Introduction: More and more companies have realized that keeping and using the knowledge in their companies is getting more important to get or keep a competitive advantage. The companies’ organizational culture and knowledge management are essential to create knowledge transfer. Also that the employees and the leaders of the company knows how knowledge- and information transfer arknkoe done best for them. That is why we chose our purpose to be: The aim is to understand the differences between managers and employees perception about knowledge- and information transfer in a manufacturing company. Methodology: A qualitative method with an abductive approach has been used in this thesis. We had our focus on one specific company so we chose to do a case study with semi-structured interviews and observations. We did five interviews where two was with leaders and three with employees. In addition to this we did two observations. Theory: The different theories for this study are mainly about information, knowledge, knowledge transfer, organizational culture and motivation. Analysis: The analysis is about managers and employees perception about information, knowledge, knowledge transfer, how they get motivated and how the culture of the company affects this. The empirical material is analyzed with the previous theories to get a conclusion. Conclusion: The perception of information- and knowledge transfer differs between managers and employees mostly when it comes to working-process and motivation to knowledge transfer. With more standardization the employees get more stressed and less motivated. They believe that this leads to their knowledge to be less important and that the knowledge is transferred less. The employees believes that motivation to knowledge transfer should be prioritized but the managers believe that the motivation should be a part of the job. Reflection and further research: For further research it would be interesting to investigate how “newer” employees at the company see the subject of knowledge- and information transfer to get another perspective. Also how companies can work with lean-production but still make the employees to feel good about their assignments. / Inledning: Fler och fler företag har insett att det blir allt viktigare att tillvarata samt använda den kunskapen som finns i företaget för att få en konkurrensfördel. Ett företags organisationskultur och knowledge management är ytters väsentliga för att kunna skapa kunskapsöverföring. Det är också viktigt att både ledarna och de anställda har samma uppfattning om hur kunskapen ska kunna föras över på bästa sätt. Därför blev vårt syfte: Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att förstå skillnaderna mellan ledarnas och medarbetarnas uppfattning om kunskaps- och informationsöverföring i ett produktionsföretag. Metod: I uppsatsen valde vi en kvalitativ metod med ett abduktivt angreppssätt. Vi gjorde studien på ett företag och valde att göra en fallstudie med semi-strukturerade intervjuer samt observationer. Vi gjorde individuella intervjuer med tre medarbetare och två ledare samt två observationer. Teori: De teorier som använts i uppsatsen handlar om information, kunskap, kunskapsöverföring, organisationskultur och motivation. Analys: Analys kring medarbetares och ledares uppfattningar om information, kunskap, hur kunskapen ska överföras samt hur motivation och kulturen påverkar detta. Materialet analyseras med de teorier som tagits upp tidigare för att komma fram till en slutsats. Slutsats: Uppfattningen om informations- och kunskapsöverföring skiljer sig mellan medarbetare och ledare framförallt när det gäller arbetssätt och motivation till att överföra dessa. Ett mer standardiserat arbetssätt har gjort medarbetarna mindre motiverade och mer stressade. Detta tror de leder till att kunskapen blir mindre viktig och att kunskapen också överförs mindre. Motivationen anser medarbetarna borde läggas mer energi på medan ledarna tycker att motivationen till att dela kunskap och information ska ingå i arbetssättet. Reflektion och vidare forskning: Vid fortsatt forskning om ämnet skulle det vara intressant att undersöka hur ”nya” anställda på företaget ser på informations- och kunskapsöverföring samt hur företag kan arbeta med lean-production men ändå få medarbetarna att trivas med sina uppgifter.

Šiuo metu viena iš ypač sparčiai besivystančių valdymo sričių yra žinių valdymas. Globalizacijos procesai iš esmės keičia šiuolaikinio valdymo sampratą. Vienas iš naujų požymių yra tas, kad šiuolaikinis valdymas vis labiau įsijungia į rinkos santykius. Antras požymis yra tas, kad keičiasi valdymo modeliai ir organizavimo formos. Abu požymiai yra susieti su žinių visuomenės aplinkos keliamais reikalavimais, ir yra atsakas į žinių visuomenės iššūkius. Žinių ekonomikos judėjimas kol kas menkai palietė kasdienę Lietuvos įmonių veiklą. Per paskutinius dvejus metus žinių ekonomiką Lietuvoje propaguojančios struktūros daugiausia dėmesio skyrė platiems politiniams pareiškimams, filosofinėms diskusijoms ir globalių permainų šalies ekonomikoje planavimui. Ilgu laikotarpiu šis procesas darys pastebimą įtaką Lietuvos ekonomikos vystimosi krypčiai. Tuo tarpu eilinėms įmonėms reikėtų pradėti rūpintis paprastesniu, žemiškesniu žinių valdymo problemų sprendimu. Vis dažniau organizacijose ieškoma būdų atvaizduoti turimas žinias, užtikrinti įmonės darbuotojams priėjimą prie jų, apsaugoti organizacijos žinių bazę nuo išorinio pasaulio intervencijos. Organizacijose iškyla žinių valdymo problema. Žinių valdymo modelio sudarymas – tai pirmas žingsnis šios problemos sprendimo link. Organizacijos žinių valdymo modelis yra hierarchinis taisyklių tinklas, kuris įgalina paaiškinti ir prognozuoti įvykius bei sąveikos modelius įmonės žinių ir žinių valdymo procesuose ir įmonės aplinkoje. Jo tikslas –... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Within the last few years, the topic of knowledge management has gathered a lot of interest in the corporate sectors. Although there is no commonly agreed upon definition of knowledge management, organizations are demonstrating an increasing interest in the topic and start having problems to create, store and use the knowledge. The solution for such problems is creation of models of knowledge management in organizations. The object of the work is knowledge management in international organization. The aim of work is to analyze and adapt the model of knowledge management in international organization. Master’s Diploma work consists of 77 pages, 16 charts, 19 pictures, 56 sources of literature, 2 appendixes. In the first part of work there is provided the analysis of definition of knowledge, the economy and management of knowledge, differences between knowledge and information and knowledge society influence on knowledge management. In the second part the work also provides the analysis of the advantages and functions of knowledge management in organizations, analyzes different models and systems of knowledge management. In the last part the work provides the analysis of knowledge management in international Joint Stock Company “Selecta” and after the analysis provides the adjustment of the growth model of knowledge management and suggests the model of knowledge management program creation.

Lake Winnipeg and the issue of its declining health are at the heart of this research. At stake is not only the integrity of this ecosystem but also the substantial commercial fishery that depends upon it. Finding a solution to this problem involves a complex mixture of social, economic and ecological considerations. In response to such multi-faceted questions there is an increasing awareness for the role of public participation in decision-making. In recognition of this, there is a move away from top-down governance to one that acknowledges the need for innovative approaches to governance as well as the role for the participation of non-state actors in decision-making. This type of participatory governance decentralizes power in order to permit citizens the opportunity to bring to bear their knowledge in the quest for sustainable solutions. One such source of knowledge is local knowledge. Accordingly, this research explores the local knowledge about Lake Winnipeg held by its commercial fishers and how that knowledge is included in the Lake’s governance. This goal is pursued through the examination of four specific objectives that are: 1) to establish the sorts of local knowledge that fishers hold and the ways in which they gained this knowledge; 2) to identify what informal and formal governance processes already exist for participation of the fishers in the governance of Lake Winnipeg; 3) to determine by what means and to what extent this local knowledge has been shared in governance processes about the Lake; 4) to identify opportunities for the incorporation of the fishers’ local knowledge into the governance of the Lake. A qualitative approach was used to address the goals of the research and included literature review, a focus group with fishers, and interviews with fishers and government personnel. Analysis revealed that the commercial fishers possess local knowledge extending across a broad range of topics from hydrology, ecology, weather, water quality and fish diet, habitat, behaviour and morphology. This knowledge was gained primarily through personal observation, but also from other fishers, scientists, and the media. The more formal participatory processes in which the fishers became engaged have been limited to issues relating to the fishery. These formal processes included the Lake Winnipeg Fisheries Management Advisory Board, the Manitoba Commercial Inland Fishers Federation, and the Lake Winnipeg Quota Entitlement Review Task Force. In addition to these formal processes there was also a less formal network of contact between fishers and those in government and science. This network has involved fishers sharing their local knowledge about the fishery and. to a lesser degree, about the Lake’s environment more generally. Taken together, these various processes have supplied, with variable success, some opportunities for fishers to share their local knowledge and influence fishery related decisions. However, the extent of their participation has been significantly impaired by a number of critical factors. Of these, the most detrimental barrier identified was a lack of meaningfulness and transparency in the key process, the Advisory Board. This, in turn, resulted in frustration, mistrust of government, and ultimately, withdrawal from that process. Reflecting on these problems, fishers made a number of recommendations including the creation of a co-management board and the use of interviews and surveys, public meetings, and collaborative research as ways to ensure that their knowledge is shared and that their concerns and recommendations are considered in meaningful ways that influence fishery and Lake-related decisions.

People usually have favorable evaluations when incoming information matches with their self view, which has been evidenced in cross-cultural research on advertisement appeals. However, the current paper demonstrates a counterintuitive finding in a retailing context. Results show that when an interdependent self-construal is made salient situationally, individually focused persuasion attempts (i.e. uniqueness) have a more positive impact on consumers’ trustworthiness toward the salesclerk and need for uniqueness than interpersonally focused persuasion attempts (i.e. connectedness). However, when an independent self-construal is activated situationally, persuasion attempts used by a salesclerk have no influence on consumers’ perceptions of trustworthiness toward the salesclerk and need for uniqueness. Five studies are presented that test these propositions and investigate their underlying processes. Study 1 conducted in Canada supported the hypothesized effects. Study 2 provided evidence for the robustness of the effect observed in Study 1 by conducting a similar experiment in China. Study 3, a field study, further supported the propositions when measuring self-construal as an individual difference. Study 4 provided support for the proposed underlying mechanism. That is, the observed effect in Study 1, 2 & 3 is due to persuasion knowledge through deliberate processing. Study 5 extended this result by recruiting participants from four different countries (France, Canada, China, and Israel).

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between knowledgesources, knowledge capacities, and business model innovation in small medium-sizeenterprises (SMEs) and discover the specific pattern among the three groups. Design/methodology - A total of 103 SMEs' CEOs, entrepreneurs and seniormanagers provide the samples for exploratory factor analyses and multiple regressionanalyses. The data is collected by self-completion survey based on perceptualmeasurement of constructs and also referred to objective data from companies' annualreports. Findings - The results indicate a significant relationship between knowledge sources,capacities and business model innovation. External knowledge interaction associatedwith the business network is positively contributed to business model innovation.Information system integration is directly related to business model innovation andmediates in the link between individual knowledge and business model innovation. Thebetter understanding of customers is also positively related to achieving a successfulbusiness model innovation. SMEs identify knowledge sources, develop knowledgecapacities and apply them specifically in different phases of business modelinnovation. Practical implications - To confront the big enterprises' sufficient knowledge, thisstudy inspires entrepreneurs and leadership of SMEs with the possibility of businessmodel innovation. By integrating and implementing the knowledge from external andinternal, SMEs can intentionally enable to map the phases of business modelinnovation, reach the helpful resources, proactively recognize the challenges andfinally achieve a competitive business model.Research limitations/implications - The confirmatory bias might miss out on thephenomenon occurring and the findings are still generally for direct application to aspecific situation. More focused case studies will be suggested in the future to furtherinvestigate the reality differing from individuals, strategies, sectors and nat ions. Inaddition, longitudinal studies with less time restriction will be feasible to understandhow knowledge and business model interact with each other. Originality/value - This study pioneers a measurement of success in business modelinnovation and a justification of overall influence of knowledge on business modelinnovation. By further implementing, some of the results testify the originality'svalidity in SMEs, others present exceptional findings beyond the previous theories.

This dissertation advances a reading of knowledge translation and the effects of such a discourse on nursing practice in one setting. Knowledge translation is often put forth as a solution to the ‘problems’ of contemporary Canadian healthcare. Yet to adopt the practices of knowledge translation does not necessarily reflect the inevitable progress of nursing professionalism or legitimacy but instead, is a process that is both engineered and unpredictable. In order to understand nursing practice in a different way, particularly in the era of ‘knowledge translation,’ an ethnographic methodology guided by a feminist poststructural perspective was chosen. Within the discursive frame of knowledge translation, accounts of nursing practice are narrowly described and often represented as a linear process of delivering particular knowledge (‘evidence’) from experts to users. This contradicts the knowledge translation practices observed in this study as such nursing practice requires a wide and varied knowledge base derived from multiple sources. Thus, it seems the work of successful knowledge translation is the capacity to “move within and between discourses” (Davies, 2000, p. 60) through contextualizing practices. Articulating these contextualizing practices provides an avenue to explain and understand aspects of nursing practice that are essential to sustain the discourse of knowledge translation yet are mostly unaccounted. The discourse of knowledge translation seems to focus on ‘outcomes’ and the creation of a particular kind of quantifiable evidence by the nurses themselves. Such outcomes not only become evidence of ‘good practice,’ the nurse is also positioned to ‘manage’ the subjective experiences of the patient (i.e. pain) by converting such experiences into quantifiable accounts. The production of such outcomes (evidence) also serves to bring nurses and patients into alignment with (made ‘subjects’ of) the discourse of knowledge translation. In this way, the discourse of knowledge translation does not seem to be just about the production of evidence (or knowledge); it is about the reorganization of knowledges. This ‘re-ordering’ is accomplished through (re)education and the concurrent use of chart audits that evaluate ‘good practice’ through the documented use of knowledge translation activities. It is self-referential: documentation of the outcomes of sanctioned knowledge translation activities becomes the evidence that these activities are effective. That is, the evidence is the evidence. While the effects of the discourse of knowledge translation seem to undermine professional judgment and position nurses as the vehicle for organizational surveillance in terms of patient safety (risk) and economic demands, it also serves as a point of resistance. The taken-for-granted contextualizing practices required to enact the discourse of knowledge translation positions the nurse to be influential in expanding the notions of both evidence and knowledge translation. It is the articulation of the multi-dimensional recursive contextualizing practices in concert with the nurses’ ability to move between discursive frames that simultaneously allows for and creates knowledge to be translated. In this way, nurses are also being responsive to a new kind of patient who, while rarely discussed in the knowledge translation process, also has an unaccounted for potential to influence and reshape the discursive field of healthcare. / Graduate

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This work examines some of the epistemological and ontological conditions of the deep self-knowledge that is demanded by the Delphic motto gnothi seauton (know thyself!). The guiding questions are: what is the 'self' that deep self-knowledge is of? What are we such that we can ask deep and puzzling questions about our life-plans, our self-conceptions and the meaning of our lives? Can we know ourselves as we really are, or only under a certain description which conceals as much as it reveals? What is the nature of the relation between self-knowledge and (personal or inner) reality? The central thesis that is defended is that a person is to a certain extent a self-defining and self-forming being by virtue of his self-knowledge; fundamental changes in how he knows himself, and conceives his way of life, his life-history, emotions, final ends, death etc. particularly in light of fundamental practical questions ('Who am I?' 'What should I do with my life?') necessarily occasion changes in what he is. What he is at any one moment in his life is in part constituted by his self-knowledge. To account for the complex 'inter-relation' between self-knowledge and its object, and the possibility of self-formation, a broadly Kantian theory of constituting activity is developed, as well as a theory of the empirical 'under-determination' of self-knowledge. The peculiarity of self-knowledge is that the knower is the known, and that he is active (meaning-giving, or sinn-gebung) with respect to the object known (himself); the object of knowledge and the knowing subject change and extend their range together. This complicates some of the claims of realism and the correspondence theory of truth: self-knowledge is not a matter of the strict conformity of beliefs or conceptions to an independent, determinate and unchanging reality. In Kantian terms, the object of self-knowledge conforms to the conditions of knowledge. This broadly Kantian approach is brought to the analysis of Hampshire and Sartre's theories, which are studied as illustrations of the general ontological and epistemological conditions of self-knowledge. Hampshire's Spinozist theory of reflexive knowledge, which emphasizes the importance of rationality and the understanding of the causes of one's mental states, is contrasted with Sartre's existentialist theory, which emphasizes the importance of choice, and the non-theoretical understanding of one's way of being. Sartre, who is critical of the foundational status generally given to rationality and knowledge, rejects deliberation, detachment, self-observation, reasoned self-criticism and the other rational activities that Hampshire and Spinoza consider essential for self-knowledge. Other issues that are discussed include the problem of truth conditions in deep self-knowledge, the agent-observer dualism in self-inquiry, the relational model of the self, and Iris Murdoch's critique of Hampshire and Sartre.

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