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Detta examensarbete syftade till att med hjälp av teoretiska beräkningar och praktiska försök beräknakarakteristisk och dimensionerande bärförmåga samt karakteristisk styvhet för ett skruvat träförband iKL-trä. Vidare syftade arbetet till att fastställa hur överrensstämmande praktik och teori var.Beräkningar enligt teori utgick från Dimensionering av träkonstruktioner del 1-2 samt KLTrähandbokenoch de praktiska försöken utfördes med hjälp av en provmaskin. Sju provkroppargenomgick provning och materialparametrarna fastställdes. Den karakteristiska bärförmågan enligtteori uppgick till 14.48 kN och 13.86 kN enligt praktiska försök. Den dimensionerande bärförmåganenligt teori uppgick till 10.16 kN och 9.60 kN enligt praktiska försök. Karakteristiska styvheten enligtteori uppgick till 10000000 kN/m/m och 6380 kN/m/m enligt praktiska försök. Slutsatsen är att deframtagna karakteristiska och dimensionerande bärförmågorna stämmer bra överrens.Beräkningsteorin bör dock utökas med fler formler som tar hänsyn till förband som inte uppfyller dekrav som den nuvarande teorin förutsätter. Karakteristiska styvheten baserat på teori är mycket högreän styvheten enligt praktiska försök och detta är något som bör beaktas vid dimensionering. Dettadärför att det teoretiska värdet ger en icke verklighetstrogen bild av hur lastfördelningen ser ut i enkonstruktion vid till exempel en lastnedräkning eftersom att infästningarna i verkligheten har enmycket lägre styvhet. / This thesis aimed at calculating characteristic load-bearing capacity as well as characteristic stiffnessfor a screwed wood joint made out of CLT using theoretical calculations and practical experiments.Furthermore, the work aimed at determining how consistent practice and theory were. Calculationsaccording to theory were based on Dimensionering av träkonstruktioner del 1-2 as well as KLTrähandbokenand the practical experiments were carried out using a test machine. Seven specimensunderwent testing and the material parameters were determined. The characteristic load-bearingcapacity according to theory was 14.48 kN and 13.86 kN according to practical experiments. Thedesign load-bearing capacity according to theory was 10.16 kN and 9.60 kN according to practicalexperiments. The characteristic stiffness according to theory amounted to 10000000 kN/m/ m and6380 kN/m/ m according to practical experiments. The conclusion is that the characteristic loadbearingcapacities correspond well. However, the theory should be expanded with more formulas forjoints that do not meet the requirements which the current theory requires. The characteristic stiffnessbased on theory is much higher than the stiffness according to practical experiments and this issomething that should be considered when designing. This is because the theoretical value gives anon-realistic picture of how the load distribution appears in a construction when calculating resultingloads because the joints in reality have a much lower stiffness-value.

This is a study on some controversial legal aspects of resorting to arbitration in disputes concerning administrative contracts with an international dimension – i.e. contracts between public authorities in the United Arab State (UAE) and foreign companies, as well as contracts concluded between local parties but indirectly generate results of international dimensions. In this study, I have adopted a descriptive methodology, meticulously describing the legislative and judicial status in the UAE compared to those of both Egypt and France. In addition, I have also resorted to an analytical approach to provide a concise analysis of the essence of legal provisions guided by the established jurisprudence and judicial opinions. Finally, I used the comparative approach to draw parallels and difference within the legislature and the judiciary between three legal systems, with an eye at making use of relatively advanced legal systems. According to the above, and through utilizing the three research methods mentioned, (the descriptive, analytical and comparative), we attempted to analyze the various relevant jurisprudence and judicial opinions, together with court rulings and legislative provisions. The ultimate objective is to draw scientific results from the detailed evidences drawn from the selected rulings, as well as deciding on the position of both local and international jurisprudence and judiciary on this regard. This is to consolidate the theoretical positions with existing practice. At the outset of the thesis (chapter one) this study begins with a discussion of the main concepts of the constitutional system of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with an explanation of the federal structure of the state and the nature of the UAE system of government. This is important because this study is mainly concerned with the UAE. This is followed by an illustration of the principles of administrative law within the UAE state. The study shows that the judicial system of the UAE state adopts a unitary judicial system whereby the same courts have jurisdiction on all sorts of disputes, both on disputes arising from administrative law and administrative contracts, as well as on disputes arising between private persons. This would unify the rules that apply to all disputes relating to the administration including administrative contracts with international dimensions. (Chapter two) attempts to define the concept of the administrative contract; the main focus of this study, and the criteria for distinguishing it from other types of contracts. It is concluded that the distinctive criteria for administrative contracts in the UAE are that: (i) one party to a contract shall be a public persona (such as the state, city authorities or municipalities); (ii) the contract shall be connected to the running or organization of a public facility (such as public institutions and authorities, security organizations and educational institutions) and (iii) it shall include exorbitant conditions which are unfamiliar in private law contracts. This distinction would help determining the nature of the legal rules to be applied on settlement of disputes, whether pertaining to the rules of administrative law or those of private law. (Chapter three) displays and critically reviews the main ideas related to arbitration in administrative contracts and shows the reservations and disadvantages that might arise from resorting to arbitration in this field. (Chapter four) This study comes to a number of conclusions in relation to these reservations and disadvantages. Despite the great importance of resorting to arbitration in administrative contracts as a speedy and distinctively confidential instrument for protecting the interests of the contractual parties, my opinion resorting to arbitration for settlement of disputes should be followed only if and to the extent it encourages investment in the UAE and it is respectful of higher administrative interests of the UAE state. The same limitation should apply to international administrative contracts and administrative contracts with international dimensions. Arbitration should be carried out without prejudice to the principle that a public authority in the UAE shall pursue a public interest without prejudice to private interests. This study argues that the legislator should intervene in an unambiguous manner to achieve the following results in relation to arbitration in administrative contracts with an international dimension and formulate proposals on how best to address these issues: 1. Determine the fields in which resorting to arbitration in administrative disputes should be admitted. 2. Specify the competent authority for approval of resorting to arbitration in this field (preferably the higher administrative authority within the state, such as the cabinet of ministers, the competent minister or authorized representative among public persona. No delegation is permissible, in this regard, for public persona assuming positions inferior to the above-mentioned ones because of their distinguished expertise which brought them to shoulder highly sensitive positions. Delegation in arbitration should be restricted to a very limited domain and only endowed upon those who assume the highest executive positions and qualified to shoulder high ranking positions and responsibilities. 3. The arbitration panel shall refrain from prejudicing the nature of the administrative contract, that is to refrain from prejudicing public interests, in order not to use resorting to arbitration as a means of evading application of the rules and regulations pertaining to the established administrative contract, which are stipulated to maintain public interest and public funds without prejudice to the rights and freedoms of private persons. Hence, it is pertinent to preserve the administrative nature and enforce the substantive regulations of the administrative contract. The contract should involve provisions for including arbitration, in addition to explicitly specify that the applicable law governing the contract should be the administrative law and the theory of administrative contract, which shall be applied in case of dispute. Arbitration should be restricted to administrative contracts with international dimensions, connected with public interest projects and leading to the encouragement of foreign investment and applying the principles of arbitration for conciliation in internal administrative contracts disputes only. The study concludes by arguing that legislative reform should be carried out to introduce legislative amendments, incorporating the above-mentioned arrangements, which are crucial to the settlement of administrative contracts disputes through arbitration. Resorting to arbitration should be restricted to certain types of contracts concluded by public authorities as an exception to the general principle of resorting to a judicial authority for looking into a legal disputes. These were put in place only to strike a balance between achieving public interests of the state and protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals.

<p>Wastewater treatment is increasingly controlled by the Swedish environmental quality objectives, adopted by the Swedish parliament. There is a need for a sewage system that can fulfill stringent requirements concerning the environment, recycling and resource use and hygiene. Additional environmental aspects in recent years are the impact of climate change, new knowledge about the effects of pharmaceuticals in water, the need for improved wastewater treatment and increased recycling of nutrients to agriculture.</p><p> </p><p>This report has, from a future scenario of the year 2050, analyzed seven different systems for wastewater treatment and treatment of compostable biowaste from households in Eskilstuna. A future scenario was chosen based on that within a forty year period new challenges may arise which can result in higher demands on sewage treatment than those we see today. Another reason why the future scenario was established is that changes in wastewater treatment systems are slow to establish.</p><p> </p><p>The analysis is mainly focused on the economical aspects but environmental aspects such as emissions to receiving waters and potential recycling of plant nutrients has also been evaluated briefly. The economical analysis was made from a new construction perspective. The economy model is constructed in Microsoft Office Excel and named URWARE Eko. The report also includes a section based on results from previous system studies.</p><p> </p><p>A target image of Eskilstuna 2050 was initially created. Seven systems were then analyzed based on this target image. The seven different systems could be divided in to three main categories: conventional sewage system that were modified, source separated blackwater systems and a sewage plant with improved treatment technology in the form of membrane technology and reverse osmosis.</p><p> </p><p>The results showed that it differed a factor of 1.9 between the cheapest system (sludge recovery to productive land) and the most expensive (separated blackwater treated in a central treatment facility). All systems have a big recycling potential of phosphorus. Blackwater systems and wastewater plants with membrane technology and reverse osmosis are the best systems for recycling of other nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and sulfur.</p><p><em> </em></p>

Wastewater treatment is increasingly controlled by the Swedish environmental quality objectives, adopted by the Swedish parliament. There is a need for a sewage system that can fulfill stringent requirements concerning the environment, recycling and resource use and hygiene. Additional environmental aspects in recent years are the impact of climate change, new knowledge about the effects of pharmaceuticals in water, the need for improved wastewater treatment and increased recycling of nutrients to agriculture.   This report has, from a future scenario of the year 2050, analyzed seven different systems for wastewater treatment and treatment of compostable biowaste from households in Eskilstuna. A future scenario was chosen based on that within a forty year period new challenges may arise which can result in higher demands on sewage treatment than those we see today. Another reason why the future scenario was established is that changes in wastewater treatment systems are slow to establish.   The analysis is mainly focused on the economical aspects but environmental aspects such as emissions to receiving waters and potential recycling of plant nutrients has also been evaluated briefly. The economical analysis was made from a new construction perspective. The economy model is constructed in Microsoft Office Excel and named URWARE Eko. The report also includes a section based on results from previous system studies.   A target image of Eskilstuna 2050 was initially created. Seven systems were then analyzed based on this target image. The seven different systems could be divided in to three main categories: conventional sewage system that were modified, source separated blackwater systems and a sewage plant with improved treatment technology in the form of membrane technology and reverse osmosis.   The results showed that it differed a factor of 1.9 between the cheapest system (sludge recovery to productive land) and the most expensive (separated blackwater treated in a central treatment facility). All systems have a big recycling potential of phosphorus. Blackwater systems and wastewater plants with membrane technology and reverse osmosis are the best systems for recycling of other nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and sulfur.

Är korslaminerat trä ett bra alternativ för påbyggnader? Studiens syfte är att utreda hur väl påbyggnader i CLT står sig som alternativ i konkurrens med andra metoder att ta fram nya bostäder inom tätort där ett behov av förtätning finns. Studien riktar sig till en eventuell byggherre och i första hand till uppdragsgivaren: AB Gotlandshem. Kvartert Höken 1 är uppfört i början på 1960-talet. De aktuella byggnaderna för en eventuell påbyggnad är tre hus om två våningsplan och källare. Dessa byggnader benämns: B, D och F. Bärande väggar i stommen är uppförda i varierande material. I studien har två väggar valts ut som särkilt intressanta. De undersöks närmare genom statiska beräkningar enligt EKS 9. Studien konstaterar att de har tillräcklig tryckhållfashet för att bära en påbyggnad. Studien undersöker även ekonomiska förutsättningar för en påbyggnad i CLT. Detta görs genom att särkostnader identifieras och jämförs. Givetvis är kostnaden för materialet en särkostnad när valet står mellan två material, men studien identifierar även produktionskostnader för montering av bjälklag och installationer som särkostnader. Den ekonomiska jämförelsen indikerar en möjlighet att göra en besparing vid ett val av CLT-bjälklag. Studien visar att det är möjligt att utföra en påbyggnad av hus B, D och F i kv. Höken 1. Dessutom visar det sig att CLT är ett gott alternativ ur ekonomisk synpunkt. Materialet har fördelar som medför rationell produktion. Det innebär att CLT kan vara en billigare lösning för en påbyggnad. / Is cross laminated timber a suitable building material for adding storeys to a building? The purpose of this study is to examine how good an alternative CLT makes in comparision with other methods of developing new homes in urban areas. This study aims to a property developer and primarily to the client: AB Gotlandshem. The block Höken 1 was built in the beginning of the 1960s. The buildings of current interest are three houses with two stories and basement. These buildings are designated: B, D and F. The load bearing structure is constructed in varying materials. Two walls has been selected as especially interesting. They are examined closer through static analysis accordnig to EKS 9. The study concludes that they are sturdy enough to carry an added storey. The study also examines the ecomonic premises for adding a storey made from CLT. Separate costs are identified and compared. Naturally is the materials cost a separate cost in the choice between two different materials, but the study also identifies costs for mounting subfloor construction and installations as separate costs. The economic comparision indicates a possibility to cut costs by choosing subfloor constructins of CLT. The study shows that it is possible to add a storey to house B, D and F. Furthermore is CLT a good alternative from an economic viewpoint. The material has advantages that results in rational production methods. From this follows that CLT may be a cheaper solution for adding a storey.

The Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) approach to inference is commonly used to estimate the parameters in spatial infectious disease models. However, such MCMC analyses can pose a hefty computational burden. Here we present new method to reduce the computing time cost in such MCMC analyses and study its usefulness. This method is based a round the discretization of the spatial parameters in the infectious disease model. A normal approximation of the posterior density of the output from the original model will be compared to that of the modified model, using the Kullback-Leibler(KL) divergence measure.

Från att en råvara utvinns till att den används som en produkt och sedan ska slängas eller återvinnas sker en miljöpåverkan i flera olika steg. Med en livscykelanalys (LCA) går det att beräkna en produkts miljöpåverkan i alla dess faser. Det handlar om hur stora mängder växthusgaser som släpps ut och påverkar miljön på ett negativt sätt. Syftet med denna rapport är att ta reda på vilket av ett trä- och betonghus som är mest klimatsmart vad gäller utsläpp från utvinning av material fram till dess att huset står färdigt.Med hjälp av två företag erhölls mängder för de olika husen vad gäller materialåtgång för grunder och väggar. När mängderna var framtagna kunde undersökningen gå vidare och för det användes programmet Byggsektorns Miljöberäkningsverktyg där mängderna kalkylerades för dem material som var efterfrågade.För att nå ett resultat avgränsades vissa delar av livscykelanalysens helhet. Saker som togs med i rapporten var byggskedet, alltså A1-5 i Byggsektorns miljöberäkningsverktyg, som innefattar råvaruutvinning, tillverkning av material samt bygg- och installationsprocessen.Av programmets beräkningar framgick det att betonghuset står för en större del klimatpåverkan än trähuset. Betonghusets totala klimatpåverkan (GWP), kg CO2 per m2 Atemp var 48.753kg medan trähusets totala klimatpåverkan var 14.836kg från att råvarorna utvunnits till att huset ska stå färdigt.Slutsatsen är att det är mer klimatsmart och att det finns fler fördelar med att bygga ett hus i trä än att bygga ett hus i betong under byggskedet, även fast de båda har en betongplatta. / When a raw material is being extracted to being used as a product and then demolished, environmental impact occurs in many different steps. With a Life-cycle-assessment (LCA), it is possible to calculate a product's environmental impact in all its phases. These are large amounts of greenhouse gases that are released into the environment and have a negative impact on the environment. The purpose of this report is to find out which of a wooden and concrete house is the most climate-smart in terms of emissions from extraction of materials until the house is completed.With the help of companies, we managed to obtain the quantity of the various houses in terms of material consumption for the foundation and walls of the houses. When the quantities have been obtained, the survey can go ahead and for this the tool Byggsektorns Miljöberäkningsverktyg is used where the quantities are calculated for the materials that are in demand.In order to achieve a result, certain parts of the life-cycle-assessment are delimited. Things that will be included in the report are the construction phase, i.e. A1-5 in the tool Byggsektorns Miljöberäkningsverktyg. This includes raw material extraction until the building is completed.The program calculations show that the concrete house accounts for a greater part of the climate impact than the wooden house. Concrete house's total climate impact (GWP), kg CO2 per m2 Atemp, is 48.753kg, while the wooden house's total climate impact is 14.836kg from the raw materials being extracted to the house being finished.The conclusion is that it is more climate smart and that there are more benefits to building a house in wood than building a house in concrete during the construction phase, even though they both have a concrete slab.

One of today’s biggest concerns in many industries is indubitably the environmental concern we arestanding against. Not least in the construction industry is this a big factor in creating and evolvingconstruction methods. The construction industry alone stands for 19 % of the greenhouse gas emissionsin Sweden.This has led to an increased use of wood in buildings and different construction details. Such as woodenframes in higher buildings and as in this study is very relevant, concrete composite slabs. The use of CLTconcretecomposite slabs utilizes the tensile strength from wood and the compression strength fromconcrete. While concrete has high carbon emissions this has led to development of Bascement which isa composition of Portlandcement and fly ash.This project will analyze the use of Bascement in composite slabs and how the impact of moistureevaporation from the hardening concrete will affect the CLT slab. These results will be compared with analready published study which analyzed the moisture properties and effects on a CLT-concretecomposition with standard Portland cement. By using the same model and parameters and onlychanging the cement the moisture is being measured in a 28-days timeframe with laboratory work forshort term vapor transmissions and an additional simulation for long term moisture content. / Kunskapen och användning av träkonstruktioner ökar kraftigt i nutidens byggindustri, trä är ett populärt byggmaterial och en stor anledning av det är på grund av dess klimatneutrala egenskaper. I takt med att klimatmedvetenheten i världen ökar, ökar även användandet av trä i större byggnationer. Byggindustrin står för en stor del av växthusavgaser i Sverige och världen. Många företag jobbar hårt med att utveckla klimatsmarta alternativ för att minska dessa avgaser i byggbranschen. Med tanke på att detta är ett stort fenomen världen över tog projektgruppen ett intresse i ämnet. I betongindustrin finns alternativet att använda betong som är framställd på portlandcement och flygaska, flygaska är en återanvändbar restprodukt från kolförbränning. Vid djupare undersökning har projektgruppen upptäckt att det finns mycket forskning om flygaska i betong men det finns även blandade tankar huruvida det fungerar som byggmaterial, det återkommande problemet med betong med flygaska är dess långsamma uttorkningstid i jämförelse med betong gjord på standardportlandcement. På vilket sätt skiljer uttorkningen, och hur påverkar det anslutande byggnadsdetaljer? Samverkansbjälklag är en byggnadsmetod som utnyttjar träs goda draghållfasthet och betongens tryckhållfasthet. Denna typ av konstruktion finns mycket kunskap om och tidigare studier har undersökt hur KL-trä i samverkanskonstruktioner påverkas av betongens uttorkning. Tidigare studier har kommit fram till att ett tätskikt mellan materialen bör användas men det finns undantag då det inte är nödvändigt. Hur ser det här då ut med en cementtyp som leder till längre uttorkning av betong. Vilka problem kan den längre uttorkningen leda till och är riskerna som kan finnas stora nog att man inte ska använda sig av betong gjord med flygaska? Studien som genomförts bygger på att genomföra en jämförelse mellan standardportlandcement och Portland-flygaskacement. För Portlandflygaska-cement används Bascement och denna jämförs med Byggcement. Vid jämförelse av Bascement och Byggcement i samverkansbjälklag, används en metod som bygger på en tidigare genomförd studie. Genom att sätta upp en fysisk modell av ett samverkansbjälklag med betong gjord på Bascement kan uttorkningsprocessen dokumenteras och fuktpåverkan i KL-träet analyseras. Fuktkvoten i KL-träet mäts av under 28 dagar under experimentet. Utöver det fysiska experimentet genomförs även en simulering som visar hur fuktrörelserna ser ut under en längre period. Resultatet från experimentet och även simuleringen har gett en tydlig uppfattning om hur Bascement kommer påverka KL-träet under en 28 dagarsperiod. Data som framtagits har presenterats i tabeller och grafer för att kunna jämföras med tidigare genomförda experiment. All data visar på att uttorkningen tar längre tid, men att den nödvändigtvis inte utgör en större risk jämfört med Byggcement på grund av den märkbart lägre maximala fuktkvoten i betongen gjord på Bascement. Resultaten visar att ett tätskikt bör användas med hänsyn till de byggnadsfysikaliska egenskaperna hos trä och betong.

En jämförelsestudie mellan stommaterial av KL-trä och betong med hänsyn till miljön, byggtid och ekonomi samt redovisning av lokala aktörers åsikter. / There is a housing shortage in all municipalities in Östergötland and housing construction is limited by expensive production costs and conflicts with the Environmental Code. In combination with meeting future housing needs, it is also necessary for the construction industry to switch to climate neutrality as the parliament has decided that Sweden will have no net emissions of greenhouse gases in 2045.  The purpose of the report is to study the effects of building multi-story apartments with a wooden frame in comparison against concrete and examine how local developers and contractors view such a building technology solution. This is done by investigating the effects of choice of frame material on a reference object with regard to environment, construction time and economy. Further to compile advantages and disadvantages with the material selection according to local developers and contractors and to illustrate what may prevent a more progressive transition to a wooden frame.  To answer the study's first question, data from a reference object with a CLT frame is compared against an applied concrete frame with regard to selected parameters. The second question is answered through interviews with developers and contractors where answers from respondents are compiled and analyzed.  The degree project began with a literature study to acquire knowledge in order to be able to answer the study`s questions in an adequate way. In the following step the construction documents for the reference object provided by the developer Bo Sundberg were studied. A quantity takeoff was necessary to be able to determine the material consumption. The CLT frame was replaced with an applied concrete frame and then compared against each other. In parallel with the comparative study, interviews were conducted with local developers and contractors.   The study shows that the construction time for assemble and casting goes faster for the CLT frame, but at the same time entails extensive supplementary work. The results also show that the CLT frame contributes to a smaller net emission of greenhouse gases and that the total cost of construction is slightly lower than the corresponding frame in concrete. In the cost comparison the vibration insulation for the CLT was excluded, which may have affected the result.  When compiling the interviews, it emerged that the local developers and contractors agree that the CLT frame is the more environmentally friendly alternative. The main reason for not building with a CLT frame was considered to be related to price. Other factors that prevent the CLT frame from having a greater impact are according to the respondents, that the real estate industry is conservative and that more knowledge and increased understanding of the material´s positive properties is needed.  The municipality and the state are considered important participants in driving the development forward. Even though there is a consensus in the industry that CLT frames are the more environmentally friendly alternative, there are cost concerns which means that developers and contractors do not like to abandon conventional proven methods. An increased incentive for climate-smart construction could change their minds and lead to an increased awareness of the construction technology. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>