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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

Utilização de recursos audiovisuais em uma estratégia flexquest sobre radioatividade

VASCONCELOS, Flávia Cristina Gomes Catunda de 08 February 2010 (has links)
Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-07T13:39:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Cristina Gomes Catunda de Vasconcelos.pdf: 3876137 bytes, checksum: d9a3e1826e79082b83cb3c76dd8ffc53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-07T13:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Cristina Gomes Catunda de Vasconcelos.pdf: 3876137 bytes, checksum: d9a3e1826e79082b83cb3c76dd8ffc53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-08 / This paper presents a study conducted in a private school network of the city of Recife, with students from 1st Year High School. One focus of this research is the study of embedded videos on television strategy FlexQuest 'Radioatividade'. For the initial research was conducted a search for videos on television programs willing to submit information based on scientific knowledge. Before the data were carried out categories to better use them while building the strategy. The FlexQuest incorporates within the WebQuest, Theory Cognitive Flexibility (TCF). The TFC is a teaching theory, learning and knowledge representation, aiming at propose strategies for acquiring advanced levels of knowledge. From a qualitative approach, using questionnaires, interviews and observations were made interventions through the implementation of the strategy FlexQuest 'Radioatividade' having with axle, the analysis of crossings landscape that students have achieved in course of performing the requested tasks. The survey results revealed that FlexQuest 'Radioatividade' and also includes audiovisual resources, these features enable learning from that embedded in well-structured strategies within a constructivist approach to teaching and learning, with an effective strategy for stimulating introductory level or for understanding applications of radioactivity. From the research reveals that the activities might arouse students' curiosity, research, cooperative work, autonomy, even outside the school. Therefore, the FlexQuest is a good strategy for acquiring knowledge in advanced levels, students develop skills in applying knowledge learned in different situations. This strategy was also as a tool based on real situations that are often distorted by the television media, enabling students to develop the critical eye on what one is transmitted. Faced with the above, this paper proposes a teaching strategy supported by TCF, which uses video as a teaching resource, which can contribute to the process of teaching and learning of radioactivity. For this proposition allowed students ownership / relationship of scientific knowledge with what is taught in other activities in the classroom, making it more critical of what is televised, not requiring condemnation of a possible means of communication by the school. / O presente estudo apresenta uma pesquisa realizada em uma escola da rede privada da cidade do Recife, com alunos do 1° Ano do Ensino Médio. Um dos focos desta pesquisa é o estudo da incorporação de vídeos televisivos na estratégia FlexQuest "Radioatividade‟. Para a pesquisa inicial foi realizada uma busca por vídeos dispostos em programas de televisão que apresentassem informações baseadas no saber científico. Diante dos dados obtidos foram realizadas categorias para melhor utilizá-los durante a construção da estratégia. A FlexQuest incorpora, dentro da WebQuest, a Teoria da Flexibilidade Cognitiva (TFC), que é uma teoria de ensino, aprendizagem e representação do conhecimento, objetivando a proposição de estratégias para aquisição de níveis avançados do conhecimento. A partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, com uso de questionários, entrevistas e observações, foram realizadas intervenções através da aplicação da estratégia FlexQuest „Radiaotividade‟ tendo com eixo norteador, a análise das travessias de paisagem que os alunos conseguiram realizar no decorrer da realização das tarefas solicitadas. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram que a FlexQuest „Radioatividade‟ comporta recursos audiovisuais; além disso esses recursos possibilitam aprendizagem desde que incorporados em estratégias bem estruturadas dentro de uma proposta construtivista de ensino e aprendizagem. Neste sentido, constitui-se uma estratégia eficaz para nível introdutório ou estimulador para o entendimento das aplicações da radioatividade. A partir deste estudo foi possível compreender como as atividades despertaram nos alunos a curiosidade, a pesquisa, o trabalho cooperativo, a autonomia, mesmo fora do âmbito escolar. Constatou-se, então que a FlexQuest é uma boa estratégia para a aquisição de conhecimento em níveis avançados, pois desenvolve nos alunos as habilidades de aplicação do conhecimento apreendido em diferentes situações. Esta estratégia mostrou-se ainda como uma ferramenta baseada em situações reais que muitas vezes são distorcidas pela mídia televisiva, possibilitando que os alunos desenvolvessem o olhar crítico diante daquilo que se é transmitido. Diante do que foi exposto, este trabalho propõe uma estratégia didática suportada pela TFC, que utiliza o vídeo como recurso didático, que pode contribuir no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de radioatividade. Pois, esta proposição permitiu aos alunos a apropriação/relação do conhecimento científico com o que se é ensinado em outras atividades de sala de aula, tornando-o mais crítico com o que é transmitido pela televisão, não sendo necessária uma possível condenação do meio de comunicação por parte da escola.
192

Representação do conhecimento em biblioteca virtual temática em saúde: dimensões cognitivas do processo de conceitualização de tema

Esteves, Marcia Cristina Silva 29 March 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T11:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 esteves2012.pdf: 1850559 bytes, checksum: 581ae9a340169fb48de9751f6ead8acf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-29 / Diante do processo evolutivo e global de difusão do conhecimento e de busca e recuperação da informação, as publicações impressas, aos poucos, são substituídas pelos novos suportes de informação, advindos das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC). Essa evolução tecnológica reflete-se no âmbito das bibliotecas e dos repositórios, emergindo diferentes tipos e nomenclaturas - biblioteca digital, biblioteca eletrônica e biblioteca virtual -, bem como ocasiona mudanças significativas no ambiente e na dinâmica informacional, vislumbrando possibilidades de armazenamento, disponibilização e divulgação das informações científicas. No entanto, o extenso universo de informação disponibilizada nas bibliotecas, com o seu crescimento exponencial, apresentam entraves no momento da organização e da representação da informação científica, gerando lentidão e ineficiência na busca e recuperação da informação. No universo de uma Biblioteca Virtual Temática em Saúde (BVTS), visando a melhor compreensão do contexto de bibliotecas temáticas, no âmbito dos repositórios digitais, onde ocorreu o presente estudo, e por se tratar de uma biblioteca virtual de natureza organizacional temática, foi realizado um estudo, tendo como finalidade o entendimento e a definição do conceito Tema. Dessa forma, então, um dos objetivos dessa dissertação é apresentar um processo de conceitualização de Tema, com dimensões cognitivas, que viabilize um modelo conceitual de representação do conhecimento, para ontologia, com integração de abordagens teórico-metodológicas clássicas e não clássicas de organização do conhecimento, almejando a construção de modelos de representação sobre campos conceituais organizados tematicamente e, de modo mais específico sobre o tema saúde da mama .
193

Representação do domínio da agricultura no contexto da organização do conhecimento

Oliveira, Leandra Pereira de 19 March 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Priscilla Araujo (priscilla@ibict.br) on 2016-08-03T20:34:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Leandra_de_Oliveira_Dissertação.pdf: 1982019 bytes, checksum: c5e769e816cb9d0e781ab2ea7362a04e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T20:34:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Leandra_de_Oliveira_Dissertação.pdf: 1982019 bytes, checksum: c5e769e816cb9d0e781ab2ea7362a04e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-19 / Pesquisa exploratória que tem como objetivo principal investigar modelos representacionais, visando evidenciar particularidades da Agricultura como domínio do conhecimento. Para isso, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica e documental para atender os objetivos específicos que são: identificar a origem etimológica e os aspectos históricos da Agricultura, investigar a área de Agricultura em classificações nacionais e internacionais de conhecimento e observar num contexto diferente de aplicação, outro modelo referencial da Agricultura. Apresentam-se como modelos representacionais do domínio da Agricultura: o AGRIS/CARIS: Categorization scheme da FAO, a Tabela de Áreas do Conhecimento do CNPq e a representação presente nos dados da pós-graduação brasileira na Grande Área „Ciências Agrárias‟ da CAPES. A partir da descrição e análise dos modelos, observou-se proximamente a complexidade que cerca a representação de um domínio do conhecimento. No caso da Agricultura, a dificuldade reside na pluralidade de objetos de estudo que transcendem a disciplinaridade e a interdisciplinaridade do domínio. Essa característica, se por um lado, motiva e enriquece o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico, por outro, leva a dificuldades de representação da Agricultura nos modelos referenciais e representacionais de organização do conhecimento. Conclui-se que a análise de diferentes modelos representacionais se coloca como uma abordagem para perceber as diferentes visões existentes no domínio por refletir a organização e representação do conhecimento praticada pela comunidade discursiva. / This work is an exploratory research that has as main objective to investigate representational models, aiming to obtain particularities of Agriculture as a knowledge domain. Bibliographic and documentary search were done in order to achieve the specific objectives to identify the etymological origin and the historical aspects of Agriculture, to investigate the area of Agriculture in national and international classifications of knowledge, and to observe another reference model application within an educational context. The classificatory instruments analised were: the FAO Categorization scheme AGRIS/CARIS, the CNPq‟s Tabela de Áreas de Conhecimento, and the representation of the Brazilian post-graduate programs in „Agricultural Sciences' in CAPES classification. The analyses revealed the complexity surrounding the representation of a knowledge domain. In the case of Agriculture, the difficulty lies in the plurality of objects of study that transcend disciplinary and interdisciplinary domains. This feature, on one hand, motivates and enriches the scientific and technological development. On the other hand it leads to difficulties in the representation of Agriculture referential and representational knowledge organization models. We conclude that the analysis of different representational models is a valid approach to grasp different visions for the area reflected by the organization and representation of knowledge as practiced by communities of discourse.
194

Modelo fuzzy para recuperação de informação utilizando multiplas ontologias relacionadas / Fuzzy information retrieval model using multiple related ontologies

Leite, Maria Angelica de Andrade 13 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Ivan Luiz Marques Ricarte / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T09:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leite_MariaAngelicadeAndrade_D.pdf: 1895167 bytes, checksum: fdce073bd2fe535322ed192c85f7b61a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Com a crescente popularidade da World Wide Web mais pessoas têm acesso à informação cujo volume vem expandindo ao longo do tempo. A área de recuperação de informação ganhou um novo desafio visando buscar os recursos pelo significado da informação neles contida. Uma forma de recuperar a informação, pelo seu significado, é pelo uso de uma base de conhecimento que modela os conceitos de um domínio e seus relacionamentos. Atualmente, ontologias têm sido utilizadas para modelar bases de conhecimento. Para tratar com a imprecisão e a incerteza, presentes no conhecimento e no processo de recuperação de informação, são empregadas técnicas da teoria de conjuntos fuzzy. Trabalhos precedentes codificam a base de conhecimento utilizando apenas uma ontologia. Entretanto, uma coleção de documentos pode tratar temas pertencentes a domínios diferentes, expressos por ontologias distintas, que podem estar relacionados. Neste trabalho, uma forma de organização e representação do conhecimento em múltiplas ontologias relacionadas foi investigada e um novo método de expansão de consulta foi desenvolvido. A organização do conhecimento e o método de expansão de consulta foram integrados no modelo fuzzy para recuperação de informação utilizando múltiplas ontologias relacionadas. O desempenho do modelo foi comparado com outro modelo fuzzy para recuperação de informação e com a máquina de busca Lucene do projeto Apache. Em ambos os casos o modelo proposto apresentou uma melhora nas medidas de precisão e cobertura. / Abstract: With the World Wide Web popularity growth, more people has access to information and this information volume is expanding over the time. The information retrieval area has a new challenge intending to search information resources by their meaning. A way to retrieve information, by its meaning, is by using a knowledge base that encodes the domain concepts and their relationships. Nowadays ontologies are being used to model knowledge bases. To deal with imprecison and uncertainty present in the knowledge and in the information retrieval process, fuzzy set theory techniques are employed. Preceding works encode a knowledge base using just one ontology. However a document collection can deal with different domain themes, expressed by distinct ontologies, that can be related. In this work a way of knowledge organization and representation, using multiple related ontologies, was investigated and a new method of query expansion was developed. The knowledge organization and the query expansion method were integrated in the fuzzy model for information retrieval based on mutiple related ontologies. The model performance was compared with another fuzzy-based approach for information retrieval and with the Apache Lucene search engine. In both cases the proposed model improves the precision and recall measures. / Doutorado / Engenharia de Computação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
195

Explicação em sistemas que utilizam diagramas de influências como formalismo de representação do conhecimento / Explanation in systems that use influence diagrams for Knowledge representation.

Maria Inés Castiñeira 18 October 1996 (has links)
O presente trabalho discute a necessidade da representação e manipulação de incertezas na resolução de problemas por sistemas baseados em conhecimento, e como isto pode ser realizado utilizando redes de crenças. Este tipo de representação do conhecimento combina a teoria das probabilidades e teoria da decisão, para representar incertezas, com a teoria dos grafos, esta última apropriada para representar as relações de dependência entre as variáveis do modelo. Os diagramas de inferência - redes de crenças que permitem representar incertezas, decisões e preferências do usuário - são discutidos e adotados neste trabalho para desenvolver um sistema normativo de apoio à decisão. A problemática da explicação em sistemas bayesianos, relativamente nova quando comparada com a dos sistemas baseados em regras, é abordada. Neste contexto dois mecanismos de explicação para diagramas de influência são propostos: análise de sensibilidade e as redes probabilísticas qualitativas. Estes mecanismos são usados para gerar conclusões genéricas bem como para entender qualitativamente as relações entre as ações e eventos que fazem parte do modelo. Uma ferramenta gráfica de apoio à decisão baseada em diagramas de influências foi implementada na linguagem Smalltalk. Este aplicativo não só permite representar e avaliar o problema do usuário como também incorpora as facilidades de explicação acima descritas. A possibilidade de observar graficamente o que acontece com o modelo quando os valores das variáveis são modificados - análise de sensibilidade - permite compreender melhor o problema descobrindo quais as variáveis que influenciam as decisões e auxilia a refinar os valores das variáveis envolvidas. Por outro lado às redes probabilísticas qualitativas permitem realizar abstrações e simplificações apropriadas do modelo, i.e., obter as relações qualitativas do modelo a partir de seu nível quantitativo. As conclusões genéricas obtidas servem tanto para limitar o espaço da estratégia ótima quanto para entender qualitativamente as relações entre as ações e eventos que fazem parte do modelo. / This work discusses the knowledge representation and uncertainty handling of knowledge based systems that use belief networks for this purpose. These sorts of networks combine the theory of probability and decision theory to represent uncertainty- with graph theory to represent the dependence relations between the model parameters. Systems that use belief networks as knowledge representation are named Bayesian or normative systems. This work investigates and adopts influence diagrams -belief networks that represent uncertainty, decisions and preferences- to develop a normative decision support system. Comprehensible explanations for probabilistic reasoning systems are a prerequisite for wider acceptance of Bayesian methods. Two schemes for explaining influence diagrams are proposed: sensitivity analysis and qualitative probabilistic networks, aiming to find general conclusions and to qualitatively understand the relations between the actions and events of the model. A graphical decision support system that represents the user problem as influence diagrams has been implemented in Smalltalk. This system allows to represent and evaluate decision problems and incorporates the explanation facilities mentioned above. The possibility to observe graphically the model as the variables change -sensitivity analysis- permits a better understanding of the problem by finding the significant variables. This process also helps to adjust the variables values. Furthermore, the qualitative probabilistic networks allow to realize model abstractions and simplifications, i.e., to obtain the qualitative relations from the quantitative level. These general conclusions limit the optimal strategy space and allow to qualitatively understanding the relations between actions and events in the model.
196

Extending the Knowledge Machine / Utökning av The Knowledge Machine

Ingevall, Markus January 2005 (has links)
This master's thesis deals with a frame-based knowledge representa- tion language and system called The Knowledge Machine (KM), de- veloped by Peter Clark and Bruce Porter at the University of Texas at Austin. The purpose of the thesis is to show a number of ways of changing and extending KM to handle larger classes of reasoning tasks associated with reasoning about actions and change.
197

Integration of Recommendation and Partial Reference Alignment Algorithms in a Session based Ontology Alignment System

Qadeer, Shahab January 2011 (has links)
SAMBO is a system to assist users for alignment and merging of two ontologies (i.e. to find inter-ontology relationship). The user performs an alignment process with the help of mapping suggestions. The objective of the thesis work is to extend the existing system with new components; multiple sessions, integration of an ontology alignment strategy, recommendation system, integration of a system that can use results from previous sessions, and integration of partial reference alignment (PRA) that can be used to filter mapping suggestions. Most of the theoretical work existed, but it was important to study and implement, how these components can be integrated in the system, and how they can work together.
198

Exploring the use of contextual metadata collected during ubiquitous learning activities

Svensson, Martin, Pettersson, Oskar January 2008 (has links)
Recent development in modern computing has led to a more diverse use of devices within the field of mobility. Many mobile devices of today can, for instance, surf the web and connect to wireless networks, thus gradually merging the wired Internet with the mobile Internet. As mobile devices by design usually have built-in means for creating rich media content, along with the ability to upload these to the Internet, these devices are potential contributors to the already overwhelming content collection residing on the World Wide Web. While interesting initiatives for structuring and filtering content on the World Wide Web exist – often based on various forms of metadata – a unified understanding of individual content is more or less restricted to technical metadata values, such as file size and file format. These kinds of metadata make it impossible to incorporate the purpose of the content when designing applications. Answers to questions such as "why was this content created?" or "in which context was the content created?" would allow for a more specified content filtering tailored to fit the end-users cause. In the opinion of the authors, this kind of understanding would be ideal for content created with mobile devices which purposely are brought into various environments. This is why we in this thesis have investigated in which way descriptions of contexts could be caught, structured and expressed as machine-readable semantics. In order to limit the scope of our work we developed a system which mirrored the context of ubiquitous learning activities to a database. Whenever rich media content was created within these activities, the system associated that particular content to its context. The system was tested during live trials in order to gather reliable and “real” contextual data leading to the transition to semantics by generating Rich Document Format documents from the contents of the database. The outcome of our efforts was a fully-functional system able to capture contexts of pre-defined ubiquitous learning activities and transforming these into machine-readable semantics. We would like to believe that our contribution has some innovative aspects – one being that the system can output contexts of activities as semantics in real-time, allowing monitoring of activities as they are performed.
199

Investigation of Resources Types for OSLC domains Targeting ISO 26262 : Focus on Knowledge Representation of the Right side of the ISO 26262 Software V-model

Padira, Kathyayani January 2016 (has links)
Context: ISO 26262 requires compilation of traceable work products across the application lifecycle as product based safety evidence. The compilation of such safety evidence is a time consuming and arduous task. Open Services Lifecycle Collaboration (OSLC) is an initiative that supports traceability through tool interoperability. The meta modelling of the ISO 26262 work products in the structure of Resource Description Framework (RDF) can be used for achieving interoperability. Thus, OSLC services used on the RDF exchanged between interoperating tools aids in an effective way of compiling the product based safety evidence for ISO 26262 safety case. Objectives: Representing the compilation of traceable work product types for the software testing and verification in ISO 26262, in form of a RDF-based conceptual meta-model. Testing and extending the concepts by instantiating the meta-model with work products to be represented in RDF for a case of a truck Electronic Control Unit (ECU) system. Lastly, validating the effectiveness of the conceptual meta-model for its compliance to ISO 26262. Methods: To realise the objectives, a case study was conducted at Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden, a manufacturer of safety critical ECU systems used in heavy automobiles. The case study was conducted in three consecutive cycles. The first cycle of qualitative inductive content analysis of the ISO 26262 standard and its related document at the company for defining the conceptual meta model. The second cycle of qualitative deductive content analysis for testing, extending and refining the conceptual meta model. The last cycle of validating the effectiveness of the tested and extended conceptual meta model for compliance to ISO 26262. Results: The main result was the tested, extended and refined RDF based ISO 26262 conceptual meta model depicting traceable work product types for software testing and verification of a safety critical ECU system. The testing and extending of the conceptual meta model was performed with respect to the Main1 (M1) ECU system at Scania. The RDF was defined for the work products of M1 ECU system. Finally, the conceptual meta model was validated for its effectiveness in realising the criteria of abstraction, confirmability and traceability based on ISO 26262.  Conclusions: Thus, the RDF-based conceptual meta-model depicting product based safety evidence provides a structure for realising the traceability required for compiling the software testing and verification part of ISO 26262 safety case. The meta model was tested by defining the RDF for the work products of a truck ECU system that would be exchanged for achieving interoperability. Finally, the conceptual meta-model was validated for representing the knowledge required for showing traceable product based safety evidence for ISO 26262 safety case. / ESPRESSO, Scania CV AB, Södertälje / Gen&ReUsableSafety
200

Faire la différence entre deux crus : du tout cuit ? : Effet de l’expertise sur les représentations conceptuelles et perceptuelles des vins du Beaujolais / Distinguishing between two crus : as easy as picking the right side ? : Effect of expertise on conceptual and perceptual representations of Beaujolais wines

Honoré, Carole 05 May 2017 (has links)
L’expertise a été étudiée en psychologie cognitive afin de comprendre les mécanismes psychologiques et les compétences intervenant dans différents domaines d’expertise. Dans le domaine du vin, les quelques études menées suggèrent que les experts organiseraient leurs connaissances autour de « prototypes » de couleur ou de cépage. L’objectif général de cette thèse visait à répondre aux questionnements théoriques concernant les représentations des vins d’experts et de novices, ainsi qu’aux questionnements de la filière concernant les perceptions des vins du Beaujolais. Pour cela, l’effet de l’expertise sur les représentations des vins a été évalué en comparant les performances de trois panels (experts, novices familiers et novices non familiers). Dans une première partie, l’organisation hiérarchique des connaissances a été étudiée en la comparant au système de classification des vins. Pour cela, une tâche de tri libre hiérarchique a été réalisée sur des étiquettes de vins de différents cépages, vignobles et appellations. Des interviews complémentaires ont permis d’identifier les critères et les stratégies utilisés par les panélistes. Dans une deuxième partie, les retranscriptions des interviews ont été analysées par analyse textuelle afin d’apporter des informations complémentaires sur les représentations des vins des différents panels. Dans une troisième partie, les représentations conceptuelles et perceptuelles des vins pour des niveaux de catégorisation de plus en plus spécifiques (cépage, appellation et lieu-dit) ont été comparées. Pour cela, une tâche de tri binaire a été réalisée pour chaque niveau de catégorisation sur des vins et les étiquettes de ces mêmes vins. / Expertise was studied in cognitive psychology in order to understand the psychological mechanisms and the abilities involved in various areas of expertise. In the wine field, the few studies conducted on expertise suggest that the knowledge representation of experts is organized around “prototypes” derived from wines of different colours or grape varieties. The general purpose of this thesis was to address 1) theoretical questions about knowledge representation of wines among experts and novices, and 2) wine industry questions about Beaujolais wine perceptions. To this end, the effect of expertise on knowledge representations of wines was evaluated by comparing the performance of three different panels (experts, familiar novices and unfamiliar novices). In a first section, the hierarchical organization of knowledge was studied, and compared to the wine classification system. To this end, a free hierarchical sorting task was conducted on wine labels from different grape varieties, vineyards and appellations. Additional interviews allowed us to identify the criteria and the strategies used by panelists.In a second section, the transcribed interviews were analyzed by textual analysis in order to provide additional information about the wine representations of the different panels.In a third section, the conceptual and the perceptual wine representations of panelists were compared at different levels of abstraction going from the more general to the more specific (grape variety, appellation and lieu-dit) were compared. A binary sorting task was conducted for each level of abstraction using wines and labels of the same wines as stimuli.

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