with the gel containing cellulose, which had increased mechanical strength, retained the nutrients more satisfactorily (retentions between 41% and 45%). The third stage of this work dealt with the preparation of pectin coatings using the formulation previously tested for the films. These coatings were then applied to kiwi by immersing kiwi slices in the filmogenic solution prior to the drying process. The influence of these coatings on the chemical and physical characteristics, sorption isotherms, and drying kinetics of kiwi was evaluated after drying and during storage. Coatings containing antioxidants significantly minimized the oxidation of nutrients without affecting water diffusion during the drying process; these coatings maintained the characteristics of kiwi for 31 days. Overall, incorporation of fruit extracts into pectin films and coatings could add active nutrients and become an alternative antioxidant barrier in food products / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutora em Engenharia de Alimentos

The thesis describes design and aplication of 3D FDM printer type of delta. The first part describes methods of rapid prototyping. The second part describes 3D printers type of delta. The third part deals with construction and calibration of delta printer. In the fourth part are made suitable modifications to the design of the printer, to improve the quality of printing, which is then applied on a sample product. The final section is devoted to technical and economic evaluation.

Despite their important ecosystem benefits for terrestrial and marine flora and fauna and the human livelihood mangrove forests suffer a high loss rate mainly due to human activity. Aside from these impacts, natural forest disturbances exist more commonly in mangroves compared to other forests as a direct consequence of their exposed coastal location. Within this thesis I investigate the influence of natural disturbance regimes on the mangrove forest dynamics focusing in particular on the ecological role of disturbances, disturbance patterns, forest structure, succession behavior and long-term vulnerability evaluation. The study areas were set in the Indian River Lagoon in Florida (USA) and in Can Gio an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam). In addition, theoretical simulation studies were carried out to complement the field studies. Thereby, in our study at the Indian River Lagoon site I investigated the ecosystem response to hurricane events of an artificially impounded mangrove forest. In Can Gio, the suitability of lightning strike – caused gaps for setting a homogenous plantation into more natural-like state according to species composition and forest structure was analyzed. Finally, a theoretical simulation study was carried out to compare lightning strike and hurricane events regarding their homogenization and heterogenization effects on the spatio-temporal forest structure. The findings of the field study in the Indian River Lagoon indicate that hurricane events had a severe impact on forest areas in higher successional stages by creating open patches, whereas areas in lower successional stages remained largely undisturbed. Furthermore, the impoundment determines the species selection of the post-hurricane succession by favoring flooding-tolerant species. However, regeneration was found to be impaired by the artificially high inundation regime at some disturbed patches. The lightning-strike disturbances enhance the species composition in the monospecific plantation in Can Gio by providing a sufficient light regime for entering seeds to establish. In addition, lightning-strike gaps increased the plantation structure complexity. Regenerating lightning-strike gaps remained as “green islands” within windthrow sites in the plantation due to their low stature and provided seeds for surrounding disturbed areas thereby accelerating their recolonization. The results of the simulation analysis of a theoretical landscape showed that in the simulated highly complex natural mature forests all disturbance regimes entail homogenization on the spatial structure compared to an undisturbed scenario. The hurricane scenario showed an increased temporal variation of the forest dynamics whereas lightning-strike gaps were not able to contribute to additional heterogeneity in the simulated area, despite of having the same tree mortality probability during disturbances. The interaction of the large-scale impoundment in the Indian River Lagoon and medium-sized hurricane events is characterized by partially impeded post-hurricane regeneration. In contrast, small-scaled lightning strikes influenced the regeneration of medium-sized windthrow sites positively within the homogenous plantation. We therefore suggest management activities aimed at creating small clearances within the plantation in Can Gio to simulate additional small-scale disturbances in order to facilitate heterogenization of the plantation structure. Natural disturbances are found to be able to enhance the species diversity and the interactions of ecological processes. In particular, where sustainable management strategies focused on maintaining ecosystem services especially in restored sites or plantations act as a supportive part. Natural disturbances are an integral component of mangrove forests and fulfill specific ecological functions. However, our findings indicate that these disturbances, on top of altered environmental conditions associated with climate change and direct human impacts, might jeopardize the natural development in unnatural forest structures as on plantations or restored sites. This thesis gives an extensive overview about the effect of various disturbances in different mangrove forest systems, including semi-natural forests and strongly modified plantations, on species composition and forest structure. Field studies and simulation analyses contribute in equal parts to the results of the thesis.

Submitted by Fernanda Azevedo Correia De Souza (azevedofe@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-08-22T23:33:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A atualidade do teatro documentário (Dissertação FINAL BAIXA.2018).pdf: 3164792 bytes, checksum: 39c1eca74e85763008954c748ddd449e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Laura Mariane de Andrade null (laura.andrade@ia.unesp.br) on 2018-08-23T00:01:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_fac_me_ia.pdf: 3164792 bytes, checksum: 39c1eca74e85763008954c748ddd449e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:01:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_fac_me_ia.pdf: 3164792 bytes, checksum: 39c1eca74e85763008954c748ddd449e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-29 / Ce tte thèse discut e certains aspec ts d e l' actualité du th éâtre do cument aire , sa fon ction esth étique et politique, en par ticulier dans l e cadre du théâ tre de groupe dans la vi lle de São Paulo, en se conce ntrant sur l a pr oduction ar tist ique de la Kiwi Companhia de Te atro, basée sur l'anal yse du tr avail sc énique Morro como um país . Pour cela, nou s avons re tra cé le parcours historique du Théâtre Docu mentaire (TD), en particulier celui qu i révend ique la voc ation politique (dans la pers pective matérialiste historique ), avec l'ambition d'amener sur la scène le débat sur les questions sociales, à la lumière de notre époque. / Esta dissertação discute alguns aspectos da atualidade do teatro documentário, sua função estética e política, especificamente no âmbito do teatro de grupo realizado na cidade de São Paulo, com foco na produção artística da Kiwi Companhia de Teatro, a partir da análise do trabalho cênico Morro como um país. Para isso foi importante traçar o percurso histórico de parte do Teatro Documentário (TD), em especial o que se reivindica da vocação política (em perspectiva materialista histórica), tendo como ambição trazer para a cena o debate das questões sociais, investigando-as à luz de nosso tempo.

Despite their important ecosystem benefits for terrestrial and marine flora and fauna and the human livelihood mangrove forests suffer a high loss rate mainly due to human activity. Aside from these impacts, natural forest disturbances exist more commonly in mangroves compared to other forests as a direct consequence of their exposed coastal location. Within this thesis I investigate the influence of natural disturbance regimes on the mangrove forest dynamics focusing in particular on the ecological role of disturbances, disturbance patterns, forest structure, succession behavior and long-term vulnerability evaluation. The study areas were set in the Indian River Lagoon in Florida (USA) and in Can Gio an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam). In addition, theoretical simulation studies were carried out to complement the field studies. Thereby, in our study at the Indian River Lagoon site I investigated the ecosystem response to hurricane events of an artificially impounded mangrove forest. In Can Gio, the suitability of lightning strike – caused gaps for setting a homogenous plantation into more natural-like state according to species composition and forest structure was analyzed. Finally, a theoretical simulation study was carried out to compare lightning strike and hurricane events regarding their homogenization and heterogenization effects on the spatio-temporal forest structure. The findings of the field study in the Indian River Lagoon indicate that hurricane events had a severe impact on forest areas in higher successional stages by creating open patches, whereas areas in lower successional stages remained largely undisturbed. Furthermore, the impoundment determines the species selection of the post-hurricane succession by favoring flooding-tolerant species. However, regeneration was found to be impaired by the artificially high inundation regime at some disturbed patches. The lightning-strike disturbances enhance the species composition in the monospecific plantation in Can Gio by providing a sufficient light regime for entering seeds to establish. In addition, lightning-strike gaps increased the plantation structure complexity. Regenerating lightning-strike gaps remained as “green islands” within windthrow sites in the plantation due to their low stature and provided seeds for surrounding disturbed areas thereby accelerating their recolonization. The results of the simulation analysis of a theoretical landscape showed that in the simulated highly complex natural mature forests all disturbance regimes entail homogenization on the spatial structure compared to an undisturbed scenario. The hurricane scenario showed an increased temporal variation of the forest dynamics whereas lightning-strike gaps were not able to contribute to additional heterogeneity in the simulated area, despite of having the same tree mortality probability during disturbances. The interaction of the large-scale impoundment in the Indian River Lagoon and medium-sized hurricane events is characterized by partially impeded post-hurricane regeneration. In contrast, small-scaled lightning strikes influenced the regeneration of medium-sized windthrow sites positively within the homogenous plantation. We therefore suggest management activities aimed at creating small clearances within the plantation in Can Gio to simulate additional small-scale disturbances in order to facilitate heterogenization of the plantation structure. Natural disturbances are found to be able to enhance the species diversity and the interactions of ecological processes. In particular, where sustainable management strategies focused on maintaining ecosystem services especially in restored sites or plantations act as a supportive part. Natural disturbances are an integral component of mangrove forests and fulfill specific ecological functions. However, our findings indicate that these disturbances, on top of altered environmental conditions associated with climate change and direct human impacts, might jeopardize the natural development in unnatural forest structures as on plantations or restored sites. This thesis gives an extensive overview about the effect of various disturbances in different mangrove forest systems, including semi-natural forests and strongly modified plantations, on species composition and forest structure. Field studies and simulation analyses contribute in equal parts to the results of the thesis.

This thesis covers broad topics concerning limb growth and development and their effects on locomotion in the brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). I begin by describing the morphological features of a collection of unknown-age wild kiwi embryos from early development to point of hatch. Using these features, I assign developmental stages to each embryo and compare the progress of development to the same-staged ostrich and chicken embryos. Measurements of the hindlimb, bill and crown-rump length are used to develop an aging scheme based on comparisons with the ostrich and the chicken. The ostrich model and chicken model create age predictions for the unknown aged kiwi embryos. One kiwi embryo was of known age and both models gave identical predictions for this marker embryo, but gave differing predictions for all other kiwi embryos. Using captive-reared kiwi chicks, I characterise hindlimb, bill and bodyweight growth from the time of hatch to 3 months of age. Growth patterns are very linear within this time period for all measurements but bodyweight. Female kiwi hatch with longer bills than males, but the growth of both sexes converges by the end of the 3-month period. Growth of bodyweight in the males slows earlier than in females. Bodyweight and bill length were then compared to a wild population of kiwi. Captive-reared chicks were found to hatch with shorter bills than the wild birds and to increase in bodyweight at a faster rate than wild birds. Rapid weight gain has been implicated in developmental limb deformities in other precocial and long-legged birds and has the potential to produce similar results in captive kiwi. I further studied the movement of the hindlimb during locomotion in two adults and one juvenile kiwi by filming them while they were walking on a treadmill. Kinematic parameters were measured from the video recordings and compared to overground parameters from another study. Similarity between the treadmill and overground locomotor parameters validates the use of a treadmill in studying kiwi locomotion. None of the birds achieved the theoretical transition from a walk to a run at a duty factor of 0.5. After normalising for size, the juvenile showed a longer stride length and lower stride frequency with increasing speed than the adults. Lateral head oscillations were observed during the stride cycle, which I propose having a sensory function as well as a biomechanical one.

All kiwi species (Apteryx spp.) have suffered serious decline since human arrival and are nowa-days threatened on the New Zealand mainland. One of the most elusive, and as a result least known among the different kiwi species, is the great spotted kiwi (Apteryx haastii). Hence, little is known about the current status of the remaining great spotted kiwi populations or their popu-lation dynamics. Three main ‘natural’ populations are found in Northwest Nelson, the Paparoa Range and in the Arthur’s Pass Hurunui district. In 2007, the Department of Conservation started a great spotted kiwi population dynamics study in the North Branch of the Hurunui, the area where this research project was conducted. Kiwi workers of the Department of Conserva-tion (Waimakariri area office) captured and VHF radio-tagged 11 kiwi between March and July 2007 in the North Branch and started to collect radio tracking and activity data. To improve this existing data set, 10 of the 11 birds were intensely radio tracked using triangulation and homing techniques during December 2007 to April 2008 for this Master’s research project. Estimated home-range sizes for great spotted kiwi in the North Branch varied between 19.59 ha and 35.41 ha, with a calculated mean of 29.3 ha for adult birds. The kiwi population in a defined research area of 60 km² in the Hurunui North Branch was estimated to be around 290 birds. The density for the whole area monitored by the Department of Conservation in the North Branch was esti-mated to be 2.25 pairs per km² plus subadults or in other terms 4.83 birds per km². These density estimates are much higher than results of earlier studies in the Arthurs Pass/Hurunui district. Movement plots of three bonded pairs showed that partners stayed in territories they shared. Nevertheless pairs shared only in 5% of days (n=38) shelters but regularly met during night and kept in contact via calls especially prior to meetings. Nightly travel distances varied between 488-1657 m. Furthermore, the most frequent travel distances covered per hour ranged between 50-150 m. The results of this study provide information for other kiwi researchers and raise ad-ditional questions for other projects regarding great spotted kiwi biology, behaviour and dynam-ics still need to be answered (e.g. habitat requirements). Finally, the results of this study alone are poor indicators of current population health, but they do provide a scientific baseline for any subsequent population monitoring for the great spotted kiwi population status and health in the North Branch area. If future monitoring shows that the great spotted kiwi population is at risk, suitable management actions can be applied and their success can be correctly evaluated.

Tesis por compendio / [EN] In the present Doctoral Thesis, the suitability of the use of microwave energy as an alternative to conventional heating to safely pasteurise and efficiently preserve the quality of a kiwifruit puree was investigated. To this end, the impact of microwave heating on the enzymatic activity, microorganisms, pathogenic or spoilage, physicochemical, sensory, nutritional and functional properties of the product was studied, following the processing step and during successive storage. On this basis, a pasteurisation microwave treatment was designed and validated, and effectiveness of microwave technology and conventional heating to preserve the safety and quality of the product were compared based on several criteria. Although microwave processing led to a non-uniform heating of the kiwifruit puree, with the coldest and the hottest spots being located at its central region and its edges, respectively, this technology allowed an effective inactivation of enzymes and microorganisms (pathogenic or spoilage) without severely affecting the quality of the product. On the basis of the data provided by the inactivation kinetics of L. monocytogenes under microwave heating, along with the outputs of an experimental design, which was used to study the effect of microwave power and process time on the enzymatic inactivation and the functional properties of the product, the best processing conditions were chosen. These treatment conditions permitted to reach the target level of microbial inactivation as well as minimise the enzymatic activity and maximise the preservation of the functional value of the product were selected. The optimum microwave treatment was found to cause a 90% of peroxidase inactivation and reduce more than 5-log10 cycles of L. monocytogenes, with a 99.9% of probability. An equivalent conventional pasteurisation treatment was designed with comparative purposes. From the comparison established, superiority of microwaves over conventional heating to inactivate enzymes and microorganisms was pointed out, given that, on the one hand, lower thermal load (lower value of pasteurisation units) was needed in order to achieve the same level of peroxidase inactivation and, on the other hand, a shorter decimal reduction time (lower D-value) of L. monocytogenes was obtained when the kiwifruit puree was processed by means of microwave technology. Accordingly, although microwave pasteurisation led to an analogous inactivation of L. monocytogenes and similarly affected the consistency and carotenoids content of the puree, this treatment gave rise to a superior preservation of the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, as well as, the chlorophylls content of the product. Additionally, the microwave pasteurised kiwifruit puree showed a colour more similar to that of the fresh fruit, a greater sensory acceptability, a longer shelf-life (123 days at 4 ºC) and greater stability during storage. In conclusion, more than conventional heating, microwave technology was found to be an appropriate means of processing a kiwifruit puree, as well as any other fruit puree with similar characteristics, so as to obtain high-quality and safe pasteurised fruit-based products. / [ES] En la presente Tesis se evalúa la idoneidad del uso de las microondas como tecnología alternativa a la pasteurización convencional, para preservar un puré de kiwi desde el punto de vista de la seguridad y la calidad del mismo. Para ello, se ha estudiado el impacto de esta tecnología sobre diversas enzimas, microorganismos patógenos y alterantes y distintas propiedades fisicoquímicas, sensoriales, nutricionales y funcionales del puré, tras el procesado y durante el almacenamiento. Se ha establecido y validado un tratamiento de pasteurización por microondas y se ha comparado la efectividad de esta tecnología frente al calentamiento convencional a la hora de conservar el producto en base a diversos criterios. Aunque la energía microondas dio lugar a un calentamiento heterogéneo del puré, detectándose el punto más frío en la zona central del producto y el punto más caliente en la zona superior de sus laterales, éste resultó efectivo frente a la inactivación tanto de enzimas como de microorganismos patógenos y alterantes, sin causar un excesivo deterioro de su calidad. Se obtuvieron diversos modelos cinéticos que permitieron predecir la inactivación microbiológica del puré de kiwi durante el calentamiento por microondas. Se empleó un diseño de experimentos para determinar las condiciones de proceso más adecuadas para pasteurizar el producto mediante esta tecnología, en base a la inactivación enzimática y al deterioro de sus propiedades funcionales. El tratamiento por microondas seleccionado dio lugar a un puré de kiwi tanto estable (90% de inactivación de la enzima peroxidasa) como inocuo (> 5 reducciones logarítmicas de L. monocytogenes) a un 99,9% de probabilidad. Asimismo, se estableció un tratamiento de pasteurización convencional equivalente con fines comparativos. A raíz de la comparación establecida, quedó patente la superioridad de las microondas para inactivar tanto enzimas como microorganismos, ya que, por un lado, se requirió de una menor carga térmica (menos unidades de pasteurización) para alcanzar un nivel equivalente de inactivación de peroxidasa y, por el otro, el tiempo de reducción decimal (valor de D) del microorganismo patógeno estudiado L. monocytogenes resultó ser menor, cuando el puré de kiwi se procesó mediante la aplicación de microondas que cuando éste se sometió al calentamiento convencional. En consecuencia, la pasteurización por microondas, aunque causó un nivel de inactivación de L. monocytogenes semejante y afectó de forma similar a la consistencia y al contenido en carotenoides del mismo que el tratamiento térmico convencional, permitió alcanzar una mayor inactivación de la flora alterante del producto, así como, de las enzimas polifenoloxidasa y pectinmetilesterasa. Además, el tratamiento de pasteurización por microondas preservó en mayor medida el contenido en compuestos bioactivos, la actividad antioxidante y el contenido en clorofilas del producto, dando lugar a un puré de kiwi con un color más semejante al propio de la fruta fresca, que presentó además, una mayor aceptabilidad sensorial, una vida útil más larga (123 días a 4 ºC) y una mayor estabilidad de sus propiedades durante el almacenamiento. En base a todo lo anterior, se recomienda la aplicación de la tecnología microondas como una alternativa interesante al procesado térmico convencional a la hora de pasteurizar un puré de kiwi, así como de otras frutas de características similares, con el fin de obtener productos procesados a base de fruta de mayor calidad sin que la innocuidad de los mismos se vea comprometida. / [CA] En la present Tesi s'avalua la idoneïtat de l'ús de les microones com a tecnologia alternativa a la pasteurització convencional, per a preservar un puré de kiwi des del punt de vista de la seguretat i la qualitat del mateix. Per a això, s'ha estudiat l'impacte d'esta tecnologia sobre diversos enzims, microorganismes patògens i alterants i distintes propietats fisicoquímiques, sensorials, nutricionals i funcionals del puré, després del processat i durant l'emmagatzemament. S'ha establit i validat un tractament de pasteurització per microones i s'ha comparat l'efectivitat d'esta tecnologia enfront del calfament convencional a l'hora de conservar el producte basant-se en diversos criteris. Encara que l'energia microones va donar lloc a un calfament heterogeni del puré, detectant-se el punt més fred en la zona central del producte i el punt més calent en la zona superior dels seus laterals, aquest va resultar efectiu per a inactivar tant enzims com microorganismes patògens i alterants, sense causar un excessiu deteriorament de la seua qualitat. Es van obtindre diversos models cinètics que van permetre predir la inactivació microbiològica del puré de kiwi durant el calfament per microones i es va utilitzar un disseny d'experiments per a determinar les condicions de procés més adequades per a pasteuritzar el producte per mitjà d'esta tecnologia, basant-se en la inactivació enzimàtica i el deteriorament de les seues propietats funcionals. El tractament per microones seleccionat va donar lloc a un puré de kiwi tant estable (90% d'inactivació de l'enzim peroxidasa) com innocu (> 5 reduccions logarítmiques de L. monocytogenes) a un 99,9% de probabilitat. Així mateix, es va establir un tractament de pasteurització convencional equivalent amb fins comparatius. Arran de la comparació establida, va quedar patent la superioritat de les microones per a inactivar tant enzims com microorganismes, ja que, d'una banda, es va requerir d'una menor càrrega tèrmica (menys unitats de pasteurització) per a aconseguir un nivell equivalent d'inactivació de peroxidasa i, per l'altre, el temps de reducció decimal (valor de D) del microorganisme patogen L. monocytogenes va resultar ser menor, quan el puré de kiwi es va processar per mitjà de l'aplicació de microones que quan este es va sotmetre al calfament convencional. En conseqüència, la pasteurització per microones, encara que va causar un nivell d'inactivació de L. monocytogenes semblant i va afectar de forma anàloga a la consistència i al contingut en carotenoides del mateix que el tractament tèrmic convencional, va permetre aconseguir una major inactivació de la flora alterant del producte, així com, dels enzims polifenoloxidasa i pectinmetilesterasa. A més, el tractament de pasteurització per microones va preservar en major grau el contingut en compostos bioactius i activitat antioxidant i el contingut en clorofil·les del producte, donant lloc a un puré de kiwi amb un color més semblant al propi de la fruita fresca, que va presentar a més, una major acceptabilitat sensorial, una vida útil més llarga (123 dies a 4 ºC) i una major estabilitat de les seues propietats durant l'emmagatzemament. Basant-se en tot l'anterior, es recomana l'aplicació de la tecnologia microones com una alternativa interessant al processat tèrmic convencional a l'hora de pasteuritzar un puré de kiwi, així com d'altres fruites de característiques semblants, a fi d'obtindre productes processats a base de fruita de major qualitat sense que la innocuïtat dels mateixos es veja compromesa. / Benlloch Tinoco, M. (2015). ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE LA CALIDAD Y SEGURIDAD DE UN PURÉ DE KIWI PASTEURIZADO POR CALENTAMIENTO CONVENCIONAL O POR MICROONDAS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/53708 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales / Compendio

This thesis project is about possibilities of storing genealogic data in different formats and based on the results it suggests data format which can be used consequently as a source for the vizualization by semantic web. In the scope of the project there is a genealogic application implemented for KiWi platform. This application enable visualization of designed format using prefuse technology. There are basic and aslo some other usefull information about the basic technologies of the semantic web like RDF, XM, ontology, OWL language stated in the document.

This project goal was to determine the flexibility of an omnidirectional robot with a physical implementation of the video game pong. A robot was created to follow and catch a ball and could play against a human player. The challenge of the project was to create a stable system that could move in a straight path and catch the ball within a reasonable distance from the other player. A camera was used to implement an image recognition system that could determine the two-dimensional position of the ball and hard coded values for the size of the ball was used to simulate a three-dimensional position. Given these values, the robot was able to follow the ball and push the ball when close. For the omnidirectional system, socalled kiwi drive with three DC motors and omnidirectional wheels was used. Ultrasonic sensors were also used to stop the robot if a nearby wall was too close. To make the robot move in a straight path, control theory together with a compass module was used to measure the angular error which was fed as feedback to the system. This enabled the robot to travel in a straight path and catch the ball. The results of the project showed that it is possible to control an omnidirectional robot with control theory in a stable manner. Using image recognition with a web camera together with OpenCV is fast enough to create a fast robotic system that can successfully complete a given task. / Detta projekts mål var att analysera hur flexibel det går att göra en robot med flerdimensionella hjul, det vill säga en robot som har hjul som gör att den kan röra sig med tre frihetsgrader. Detta gjordes genom att implementera en fysisk version av datorspelet pong. I projektet byggdes en robot som kunde följa och fånga en boll samt spela mot en mänsklig spelare. Utmaningen i projektet var att skapa ett stabilt system som kunde möjliggöra för roboten att färdas en rak väg och fånga bollen inom ett rimligt avstånd från motspelaren. En webbkamera användes för att implementera ett bildigenkänningssystem som kunde avgöra den tvådimensionella positionen för bollen och hårdkodade värden på bollens storlek användes för att simulera en tredimensionell position. Givet dessa värden lyckades roboten följa efter bollen och trycka ifrån den när bollen närmade sig. Tre stycken DC-motorer med tillhörande hjul användes för att skapa en treaxlig konfiguration för det flerdimensionella systemet. Ultraljudssensorer användes för att stanna roboten om den kom för nära en vägg i spelplanen. För att få roboten att röra sig längs en rak linje användes en kompassmodul för att mäta vinkelfelet som uppstod när roboten körde på ett felaktigt sätt. Detta vinkelfel användes som återkoppling för en PID-regulator vilket i sin tur m¨ojliggjorde f¨or roboten att kunna följa och fånga bollen längs en rak linje. Resultaten från projektet visade att en flerdimensionell robot går att kontrollera på ett stabilt sätt genom en PIDregulator och bildigenkänning med hjälp av en webbkamera och OpenCV ¨ar tillräckligt snabbt för att kunna skapa ett robotsystem som kan lösa en given uppgift.