Dans les milieux contaminés par les métaux, les organismes vivants sont exposés à plusieurs d’entre eux en même temps. Les modèles courants de prédiction des effets biologiques des métaux sur les organismes (p. ex., modèle du ligand biotique, BLM ; modèle de l’ion libre, FIAM), sont des modèles d’équilibre chimique qui prévoient, en présence d'un deuxième métal, une diminution de la bioaccumulation du métal d’intérêt et par la suite une atténuation de ses effets. Les biomarqueurs de toxicité, tels que les phytochélatines (PCs), ont été utilisés comme étant un moyen alternatif pour l’évaluation des effets biologiques. Les phytochélatines sont des polypeptides riches en cystéine dont la structure générale est (γ-glu-cys)n-Gly où n varie de 2 à 11. Leur synthèse semble dépendante de la concentration des ions métalliques ainsi que de la durée de l’ exposition de l’organisme, aux métaux. L'objectif de cette étude était donc de déterminer, dans les mélanges binaires de métaux, la possibilité de prédiction de la synthèse des phytochélatines par les modèles d’équilibres chimiques, tel que le BLM. Pour cela, la quantité de phytochélatines produites en réponse d’une exposition aux mélanges binaires : Cd-Ca, Cd-Cu et Cd-Pb a été mesurée tout en surveillant l’effet direct de la compétition par le biais des concentrations de métaux internalisés. En effet, après six heures d’exposition, la bioaccumulation de Cd diminue en présence du Ca et de très fortes concentrations de Pb et de Cu (de l’ordre de 5×10-6 M). Par contre, avec des concentrations modérées de ces deux métaux, le Cd augmente en présence de Cu et ne semble pas affecté par la présence de Pb. Dans le cas de la compétition Cd-Cu, une bonne corrélation a été observée entre la production de PC2, PC3 et PC4 et la quantité des métaux bioaccumulés. Pour la synthèse des phytochélatines et la bioaccumulation, les effets étaient considérés comme synergiques. Dans le cas du Cd-Ca, les quantités de PC3 et PC4 ont diminué avec le métal internalisé (effet antagoniste), mais ce qui était remarquable était la grande quantité de cystéine (GSH) et PC2 qui ont été produites à de fortes concentrations du Ca. Le Pb seul n’a pas induit les PCs. Par conséquent, il n’y avait pas de variation de la quantité de PCs avec la concentration de Pb à laquelle les algues ont été exposées. La détection et la quantification des PCs ont été faites par chromatographie à haute performance couplée d’un détecteur de fluorescence (HPLC-FL). Tandis que les concentrations métalliques intracellulaires ont été analysées par spectroscopie d’absorption atomique (AAS) ou par spectrométrie de masse à source plasma à couplage inductif (ICP-MS). / In contaminated environments, organisms are often exposed to multiple contaminants at the same time. Based upon the current models for predicting metal effects on organisms (e.g., Biotic Ligand Model, BLM, the free ion model, FIAM), the presence of a second metal is predicted to decrease the bioaccumulation and biological effects of the first. In contrast to this prediction, antagonistic, synergistic and additive effects have been well documented in the literature. Phytochelatins (PCs) are a family of thiol-rich peptides with a general structure (γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly with n=2-11. PCs are involved in both metal homeostasis and the protection of plants from metal toxicity, through their role as metal chelators. Their synthesis depends upon the metal exposure, the duration of exposure and the biological species involved. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine, in binary mixtures of metals, if the synthesis of phytochelatins could be predicted using equilibrium models, such as the BLM. The study initially examined binary mixtures: Cd-Ca, Cd-Pb and Cd-Cu by comparing the quantity of internalized metal to the amount of phytochelatins produced by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in response to a metal stress. The bioaccumulation results, after six hours of exposure, showed that Cd decreased in the presence of Ca and very high concentrations of Pb and Cu. In contrast, it increased in the presence of Cu and remained unchanged in the presence of moderate concentrations of Pb. For mixtures of Cu and Cd, a good correlation was observed between the production of PC2, PC3 and PC4 and the quantity of internalized metals. Both bioaccumulation and phytochelatin synthesis were considered to be synergistic. For mixtures of Cd and Ca, the amount of PC3 and PC4 produced decreased with the internalized metal (antagonistic effect); however, in the presence of added Ca, GSH and PC2 production was much higher than predicted. The detection and quantification of the PCs were performed using an optimized protocol for high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL); metal uptake was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Methods for the determination of the actinide elements in water, biological, soil and sediment samples have been developed using on-line solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Initial applications utilised a commercially available resin, namely TRU-Spec resin, for efficient removal of the matrix prior to elution of uranium and thorium analytes. Comparative analyses of reference materials and natural water samples from Plymouth and Dartmoor demonstrated significant improvement in precision and speed of analysis by using TRU-Spec coupled to ICP-MS compared with alpha spectrometry. Further applications of the TRU-Spec resin for the determination of the transuranic actinide elements neptunium, plutonium and americium, resulted in the successful determination of 239Pu and 237Np in biological reference materials. Detection limits were 700, 850, and 600 attograms (ag) for 237Np, 233Pu, and 241Am, respectively, for a 0.5 ml sample injection, and better than 200 ag/g with 50 ml pre-concentration when sector field (SF) ICP-MS was used. A method for the selective sequential elution of uranium and plutonium was also developed to facilitate the determination of 239Pu without interference due to the 238U1H+ polyatomic ion, caused by high concentrations of 238U in sediment samples. Investigations were performed into the use of a polymeric substrate, which was dynamically coated with chelating dyes such as xylenol orange and 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol, and a silica substrate coated with permanently bonded iminodiacetic acid. The latter was used for the successful determination of uranium and thorium in certified reference material waters. However, the column was found to have a high affinity for iron, making it unsuitable for the determination of the actinides in soil and sediment samples. Subsequently, a polystyrene substrate which was dynamically coated with dipicolinic acid was used for HPLC coupled with SF-ICP-MS. Using this column it was possible to separate the various actinides from each other and from the matrix. In particular, it was possible to separate plutonium and uranium to facilitate interference-free determination of the former. The column also exhibited some selectivity for different oxidation states of Np, Pu and U. Two oxidation states each for plutonium and neptunium were found, tentatively identified as Np(V) and Pu(III) eluting at the solvent front, and Np(IV) and Pu(IV) eluting much later. Detection limits were 12, 8, and 4 fg for 237Np, 239Pu, and 241Am, respectively, for a 0.5 ml injection, and the system was successfully used for the determination of 239Pu in water, biological and soil reference materials.

Thallium is a highly toxic element that humans are exposed to mainly by consumption of drinking water and vegetables grown in soil with high thallium content but also through inhalation of particles in the air. Thallium is also present in fossil fuels, alloys, and in electronic utilities. The increasing use of the element and emissions from notably energy production has lead to a higher load on the surface of the Earth. This study aims at increasing the knowledge about the behaviour of thallium in aquatic environments. Focus has been on the redox chemistry of thallium in relation to its mobility, which is of great importance because Tl(I) and Tl(III) have very different properties in this respect. The relationship between Tl(I) and Tl(III) in surface waters from contaminated and uncontaminated environments was examined by ion chromatography connected on line to ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry). It was found in controlled systems that even though Tl(III) is thermodynamically unstable under fresh water conditions Tl(I) was oxidised in the presence of light and iron(III). This was also confirmed in field studies. When lake water samples were exposed to light, Tl(I) was oxidised and thallium was lost from the solution. The most likely explanation for this was adsorption of thallium to particle surfaces. The concentration of thallium in Swedish lakes and soil were measured. In unpolluted lakes the concentration ranges between 4.5-12 ng/l, the sediment concentration was 0.07-1.46 mg/kg. The anthropogenic load was found to have increased since the end of the Second World War although concentrations above background were found since the early industrialisation. In contaminated areas the concentration in soil ranges from 0.64-88 mg/kg, high concentrations were found in systems with alum shale and in soil exposed to runoff from a lead and zinc enrichment plant. The mobilisation of thallium from solid phases in contaminated areas was dependent on pH and about 50% of the leachable content was mobilised already at pH 5-6. Once it had been released to water it was highly mobile. These conditions suggest that in a large part of the Swedish environment a high mobility of thallium can be expected.

[Truncated abstract] The sale of fraudulent South-East Asian ceramics constitutes a large proportion of the illegal artefact and antique trade and threatens to undermine the legitimate international market. The sophistication and skill of forgers has reached a level where, using traditional appraisal by eye and hand, even the most experienced specialist is often unable to distinguish between a genuine and fraudulent piece. In addition, the current scientific method of authentication used by the international antiques and art industry, thermoluminescence (TL) dating, carries severe limitations. The technique has an error margin of +/-20 % and requires the removal of a significant piece of the sample being tested, which decreases both the monetary and cultural value of the artefact. Of more concern, forgers have developed methods which produce false test results and which appear to corroborate false claims for the age of artefacts. Consequently, the use of TL dating for authentication of ancient ceramics, especially those of South-East Asian origin, has now come into serious question. The most suitable method for authenticating ceramics is through provenance establishment. Studies published in the literature have investigated the application of various analytical techniques to provide this information for ceramic wares and have highlighted their potential to be used for provenance establishment. However, the value of each of these techniques is limited rendering them generally unsuitable for practical use in the international antiques and art world to authenticate high-value South-East Asian artefacts. Consequently, there is a desperate need for the development of a robust, accurate and non-destructive method which can be practically applied in the industry to authenticate South-East Asian ceramics. ... Minor variations between spectral profiles of artefacts produced in the same country have also been used to further provenance artefacts to a specific production region or kiln site. The results of analyses have been compiled to form a unique reference database which can be added to in the future and used by experts internationally. Adaptation of the developed sampling and analytical methodologies to allow in-situ sampling of large artefacts using the

Cellular therapy is emerging as a clinically viable strategy in the field of solid organ transplantation, where it is expected to reduce the dependency on conventional immunosuppression. This has produced a demand for highly sensitive methods to monitor the persistence and tissue distribution of administered cells in vivo. However, tracking cells presents significant challenges. In many cases transplanted cells are autologous with the immune system of the transplant recipient, and hence are invisible to typical methods of detection. To enable their differentiation, the cells must be labelled with a suitable, non-toxic and long lifetime label, prior to their administration to patients. In addition, administered cells represent only a small fraction of the recipient's endogenous cells, which necessitates the use of an extremely sensitive detection method. Laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is an exquisitely sensitive analytical technique, capable of imaging trace elements in complex samples, at high spatial resolution.

Neste trabalho, a decomposição por via úmida em sistema fechado assistida por radiação micro-ondas (MW-AD) e a decomposição por via úmida em sistema fechado assistida por radiação micro-ondas e ultravioleta (MW-UV) foram avaliadas para amostras comerciais de biodiesel para posterior determinação de Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V e Zn por espectrometria de massa com setor eletromagnético com plasma indutivamente acoplado (SF-ICP-MS). A MW-AD empregando ácido diluído foi primeiramente avaliada sendo possível a decomposição de até 700 mg de biodiesel com HNO3 7 mol L-1 e 2 mL de H2O2 30% (m/m). As soluções finais apresentaram teor de carbono residual (RCC) de 8,7% e acidez residual (RA) de 4%. Posteriormente, com o objetivo de obter maior eficiência de decomposição, o método MW-UV foi avaliado para a decomposição de biodiesel. Com o emprego deste método até 950 mg de amostra foram decompostas com HNO3 7 mol L-1 e soluções finais com RCC de 17,4% e RA de 19,3% foram obtidas. As soluções finais, para ambos os métodos, foram adequadas para a determinação de elementos traço por SF-ICP-MS. Possíveis interferências na etapa de determinação dos analitos, causadas pela presença de carbono residual, foram estudadas através do emprego de padrão interno 115In e de ensaios de recuperação de analito para monitorar a formação de espécies poliatômicas no plasma. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a necessidade da utilização de padrão interno, sendo o instrumento operado no modo de baixa resolução para a determinação da maioria dos analitos, com exceção de 52Cr, para o qual o instrumento foi operado no modo de média resolução. A exatidão dos métodos propostos foi avaliada mediante a análise de material de referência certificado, obtendo-se resultados concordantes, com nível de confiança de 95% (teste t-student), com os valores certificados para a maioria dos elementos. Ensaios de adição de analito também foram feitos para a avaliação da exatidão e recuperações de 92 à 109% foram obtidas. Os limites de detecção (LD) obtidos para o método MW-UV foram inferiores aos obtidos para MW-AD, na faixa de 0,08 a 6,9 ng g-1 e 1,0 a 14 ng g-1, respectivamente. / In this work, the microwave-assisted digestion (MW-AD) and microwave-assisted ultraviolet digestion (MW-UV) were evaluated for commercial biodiesel samples for subsequent determination of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS). Using the MW-AD method with diluted acid up to 700 mg of biodiesel were digested with 7 mol L-1 HNO3 and 2 mL of 30% (w/w) H2O2. Final solutions presented residual carbon content (RCC) of 8.7% and residual acidity (RA) of 4%. In order to improve the digestion efficiency, the MW-UV method was evaluated for biodiesel digestion. Using MW-UV method up to 950 mg of sample were digested with 7 mol L-1 HNO3 and the final solutions with RCC of 17.4% and RA of 19.3% were obtained. The final solutions obtained for both methods were suitable for the determination of trace elements by SF-ICP-MS. Interferences in the determination step were studied using 115In as internal standard and analyte recovery to monitor the formation of polyatomic species in the plasma. The low resolution mode was used for the determination of almost of the analytes with the exception of 52Cr that was determine using medium resolution mode. Accuracy of the investigated methods were evaluated by analysis of certified reference material and the values obtained were in agreement with 95% confidence level (t-student test) with the certified values for all elements. Analyte recovery was also performed to evaluate the accuracy and recoveries of 92 to 109% were obtained. The limits of detection (LOD) obtained by the MW-UV method were lower than MW-AD method and are in the range of 0.08 to 6.9 ng g -1 and 1.0 to 14 ng g -1, respectively.

204 f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-07T14:19:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Edevaldo da Silva.pdf: 4398446 bytes, checksum: 204dadfa6748f55151b537b3ef5737f9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-06-07T14:42:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Edevaldo da Silva.pdf: 4398446 bytes, checksum: 204dadfa6748f55151b537b3ef5737f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-07T14:42:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Edevaldo da Silva.pdf: 4398446 bytes, checksum: 204dadfa6748f55151b537b3ef5737f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Nesse trabalho, foi investigada a bioacumulação e distribuição de 18 elementos químicos, essenciais (Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Sr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Cr, Ni, Mo) e contaminantes (Cd, Pb, Li, Sb, As), em seis tecidos (músculo, guelras, estômago, fígado, rim, gônadas) de seis espécies de peixes marinhos (Caranx latus - guaricema, Archosargus rhomboidalis - sambúio, Sphyraena guachancho - bicuda, mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla - cavala, Lutjanus synagris - vermelho, Bagre marinus - bagre). As amostras foram adquiridas entre dezembro/2010 e janeiro/2012, oriundas da zona costeira da Baía de Todos os Santos (BTS), em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Os elementos foram quantificados por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS). As faixas de concentração encontradas para os macroelementos (mg g-1) foram: Ca (0,71-77,54), Mg (0,31- 3,60), P (4,90-98,95), K (4,75-20,88). Os elementos traços apresentaram as seguintes faixas de concentrações (µg g-1): Sr (1,67-820,21), Fe (6,64-1853,65), Zn (14,18-843,92), Cu (0,17-28,12), Mn (0,11-77,87), Cr (0,35-5,46), Se (0,57-12,5), Ni (<0,024-15,57), Mo (<0,024-1,29), Cd (<0,004-0,961), Pb (<0,010-0,600), Li (<0,009- 1,38), As (0,49-27,31). Houve variações significativas nas concentrações dos elementos entre os tecidos e entre as diferentes espécies. Os tecidos com maior potencial de bioacumulação para os elementos traço foram as guelras, o fígado e o rim. A análise multivariada (PCA) demonstrou não haver correlação entre as medidas biométricas e as concentrações dos elementos químicos, mas, fortes associações entre pares de elementos foram observadas (Mg-Ca; Sr-Ca; P-Ca; K- Ca; Mn-Ca; Sr-Mg; K-Mg; P-Sr; K-Sr; Se-Fe; Cr-Fe). A presença de níveis maiores que o tolerável, nos músculos, para Cr e As e a evidência de bioacumulação desses e de outros elementos tóxicos, tais como Pb, Ni e Cd revelam a necessidade de mais estudos visando a analise de especiação química, além de um programa de monitoramento na região da Baia de Todos os Santos, para se verificar a necessidade de prováveis ações remediadoras. / Salvador

O estágio pós-colisional Neoproterozoico no sul do Brasil é marcado por intenso magmatismo granítico controlado por zonas de cisalhamento transcorrentes, relacionadas ao Cinturão de Cisalhamento Sul-brasileiro (CCSb). O CCSb controlou a ascensão e o posicionamento de magmas crustais e mantélicos. Neste contexto, O Granito Corre-mar (GCM) representa uma pequena intrusão posicionado em uma zona de baixa deformação localizada entre dois importantes segmentos do CCSb: as Zonas de Cisalhamento Major Gercino e Itajaí- Perimbó. O GCM possui um diagnóstico par de foliações subevetical que forma um par S-C sinistral, presente em todas as intrusões, independentemente do tamanho, e foi posicionado em um sistema conjugado, onde um cisalhamento sinistral de direção NNE, e uma extensão na direção NW-SE, gerando espaço ao longo da direção NE. Deformação de estado sólido associada ao cisalhamento NNE é atestado por microestruturas como recristalização de feldspatos e caudas de recristalização assimétricas. A abertura é atribuída à dinâmica regional destral transcorrente das zonas de cisalhamento Major Gercino e Itajaí-Perimbó, sendo que o posicionamento foi controlado essencialmente pela componente de estensão NW-SE. A idade de cristalização em zircão U-Pb LAMC- ICP-MS do GCM de 615 ± 4 Ma, muito próxima a outros granitos regionais, como as idades de 611 Ma do Granito Serra dos Macacos (GSM) e de 620 Ma do Granito Rio Pequeno (GRP) sugere que esses três corpos graníticos são sincrônicos. As fortes feições de deformação presents no GCM, diferentemente dos granitos Neoproterozoicos próximos, demonstra que o espaço, mais do que o tempo, pode explicar a diferença dos padrões estruturais identificados no GCM. Assinaturas geoquímicas e de isótopos de Sr-Nd, como caráter levemente peraluminoso, altos conteúdos de K, altas razões de ETRL/ETRP, moderados conteúdos de Rb, Nb, Zr e ETR em relação à SiO2, juntamente com baixas razões de 86Sr/87Sri e valores de εNdt fortemente negativos, indicam que o GCM é derivado de fontes crustais antigas, possivelmente relacionadas à rochas quartzofeldspáticas ortognáissicas Paleoproterozoicas do Complexo Camboriú. A relaçãodas das idades das heranças Arqueanas a Paleoproterozoicas do GCM com as idades dos eventos de migmatização identificados no Complexo Camboriú, além da relação das idades de cristalização de ~615-611 Ma dos granitos crustais da área com o último evento de migmatização em 640-610, reforça a conexão genética entre eles. As idades TDM paleoproterozoicas, as assinaturas geoquímicas e isotópicas, a cristalização e as idades de heranças do GCM e do GSM atestam que eles representam pulsos graníticos contemporâneos e comagmáticos, com uma conexão genética com o evento de migmatização Neoproterozoico do Complexo Camboriú. / The Neoproterozoic post-collisional stage in south Brazil is marked by intense granitic magmatism controlled by transcurrent shear zones all related to the Southern Brazilian Shear Belt (SBSB). The SBSB controls the ascent and emplacement of crustal and mantle magmas. In such scenario, the Corre-mar Granite (CMG), represent a small intrusion emplaced in a low strain zone located between two important segments of the SBSB: the Major Gercino and Itajaí-Perimbó Shear Zones. The CMG have a diagnostic subvertical foliation pair that form a sinistral S-C pair, present in all intrusions regardless of their size, and was emplaced within a conjugate system, where sinistral NNE shearing and NW-SE extension were both active, generating space along the NE direction. Solid state deformation associated to the NNE shearing is attested by microstructures as feldspar recrystallization and asymmetric recrystallization tails. The opening is attributed to the regional dextral transcurrent dynamics of the Major Gercino and Itajaí-Perimbó shear zones and magma emplacement was essentially conditioned by the NW extension component. The zircon U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS crystallization age of CMG at 615 ± 4 Ma, very close to other regional granites, as the 611 Ma Serra dos Macacos (SMG) and 620 Ma Rio Pequeno Granite (RPG) points these three granitic bodies as quite synchronous. The strong deformation features present in the CMG, as opposed to the other nearby Neoproterozoic granites (RPG and SMG) demonstrate that space, rather than time, must be called upon to explain the difference in the structural patterns identified in the CMG. Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic signatures, as slight peraluminous character, high-K contents, high LREE/HREE ratios, moderate Rb, Nb, Zr, and REE contents to regular SiO2, together with low 86Sr/87Sri and the strongly negative εNdt values indicate that the CMG is derived from old crustal sources possibly related to the Paleoproterozoic Camboriú Complex quartz-feldspatic orto-gneissic rocks. The match of the Archean to Paleoproterozoic inheritance ages of the CMG with the migmatization event ages identified in the Camboriú Complex and moreover the match of the crystallization ages of ~615-611 Ma of the crustalderived granites with the last migmatization event at 640-610 Ma reinforces the genetic link between them. The Paleoproterozoic TDM ages, the geochemical and isotopic signatures, the crystallization and inheritance ages resemblance of the CMG and the SMG attest that they represent comagmatic and contemporaneous granitic pulses with a genetic connection with the Neoproterozoic migmatization event in the Camboriu Complex.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-09-05T14:43:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado Gabriel Luiz dos Santos.pdf: 1820652 bytes, checksum: 813a41cbb9ae01d5c374c54cce45816c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2014-09-05T16:01:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado Gabriel Luiz dos Santos.pdf: 1820652 bytes, checksum: 813a41cbb9ae01d5c374c54cce45816c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-05T16:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado Gabriel Luiz dos Santos.pdf: 1820652 bytes, checksum: 813a41cbb9ae01d5c374c54cce45816c (MD5) / CNPq / O presente trabalho realizado em amostras coletadas na Baía de Todos os Santos, Bahia, Brasil, propõe estratégias para determinação multielementar e análise de especiação de vanádio em amostras de moluscos bivalves e sedimentos, empregando ICP OES e ICP-MS. Na primeira parte da tese, foram avaliadas as potencialidades de dois espectrômetros de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado para determinação de As, Cr, Ni, Se e V em amostras de moluscos bivalves. Para efeito de comparação, três materiais de referência certificados (CRM) foram analisados: NIST 1566b SRM Oyster tissue, NRCC TORT-2 Lobster Hepatopancreas e NIST 2977 SRM Mussel tissue. A condição recomendada, que consistiu na determinação no modo padrão com adição de padrão interno, foi aplicada na determinação dos analitos em amostras de Macoma constricta coletadas em diferentes regiões da BTS. Os resultados apontaram que a maioria dos níveis de As, Cr, Ni, Se e V presentes na espécie Macoma constricta apresentaram valores acima dos níveis estabelecidos pela legislação vigente brasileira que são: 1,0 (As); 0,1 (Cr); 5,0 (Ni); 0,3 (Se) e 0,77 (V) g g-1 (peso úmido), o que representa risco à população e ao ecossistema. Na segunda parte da tese, foram investigadas as condições para a análise de especiação de vanádio em amostras de sedimentos, empregando extração alcalina e determinação por ICP OES. A concentração de V(IV) foi determinada por diferença, considerando a determinação de vanádio total, também realizada por ICP OES, após digestão das amostras com ácido nítrico em forno de micro- ondas com cavidade, usando o procedimento EPA 3051A. O procedimento foi validado através de testes de adição e recuperação e de análise do seguinte material de referência certificado: NIST 2702 (Inorganics in marine sediment). Pelos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que os compostos contendo V(IV) são mais dominantes nas amostras dos sedimentos analisados. / The present work conducted on samples collected in Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brasil, proposes strategies for multielement determination and speciation analysis of vanadium in bivalve molluscs and sediments samples, using ICP OES and ICP-MS. In the first part of the thesis, the potential of two inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers for determination of As, Cr, Ni, Se and V in bivalve molluscs samples were evaluated. For comparison, three certified reference materials (CRM) were analyzed: NIST 1566b SRM Oyster tissue, NRCC TORT-2 Lobster Hepatopancreas e NIST 2977 SRM Mussel tissue. The recommended condition, which consisted in determining the standard mode with addition of internal standard, was applied in the determination of analytes in samples of Macoma constricta collected in different regions of the BTS. The results showed that most levels of As, Cr, Ni, Se and V present in the species Macoma constricta have values above the levels established by the Brazilian legislation, that are: 1.0 (As); 0.1 (Cr); 5.0 (Ni); 0.3 (Se) and 0.77 (V) g g-1 (wet weight), which represents risk to the population and the ecosystem. In the second part of the thesis, the conditions for speciation analysis of vanadium in soil and sediment samples were investigated, using alkaline extraction and determining by ICP OES. The V (IV) concentration was determined by difference, considering the total vanadium determination, also performed by ICP OES, after the samples digestion with nitric acid in cavity microwave oven, using the procedure EPA 3051A. The procedure was validated through addition and recovery tests and analysis of the following certified reference material: NIST 2702 (Inorganics in marine sediment). From the obtained results it can be concluded that compounds containing V (IV) are majority in the sediment samples analyzed.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-04-07T17:53:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_de_Doutorado_Rennan_G_O_Araujo.pdf: 2718676 bytes, checksum: 59eab9c3f63867e32dff273384239532 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-05-10T17:42:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_de_Doutorado_Rennan_G_O_Araujo.pdf: 2718676 bytes, checksum: 59eab9c3f63867e32dff273384239532 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-10T17:42:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_de_Doutorado_Rennan_G_O_Araujo.pdf: 2718676 bytes, checksum: 59eab9c3f63867e32dff273384239532 (MD5) / CNPq e FAPESB / A farinha de trigo é um produto muito importante consumida em muitas partes do mundo. A determinação de seus constituintes é de interesse tanto nutricional como toxicológico. No intuito de rastrear nutrientes e contaminantes presentes na composição mineral da farinha de trigo consumida em cidades brasileiras foi desenvolvido um estudo de investigação de forma a ampliar dados sobre tal gênero alimentício. Foram desenvolvidos quatro trabalhos para determinação de metais em farinha de trigo usando técnicas espectrométricas atômicas. O primeiro trabalho consistiu na determinação de manganês em amostras coletadas na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil - utilizando amostragem suspensão e detecção por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS). A concentração de manganês nas amostras variou entre 5,2 ± 0,7 a 7,6 ± 0,5 μg g-1. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram 0,13 e 0,44 μg g-1, respectivamente. A precisão foi expressa através do desvio padrão relativo (%RSD) foi de 3,5 % (n=10). A exatidão foi confirmada através de análise de três materiais de referência certificados de farinha de arroz. O uso da calibração com padrões aquosos facilitou um procedimento simples e rápido para determinação de manganês em farinha de trigo. No segundo trabalho, foram comparados dois métodos analíticos para determinação de cádmio empregando a espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica em forno de grafite (GF AAS) sem a digestão da amostra de farinha de trigo através da amostragem direta de sólidos (SS) e a amostragem em suspensão com múltiplas injeções (SlS) como introdução. Após a otimização das condições usando a mistura paládio e magnésio como modificador químico, a temperatura de pirólise usada foi de 800 ºC, e 1600 ºC como temperatura de atomização, sem observação de sinal fundo de absorção. A calibração versus padrões aquosos foi utilizado para ambos os métodos otimizados. Foram estabelecidas as figuras de mérito: massa característica 0,6 e 1,0 pg, limite de detecção (3σ, n = 10) 0,2 e 0,7 ng g-1, limite de quantificação (10σ, n = 10) 0,7 e 2,3 ng g-1 e precisão expressa como desvio padrão relativo (n=5) de 6 – 16% e 9 – 23% para SS e SlS, respectivamente. As análises de materiais de referência certificados de farinha de trigo, folhas de maças, farelho de milho e pão confirmaram a exatidão dos métodos. Seis amostras de farinha de trigo foram analisadas para determinação de cádmio coletadas em cidades brasileiras, sendo encontrado a concentração desse elemento variando entre 8,9 ± 0,5 e 13 ± 2 μg kg-1 nas amostras. Aplicou-se teste t-Student aos resultados obtidos pelo os dois métodos propostos, estando os dados concordantes para nível de 95% de confiança. O método SS foi escolhido como método de rotina, devido à sua simplicidade, a velocidade de análise e os melhores valores de figura de mérito. O terceiro trabalho, a composição mineral da farinha de trigo consumida no Brasil foi avaliada. Na etapa de amostragem foram coletadas 54 amostras em 15 cidades, incluindo as principais cidades brasileiras como: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Porto Alegre, Recife e outras. Os elementos determinados foram: cálcio, cobre, magnésio, manganês, ferro, fósforo, potássio e zinco. A técnica analítica empregada foi a espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). A validação do método (incluindo digestão e determinação) foi confirmada usando um material de referência certificado de farinha de trigo fornecido pelo NIST. Considerando as 54 amostras analisadas, os resultados demonstraram que os macronutrientes: cálcio, magnésio, potássio e fósforo encontram-se em média de 0,27; 0,35; 1,71 e 1,92 mg g-1, com variação da concentração de 0,11 – 1,96; 0,19 – 0,51; 0,76 – 3,16 e 0,81 – 7,15 mg g-1, respectivamente. Os micronutrientes: cobre, ferro, manganês e zinco encontram-se em média de 1,84; 37,82; 8,25 e 9,41 g g-1, com a variação de concentração de 1,00 – 2,80; 10,46 – 146,58; 3,89 – 14,74 e 5,07 – 13,93 g g-1, respectivamente. Os resultados foram avaliados também usando as técnicas de análise multivariadas: análise de componente principal (PCA) e análise de agrupamento hierárquico (HCA). Por fim, o quarto trabalho foi desenvolvido para determinação de Ba, Cr, Rb, Sr, V, Se e Mo empregando a espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) em 25 amostras de farinha de trigo coletadas em cidades brasileiras. Foi utilizado o procedimento de digestão assistida por microondas em sistema fechado. A validação do método foi confirmada através da adição e recuperação para todos analitos e análise de material de referência certificado de farinha de trigo NIST 1567a para Se, Mo e Rb. Os valores foram satisfatórios com uso de germano como padrão interno. Apreciando as 25 amostras analisadas, os resultados demonstraram que concentração variou entre 1,71 – 10,83 µg g-1 para Ba; 0,060 – 0,307 µg g-1 para Cr; 0,77 – 4,23 µg g-1 para Rb; 0,61 – 5,72 µg g-1 para Sr; 0,023 – 0,108 µg g-1 para V; 0,058 – 0,952 µg g-1 para Se e 0,115 – 0,684 µg g-1 para Mo. Os resultados foram avaliados também usando as técnicas de análise multivariadas: PCA e HCA. / The wheat flour is a very important product consumed in many parts of the world. The determination of its constituents is of interest both nutritional and toxicological. In order to trace nutrients and contaminants present in the mineral composition of wheat flour consumed in Brazilian cities was conducted a research study in order to expand data on such foodstuff. There have been four works for determination of metals in wheat flour using atomic spectrometric techniques. The first work was the determination of manganese in samples collected in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil - using slurry and detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The concentration of manganese in the samples ranged between 5.2 ± 0.7 a 7.6 ± 0.5 μg g-1. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.13 and 0.44 μg g-1, respectively. The precision was expressed by the relative standard deviation (RSD%) was 3.5% (n=10). The accuracy was confirmed through analysis of three rice flour certified reference materials. The use of calibration standards agaisnt aqueous facilitated a simple and rapid procedure for determination manganese in wheat flour samples. In the second work, were compared two methods to cadmium determination employing graphite furnance atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) without the digestion of the wheat flour sample, through direct solid sampling (SS) and slurry with multiple injections(SlS) as form of introduction. After the optimization of conditions using a mixture of palladium and magnesium as chemical modifier, the temperature pyrolysis used was 800 º C and 1600 º C as temperature, atomization, without remark the of background. The calibration against aqueous standards was used for both methods optimized. The parameter of merit were established: characteristic mass of 0.6 and 1.0 pg Cd, detection limit (3σ, n = 10) of 0.2 and 0.7 ng g-1, limit of quantification (3σ, n = 10) of 0.7 and 2.3 ng g-1 and precision expressed as standard deviation relative (n = 5) between 6-16% and 9-23% for SS and SlS, respectively. The analysis of certified reference materials of wheat flour, apples leaves, corn brad and brown bread confirmed the accuracy of the methods. Six samples of wheat flour were collected in Brazilian cities and analyzed for determination of cadmium. The cadmium concentration found range between 8.9 ± 0.5 and 13 ± 2 μg kg-1 in the samples. It was applied the Student's t-test results obtained for two methods proposed, and the data agreement on a 95% confidence level. The SS method was chosen as routine method, because of its simplicity, speed of analysis and the best values of parameter of merit. The third work, the mineral composition of wheat flour consumed in Brazil was evaluated. In the sampling step 54 samples were collected in 15 cities, including principal Brazilian cities such as: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Porto Alegre, Recife and others. The elements determinate were: calcium, copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, phosphorus, potassium and zinc. The samples were digested using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in open system. The analytical technique employed was Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). The method validation (including digestion and determination) was performed using a certified reference material of wheat flour furnished by National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST). Considering the 54 samples analyzed, the results demonstrated that the macronutrients: calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphor have average content of 0.27, 0.35, 1.71 and 1.92 mg g-1, for concentration ranges of 0.11-1,96, 0.19-0.51, 0.76-3.16 and 0.81-7.15 mg g-1, respectively. The micronutrients: copper, iron, manganese and zinc have average content of 1.84, 37.8, 8.2 and 9.4 μg g-1, for concentration ranges of 1.00-2.80, 10.5-146.6, 3.9-14.7 and 5.1-13.9 μg g-1, respectively. The results were also evaluated using the multivariate analysis techniques: principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Finally, the fourth work was conducted to determination of Ba, Cr, Rb, Sr, V, Mo and employing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in 25 samples of wheat flour collected in Brazilian cities. The procedure assisted by microwave digestion in closed system was used. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by the addition and recovery for all analytes and analysis of certified reference material of wheat flour NIST 1567 for Se, Mo and Rb. The parameter of merit were satisfactory with used isotope of german (74Ge) as internal standard. The 25 wheat flour samples were analyzed, the results showed concentration ranged between 1.71 - 10.83 μg g-1 for Ba, 0060 - 0307 μg g-1 for Cr, 0.77 - 4.23 μg g-1 to Rb; 0.61 - 5.72 μg g-1 for Sr; 0.023 – 0.108 μg g-1 to V; 0.058 – 0.952 μg g-1 for Se and 0.115 – 0.684 μg g-1 for Mo. The results were also evaluated using the techniques of multivariate analysis: PCA and HCA