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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
321

I. Determination of Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb in Water Samples by ETV-ICP-MS after Cloud Point Extraction II. The Use of Palladium Nanoparticles as an Effective Modifier for ETV-ICP-MS

Yi, Ya-Zih 22 July 2011 (has links)
none
322

Boron Determination In Body Fluids By Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry And Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Bora, Selin 01 January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Boron element plays an important role for our country since approximately 70% of the world&rsquo / s reserves are in Turkey. It is widely used in different areas of industry. Besides being vital for the plants, it is important also for human health. It has been shown that high boron exposure does not affect fertility negatively and also with an increasing boron exposure, risk of prostate and cervical cancers decreases. There are different opinions regarding health effects of boron. There are both positive and negative findings. Therefore, determination of boron in body fluids such as urine and blood is necessary to monitor exposed concentration level and its relation with diseases. Furthermore, these studies may contribute to define a reference value for safe maximum daily boron intake. In this study, a method previously developed by our research group was applied for the determination of boron in urine samples. Urine and blood samples were collected from human subjects living or working in different regions of Balikesir where boron reserves are located. While urine analysis was done by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), due to lower concentrations of boron in blood, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for blood analysis. A sensitive method was developed using ICP-MS. Samples were digested in microwave oven by applying optimized digestion procedures. Indium (In) and Beryllium (Be) internal standards were spiked into the urine and blood samples, respectively. A sample introduction system containing no glass or silica surfaces was used in ICP-MS to eliminate boron memory effect. Two isotopes of the boron, 10B and 11B, were monitored during the study. Space charge effect due to Na+ ion and carbon interference on B and Be signals was investigated in detail. Limit of Detection was 0.021 mg/L for ICP-OES and it was 2.2 &micro / g/L for ICP-MS. The accuracies of the methods were checked by using NIST 1573a Tomato Leaves and BCR Human Hair certified reference materials for urine and blood, respectively.
323

High-Resolution Event Stratigraphy of mm-Scale Laminated Sediments from Coastal Salt Ponds: St. John, US Virgin Islands

Larson, Rebekka Amie 01 January 2011 (has links)
A multi-proxy approach is utilized on mm- to cm-scale laminated sediment records in coastal salt ponds on St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands to characterize the sediments, identify their sources and depositional processes/events (heavy rainfall, tropical cyclones, tsunamis). Historical records are combined with high-resolution geochronology (short-lived radioisotopes, 210Pb, 137Cs, 7Be) and scanning elemental techniques (XRF and LA-ICP-MS) to link depositional events to how they are manifested in the sedimentary record. Volcanic rocks are the terrigenous sediment source and the sedimentary signature of terrigenous sediment in the geologic record consists of higher amounts of Al, Fe, Ti, Co, and Si, and is associated with terrigenous runoff due to rainfall events. A minimum threshold value of >2.0 mm per day (minimum to erode and transport terrigenous sediment downslope) of rainfall has been determined for the study area. The frequency of heavy rainfall events that exceed the threshold of >2.0 mm per day is significantly correlated to the amount of terrigenous sediment accumulation of the terrigenous indictor element Al measured by scanning LA-ICP-MS. There is a robust sedimentary record of terrigenous sediment runoff that is a function of the frequency of heavy rainfall events (exceed threshold). Variability in the sedimentary record reflects changes between periods of "wet" increased frequency of heavy rainfall events and "dry" decreased frequency of heavy rainfall events. Tropical cyclones and tsunamis can cause marine overwash into salt ponds leading to deposition of marine sediments. Elemental scans for Ca and Sr and overwash indicator elements are complicated by grain size effects of LA-ICP-MS techniques, as well the difficulty in differentiating between tropical cyclone overwash deposits and tsunami deposits. By defining the sedimentary signature for depositional events , geologic records can be interpreted to provide insight into the natural variability of these processes throughout geologic time for comparisons to the more recent anthropogenic time period. This study provides a framework that can be applied to other coastal environments on high-relief tropical islands, to compare local records, and provide information on regional processes controlling rainfall variability in tropical latitudes.
324

Étude expérimentale et modélisation des potentialités de la technique libs (ablation laser couplée à la spectroscopie) pour l'analyse directe des solides

Barreda, Flory-Anne 09 December 2010 (has links) (PDF)
L'utilisation de lasers est largement répandue dans le domaine de la microanalyse directe des solides. La matière vaporisée, en focalisant un faisceau laser de forte puissance sur la cible, peut être analysée soit par spectrométrie d'émission optique sur plasma induit (LIBS, acronyme anglais pour Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy), soit par une source à plasma induit par haute fréquence couplée à la spectrométrie d'émission optique (ICP-AES) ou à la spectrométrie de masse (ICP-MS). Avec une résolution spatiale à l'échelle microscopique, les techniques d'ablation laser permettent ainsi d'accéder à la composition élémentaire locale de la surface d'un matériau. Néanmoins, les performances analytiques de ces techniques pourraient être améliorées par l'utilisation combinée des informations LIBS et ICP afin également de comprendre et maîtriser davantage l'interaction laser/matière. Dans ce but, ce travail a consisté à développer une technique de microanalyse par ablation laser couplée avec une détection en simultané par ICP et par LIBS afin d'étudier les potentialités analytiques de cet instrument pour cartographier la surface des matériaux. Les performances et les limitations de ce système ont été évaluées d'une part, en caractérisant les aérosols produits par ablation laser et d'autre part, en étudiant les signaux LIBS et ICP obtenus à partir d'un même prélèvement de matière. Le phénomène de fractionnement élémentaire rencontré sur des matrices critiques telles que le laiton a été mis en évidence en microablation malgré des caractéristiques de l'interaction laser/matière différente de la macroablation. Une méthode de correction, a posteriori, par l'efficacité d'extraction de la cellule d'ablation a été proposée afin de pallier ces effets limitatifs pour l'analyse quantitative. Une cellule d'ablation, optimisée à partir d'une étude de simulation numérique, a été développée afin de s'adapter aux applications de cartographies de surface. Les performances analytiques du système ont été évaluées en termes de stabilité (8-10%), de résolution spatiale (5 µm) et de limites de détection (de l'ordre de la ppm dans le solide avec un détecteur de masse). La complémentarité des mesures LIBS et ICP représente à la fois un outil de diagnostic de l'interaction laser/matière et un instrument d'analyse très complet grâce à la double détection qui permet de suivre simultanément des traces et des majeurs sur une large gamme d'éléments de la classification périodique
325

Study and reduction of the matrix effects in analytical ICP mass spectrometric measurements / Bandinio sudėties įtakos elementų koncentracijų nustatymui indukcinės plazmos masių spektrometrijoje tyrimas

Ežerinskis, Žilvinas 27 December 2011 (has links)
Measurements of the signals proportional to the radiation intensities or the number densities of the charged particles in argon ICP plasma are between the most popular methods of analysis of low concentrations of elements. But the relationships between the signals and the quantity of element in the sample are very complicated, depend on many physical phenomena and chemical reactions and must be calibrated by application of the reference materials. The accuracy of analysis depends on the level of agreement between the compositions of the RM matrices and the sample. As the exact matching is not possible the signal formation in the argon plasma and the effects of matrices on the analytical results should be studied. A method of calibration of the dependence of the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer on the ion masses and methods to determine the electron density and temperature from the mass spectrometric measurement data were proposed. Those aid estimation of the ion signals for analysis and assessment of the measurement uncertainty. The largest matrix effects usually are due to easy to ionize elements. The results show that those elements in argon plasma, depending on the ionization potentials and the structure of the atomic energy levels, differ in possibilities to increase the temperature, the temperature and density gradients, deviation from the local thermodynamic equilibrium, take part in charge transfer reaction between doubly ionized ions and argon atoms. The phenomena... [to full text] / Mažos elementų koncentracijos šiuo metu dažniausiai yra nustatomos fizikiniais metodais. Dažnai matuojamas spinduliuotės stipris arba elektringų dalelių skaičius. Tačiau ryšys tarp signalo dydžio ir elemento atomų kiekio yra labai sudėtingas daugelio fizikinių (garavimo ar dulkėjimo, disociacijos, atomų sužadinimo bei jonizacijos, srautų ir kt.) reiškinių bei cheminių reakcijų rezultatas. Jų išeiga kol kas pakankamu tikslumu negali būti numatyta. Todėl tokie matavimai yra tik santykiniai, t.y. jie kalibruojami etaloninėmis medžiagomis. Kalibravimo tikslumas priklauso nuo to kiek bendroji etaloninės medžiagos sudėtis artima tiriamajai medžiagai. Tai įmanoma padaryti tik tam tikru artutinumu. Todėl darbe tiriamos signalo formavimosi sąlygos indukcinėje argono plazmoje ir paskirų paveikiųjų elementų bei bendros bandinio sudėties įtaka bandinių analizinių masių spektrometrinių matavimų rezultatams. Pasiūlytas būdas masių spektrometro jautrio priklausomybei nuo jono masės kalibruoti bei būdai elektronų temperatūrai ir koncentracijai nustatyti iš jonų spektrometrinių matavimų. Tai leidžia įvertinti jonų signalus santykinei pusiaukiekybinei analizei, padeda nustatant matavimų neapibrėžtis. Nustatyta, kad labiausiai analizinį signalą argono plazmos šaltiniuose įtakojantys lengvai jonizuojami elementai, priklausomai nuo jų jonizacijos potencialų ir atominių energijos lygmenų išsidėstymo, gali padidinti plazmos temperatūrą ir gradientus bei nukrypimus nuo dalinės termodinaminės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
326

Bandinio sudėties įtakos elementų koncentracijų nustatymui indukcinės plazmos masių spektrometrijoje tyrimas / Study and reduction of the matrix effects in analytical ICP mass spectrometric measurements

Ežerinskis, Žilvinas 27 December 2011 (has links)
Mažos elementų koncentracijos šiuo metu dažniausiai yra nustatomos fizikiniais metodais. Dažnai matuojamas spinduliuotės stipris arba elektringų dalelių skaičius. Tačiau ryšys tarp signalo dydžio ir elemento atomų kiekio yra labai sudėtingas daugelio fizikinių (garavimo ar dulkėjimo, disociacijos, atomų sužadinimo bei jonizacijos, srautų ir kt.) reiškinių bei cheminių reakcijų rezultatas. Jų išeiga kol kas pakankamu tikslumu negali būti numatyta. Todėl tokie matavimai yra tik santykiniai, t.y. jie kalibruojami etaloninėmis medžiagomis. Kalibravimo tikslumas priklauso nuo to kiek bendroji etaloninės medžiagos sudėtis artima tiriamajai medžiagai. Tai įmanoma padaryti tik tam tikru artutinumu. Todėl darbe tiriamos signalo formavimosi sąlygos indukcinėje argono plazmoje ir paskirų paveikiųjų elementų bei bendros bandinio sudėties įtaka bandinių analizinių masių spektrometrinių matavimų rezultatams. Pasiūlytas būdas masių spektrometro jautrio priklausomybei nuo jono masės kalibruoti bei būdai elektronų temperatūrai ir koncentracijai nustatyti iš jonų spektrometrinių matavimų. Tai leidžia įvertinti jonų signalus santykinei pusiaukiekybinei analizei, padeda nustatant matavimų neapibrėžtis. Nustatyta, kad labiausiai analizinį signalą argono plazmos šaltiniuose įtakojantys lengvai jonizuojami elementai, priklausomai nuo jų jonizacijos potencialų ir atominių energijos lygmenų išsidėstymo, gali padidinti plazmos temperatūrą ir gradientus bei nukrypimus nuo dalinės termodinaminės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Measurements of the signals proportional to the radiation intensities or the number densities of the charged particles in argon ICP plasma are between the most popular methods of analysis of low concentrations of elements. But the relationships between the signals and the quantity of element in the sample are very complicated, depend on many physical phenomena and chemical reactions and must be calibrated by application of the reference materials. The accuracy of analysis depends on the level of agreement between the compositions of the RM matrices and the sample. As the exact matching is not possible the signal formation in the argon plasma and the effects of matrices on the analytical results should be studied. A method of calibration of the dependence of the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer on the ion masses and methods to determine the electron density and temperature from the mass spectrometric measurement data were proposed. Those aid estimation of the ion signals for analysis and assessment of the measurement uncertainty. The largest matrix effects usually are due to easy to ionize elements. The results show that those elements in argon plasma, depending on the ionization potentials and the structure of the atomic energy levels, differ in possibilities to increase the temperature, the temperature and density gradients, deviation from the local thermodynamic equilibrium, take part in charge transfer reaction between doubly ionized ions and argon atoms. The phenomena... [to full text]
327

Comportement géochimique du chronomètre U-Th-Pb dans la monazite : approche par analyses in-situ au LA-ICP-MS

Didier, Amélie 13 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
La richesse en Th et en U de la monazite en fait un excellent géochronomètre pour dater les roches magmatiques et métamorphiques de la croûte terrestre. Peu sensible à la diffusion du Pb dans sa structure cristalline, elle peut enregistrer des évènements géologiques de haute température sans risque de remise à zéro de son géochronomètre. Réservoir principal des actinides et des lanthanides, elle participe à de nombreuses réactions minéralogiques, faisant aussi d'elle un très bon traceur pétrogénétique. Coupler sa chimie à son isotopie permet donc d'interpréter précisément la nature des processus géologiques dont elle enregistre l'âge. L'étude de trois objets géologiques distincts a permis de montrer que la monazite est très sensible aux interactions avec les fluides. Ils vont induire sa dissolution partielle ou totale, suivie de la recristallisation de nouveaux grains. De multiples paramètres vont influencer son comportement face au fluide. Ainsi, à basse température (350°C - 450°C) dans un microgranite, un fluide riche en fluor et carbonates va favoriser la dissolution-précipitation de la monazite, alors qu'un fluide riche en éléments alcalins n'aura aucun effet sur elle. Par contre, à plus haute température (> 600°C) dans des roches métapélitiques, ce même fluide va induire sa dissolution-précipitation. En fonction de la mobilité du Pb, du Th et de l'U, le mécanisme de dissolution-précipitation peut avoir différents impacts sur le géochronomètre : ainsi, l'âge des grains recristallisés peut soit correspondre à l'âge du grain initial, soit dater l'interaction avec le fluide, soit n'avoir aucune signification géologique. Les systèmes isotopiques U-Pb et Th-Pb peuvent également être affectés par l'incorporation de Pb commun dans la monazite lors de sa cristallisation (jusqu'à plusieurs centaines de ppm), ce qui va artificiellement vieillir les âges enregistrés. L'ensemble de ces observations montre que l'âge enregistré par la monazite s'interprète au cas par cas. Dans l'avenir, l'optimisation de l'utilisation de la monazite comme géochronomètre doit passer par (1) une amélioration des techniques d'analyses (augmentation de la résolution spatiale pour résoudre des problèmes géologiques à l'échelle nanométrique, standardisation avec des monazites homogènes) et (2) un couplage de différents types d'analyses (chimie, datation, isotopes de l'oxygène). Ceci devrait permettre d'interpréter aux mieux les âges qu'elle enregistre.
328

Fotodegradace hydrokortizonu v homogenní a heterogenní fotokatalytické reakci / Photodegradation of hydrocortisone in homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction

DOUBKOVÁ, Lucie January 2015 (has links)
The aim of this thesis was to measure the kinetics of photochemical degradation of hydrocortisone in heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction on immobilized TiO2 and in homogeneous photocatalytic reaction with Fe(III) using UV-VIS and HPLC for measuring the degradation kinetics.
329

Estratégias para determinação espectrométrica de ozônio em águas e de elementos traço em leite de coco

Santos, Daniele Cristina Muniz Batista dos January 2012 (has links)
137 f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-03-27T16:17:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Daniele_V FINAL.pdf: 3318748 bytes, checksum: 5c34e1db8db6c739cde7c6d8b715fac2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-05T15:40:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Daniele_V FINAL.pdf: 3318748 bytes, checksum: 5c34e1db8db6c739cde7c6d8b715fac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-05T15:40:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_Daniele_V FINAL.pdf: 3318748 bytes, checksum: 5c34e1db8db6c739cde7c6d8b715fac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CNPq / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos espectrométricos para a determinação de ozônio em águas e elementos traço em leite de coco. A primeira etapa foi desenvolvida, no âmbito de um projeto de doutorado sanduíche, na Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto em Portugal e a segunda no Instituto de Química da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil. Na primeira parte do trabalho foi proposto um sistema de análise por injeção sequencial para determinação de O3 em água baseado na quimiluminescência deste com luminol sem a presença de catalisadores. Parâmetros físico-químicos foram estudados para obter o melhor desempenho analítico. O ciclo analítico desenvolvido permitiu a determinação de ozônio em 20 segundos com um consumo de 200 μL de amostra e 200 μL de luminol. O método apresentou boa precisão (RSD < 2,9%) bons limites de detecção e quantificação foram 0,04 e 0,13 mg L-1, respectivamente e a taxa de amostragem foi de cerca de 140 determinações/h. O método desenvolvido foi aplicado para a determinação de ozônio residual em águas e os resultados concordam a 95% de confiança com os fornecidos pelo procedimento de referência, a espectrofotometria no UV-Vis e o teor de ozônio nas diferentes amostras variou entre 0,21 - 1,36 mg L-1. O método analítico proposto representou uma alternativa vantajosa, pois requer um baixo consumo de reagentes e produz um volume reduzido de resíduos. A segunda parte consistiu no desenvolvimento de estratégias para a determinação de constituintes inorgânicos em amostras de leite de coco comercializadas na cidade de Salvador, Bahia. Para a avaliação multielementar foram propostos dois procedimentos de decomposição: em bloco digestor e assistido radiação por micro-ondas. Também foi proposto um procedimento de extração assistida por energia ultrassônica (US). As técnicas espectrométricas empregadas para determinação dos analitos foram: espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). A eficiência de decomposição foi avaliada considerando os parâmetros acidez e teor de carbono residual. Ferramentas estatísticas, PCA e HCA, evidenciaram que há diferença entre três fornecedores de leite de coco em relação aos analitos determinados após decomposição em forno de micro-ondas, bem como o tipo de embalagem. Para avaliação do US, foram aplicados planejamentos fatorial e Doehlert. A exatidão das metodologias propostas foi verificada com materiais de referência certificados (NIST SRM 8435 e 1549) e teste de adição e recuperação. As faixas de concentração, em μg g-1, para os analitos foram: Ca (10 - 138); Cu (0,15 – 1,7); Fe (0,9 – 4,9); K (97 - 1773); Mg (23 - 206); Mn (0,3 – 3,2); P (116 – 701); Zn (0,4 – 2,2); Cr (0,185 – 0,211), Na (59-1186); Ni (0,113 – 0,133) e Pb (0,0220 - 0,0296). As concentrações dos elementos As, Cd e Co estavam abaixo do limite de quantificação. Os teores dos macro e micronutrientes foram comparados com os valores apresentados na Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos (TACO) e foi possível perceber que as amostras analisadas apresentam composições diferentes, o que pode ser creditado aos diferentes tipos de solo e processamento. A concentração dos contaminantes estava abaixo do valor máximo permitido pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) / Salvador
330

Teores dos elementos químicos essenciais e tóxicos na rastreabilidade da carne bovina / Levels of essential and toxic chemical elements of traceability in beef

Gromboni, Caio Fernando 15 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4221.pdf: 1619993 bytes, checksum: e58f2b93617431fa47276cfbf3f7b73e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-15 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The objective of this work was to develop methodologies for the determination of inorganic constituents in meat sample and the study of correlations between samples with chemical elements profile, especially Nelore samples of project BifeQuali aimed at improving the quality of Brazilian meat. Three different strategies for sample preparation, basic extraction, acid extraction and microwave assisted acid digestion were optimized and evaluated, by using bovine liver certified reference material (NIST 1577b), and the decomposition assisted by microwave radiation chosen for the decomposition of 650 samples used in this work. For the measurements of chemical elements, mass spectrometry and optical emission inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP OES and ICP-MS, respectively) were used. The chemical elements quantified by ICP-MS were V, Mn, As, Co, Ni, Mo, Cd, Pb, Cr, Se and Fe, by ICP OES were Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S and Zn. The use of internal standard (Sc, Y and Bi) contributed to the accuracy and precision of measurements. For principal component analysis (PCA) was developed a worksheet to perform the spectral scanning, monitoring 250 wavelength from 167 to 770 nm using ICP OES. The results showed that the crop that is bred proved to be an important variable, forming clusters corresponds to the two crops analyzed, which indicates that climatic factors affect the profile of chemical elements and the quality of nutrition. Moreover, the place of confinement is also presented as an important variable, showing the grouping according to the place where it was confined. Through PCA and analysis using SAS software was possible to observe the correlation between Na and K with the tenderness, and the higher the concentration of these, the lower the shear force, and the higher the tenderness / Esta tese teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de metodologias para determinação de elementos químicos essenciais e tóxicos em amostra de carne bovina (Longissimus dorsi) e a identificação de possíveis correlações entre as informações obtidas. Assim, visou-se a rastreabilidade das amostras, em especial aquelas de gado Nelore pertencentes ao projeto BifeQuali , em desenvolvimento na Embrapa que objetiva a melhoria da qualidade da carne nacional. Foram otimizadas e avaliadas três diferentes estratégias de preparo de amostra: extração alcalina, extração ácida e digestão assistida por radiação micro-ondas, empregando amostra de fígado bovino certificado (NIST 1577b), sendo a decomposição assistida por radiação micro-ondas adotada como padrão para a decomposição das 650 amostras disponíveis para o trabalho. Para as quantificações foram utilizadas a espectrometria de massa e de emissão óptica com plasma de argônio indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS e ICP OES, respectivamente). Os elementos químicos quantificados por ICP-MS foram As, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se e V; já por ICP OES foram Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S e Zn. A utilização de padrão interno (Sc, Y e Bi) contribuiu para a exatidão e precisão das quantificações. Os dados obtidos foram tratados estatisticamente e para as análises de componente principal (PCA) foi desenvolvida uma planilha para realizar varredura espectral de 250 comprimentos que compreendiam o intervalo de 167 a 770 nm, empregando ICP OES. Os resultados demonstraram que a safra em que o animal foi criado mostrou-se como parâmetro importante, formando os agrupamentos correspondentes às duas safras analisadas, fato que indica que os fatores climáticos afetam o perfil dos elementos químicos e na qualidade da alimentação do rebanho. Além disso, o local de confinamento também se apresentou como uma condição importante, mostrando o agrupamento de acordo com o local onde os animais eram confinados. As análises de PCA e as análises estatísticas indicaram existir correlação entre Na e K com a maciez da carne, sendo que quanto maior a concentração desses, menor será a força de cisalhamento, ou seja, maior será a maciez do contra-filé.

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