There are modernizations or productive re-structuring processes in the Mexican industrial sector, with changes in labour relations and new profiles in labour force. The new industrial logic is underlined by the workers characteristics and labour market, that is, it appears linked to local specifications, some times important, such as the growing labour insertion of rural otomí women from the nearby municipios to the factories, mainly in the textile, food and export maquila sectors, that attend works with great flexibility. This condition forces us to reconsider the insertion of labour strategies of rural families in the State of Mexico. / En el sector industrial mexiquense se han instrumentado procesos de modernización o de reestructuración productiva con cambio en las relaciones laborales y nuevo perfil de la fuerza de trabajo. La nueva lógica industrial se ve matizada por características de los trabajadores y del mercado de trabajo, es decir, aparece vinculada a especificidades locales a veces importantes, como la creciente inserción laboral de la mano de obra femenina en la manufactura y la amplia flexibilización de las relaciones laborales. La presencia de mujeres en la industria se vincula al traslado al mundo productivo de mujeres de origen rural, otomí, de los municipios colindantes a las fábricas, principalmente a los sectores textil, alimentos y maquila de exportación, que deben hacer frente a trabajos con alto grado de flexibilidad, situación que obliga a reconsiderar las estrategias de inserción laboral de familias rurales del estado de México.

Employment programmes, or on-the-job training programmes, are designed to increase the likelihood of unemployed workers receiving work opportunities by providing actual work experience. Whether the unemployed workers lack human resources, obtained a degree in a foreign country or simply need a boost towards obtaining a new job, these programmes give workers the opportunity to execute tasks at organised firms and therefore strengthen their connection to the labour market.  The focus of this paper is towards a unique programme, called Arbetspraktik. This specific programme is designed with the intention to increase the labour market outcomes of unemployed workers. Geographically, Växjö has been selected as the main priority. The local focus is due to two reasons; firstly, the internship at the Swedish Employment Service in Växjö provided local support, insight and experience and therefore estimating local effects matched the purpose of the internship. The result of this thesis may also be used as informative research for the Swedish Employment Service where I performed my internship. Secondly, according to previous work, specific regions within a country are not looked at on a high frequency in Sweden and therefore focusing on regional effects could be beneficial to already existing studies. Previous research shows that the evaluation of these programmes has been done in many countries. Data for this study is obtained through the Swedish Employment Service. With the use of Matching and Propensity Scores, the findings claim that participants in Arbetspraktik have a 28.3% higher probability of receiving better outcomes than the controlled counterpart in Växjö. The interviews, despite having low observations, indicate that positive outcomes for trainees are a possibility and may be connected to the outcomes of the model. For example, trainees are shown to become more independent and productivity across trainees increases over time. Lastly, the interviews claim that trainees perform the same tasks as full-time workers, which is discussed to be a positive thing. Self-critique and tips for future research are presented at the end.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le dualisme contractuel existant sur le marché du travail français.Je m'intéresse aux flux ayant lieu sur le marché du travail français en mettant en lumière l'importance des contrats à durée déterminée dans ces flux.La législation française sur la protection de l'emploi semble a priori claire et concise et les entreprises soumises à des règles strictes en ce qui concerne la gestion de leur main d’œuvre.Toutefois, il semblerait qu'en pratique, les contraintes pesant sur les firmes en terme d'utilisation de contrats temporaires ne soient pas si claires et que la vision du contrat à durée indéterminée comme forme ``normale" de relation de travail ne soit pas si évidente pour les firmes.En effet, l'on observe que leur utilisation est très fréquente et concerne des emplois dont la durée est de plus en plus courte. Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du marché du travail français et l'impact du dualisme contractuel. A cette fin, cette thèse est composée de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitreévalue l'ampleur des flux d'emplois et de travailleurs sur la période 1998-2012 en mettant en évidence l'impact de la crise de 2008 sur ces flux ainsi que le potentiel renforcement du dualisme contractuel après cette date.Je tiens compte des spécificités sectorielles en isolant les secteurs autorisés à utiliser les contrats dits d'usage afin d'étudier le comportement des firmes en terme d'embauche dans ces secteurs particuliers.Je détaille également l'évolution de ces flux d'emplois et de travailleurs en fonction de la taille des firmes. De plus, j'étudie l'évolution de la durée des contrats à durée déterminée sur cette même période. Enfin, je mets en œuvre un modèle économétrique visant à mettre en lumière les principaux déterminants de l'embauche en contrat à durée déterminée. Dans le second chapitre, je mesure les transitions d'état à état ayant lieu sur le marché du travail français ainsi que leur impact sur la volatilité du taux de chômage. A cette fin, j'utilise un modèle à trois états (en emploi, au chômage, inactif) ainsi qu'un modèle à quatre états (en contrat à durée indéterminée, en contrat à durée déterminée, au chômage, inactif) permettant de prendre en compte le dualisme contractuel caractérisant beaucoup de marchés du travail européens. Ce type de modèle à quatre états constitue une réelle nouveauté dans le sens où celui-ci n'a jamais été mis en œuvre pour la France. Enfin, le troisième article pour objectif d'analyser les conséquences de l'introduction d'une taxe sur les contrats à durée déterminée dans le but d'inciter les firmes à embaucher davantage en contrat à durée indéterminée et à augmenter la durée des contrats. Cette mesure a récemment été mise en place, sous diverses formes, dans plusieurs pays européens. En ce qui concerne la France, cette taxe a été instaurée par l'Accord National Interprofessionnel signé en 2013.Pour ce faire, un modèle d'appariement est estimé sur des données françaises provenant de l'UNEDIC s'appuyant sur le modèle proposé par Cahuc, Charlot et Malherbet (2016). / This thesis study the dualism existing on the French labor market. Especially, I study job and worker flows and the role played by temporary contracts in those flows. The employment protection legislation is stringent in France then firms are subject to important rules when they adjust their workforce. However, it seems that the employment legislation governing the use of temporary contracts is not so binding in practice since this type of contract is widely used and that their duration is more and more shorter. In order to have a better knowledge of the French labor market and of the dualism, this thesis is divided in three chapters. The first one quantifies job and worker flows over the 1998-2012 period and explores the possible impact of the 2008 crisis on those flows taking into account industry characteristics. In addition, I study the evolution of contracts' duration and I propose an econometric analysis that highlight the determinants of temporary hirings.The second chapter quantifies transitions existing on the French labor market and their impact on unemployment volatility. I use a three-state (employed, unemployed, inactive) and a four-state model (permanently employed, temporary employed, unemployed, inactive). This latest model has never been studied for the French case yet.Finally, the last chapter analyzes the consequences of the implementation of a tax on short-term contracts that is supposed to encorage firms to hire with permanent contracts and increase the duration of contracts. This kind of reform has been in several european countries. In France, this tax was implemented by the Interprofessional agreement in july 2013. A search and matching model is estimated on French data from UNEDIC using the model proposed by Caguc, Charlot and Malherbet (2016).

The mass decline in agricultural labour in Britain since the industrial revolution has, ultimately, led to it becoming a significant ‘blind spot’ in the agricultural research agenda. Data regarding those who actively work at the ‘frontline’ of agriculture, and how they interrelate with other agents in their network to achieve multiple national and global agendas, is minimal. This thesis contributes and develops a comprehensive body of knowledge concerning the composition of labour on farms in the South West of England, as well as identifying and exploring contemporary relationships between farm labour contributors, the community; and the land, through the examination of the lived experience of different contributors to agricultural labour. These changes are considered under the lens of agriculture’s ever-encroaching challenges of productivity, labour skills shortages and sustainable intensification. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, incorporating a postal survey of 1251 farms, as well as 45 semi-structured interviews with farm labour contributors via a case study approach. Quantitative data provides a useful picture of those contributing to labour on farms in the South West of England, and brings attention to associated labour issues experienced by farmers. Qualitative data fleshes out these results with the guidance of Actor Network Theory. The concept of the lifescape is utilised to achieve this most pictorially while principles from the Human Capability Framework are applied to weaknesses in network chains that were revealed during the research process. Results reveal how new worker profiles have arisen from the increasingly flexible labour market, with contractors exposed as playing a progressively more crucial role to the survival of the industry. Due to an impending labour crisis, rapid technological development, and disparities in knowledge between farmers and other labour contributors, relationships of independence and interdependence between the various cohorts were discovered. Multiple actors within the lifescape of the farm labour contributor mean that clear distinctions cannot be made between farm, land, nature and community, with no single element more important than the other in the playing out of behaviours. Similarly, that same array of actors is seen to contribute significantly to the capacities, opportunities and freedoms available to farm labour contributors, and where a match between the two fails, substantial issues can be seen to arise. The research makes a valuable contribution to rural sociology through understanding the lifescape of the farm worker from the ground up. Overall, it addresses the importance of incorporating farm workers and contributors into the agricultural and more specifically, the sustainable intensification research agenda, particularly emphasising the importance of agricultural research and policy-making parameters being inclusive of all individuals who actively contribute to the land, rather than exclusive.

The last 15 years have seen governments in a number of mature welfare states attempting to reintegrate people out of work for reasons of sickness and disability into employment, principally through changes to the value and conditions of incapacity benefits and the provision of active labour market programmes. Whilst the academic interest in these changes has been considerable, this thesis begins by arguing that these studies hitherto have been satisfied to categorise these emerging regimes according to a familiar Work-first v Human Capital Development activation typology (for example, Peck & Theodore, 2001), or a variation upon that, according to the presence or absence of different activation services. They largely do not apply the insights that the broader activation literature has provided in recent years, particularly those on the governance of activation. Instead, this thesis proposes that it is better to examine recent changes through the lens of institutionalisation: how well-embedded employment-related support for sick and disabled claimants has become in the structure and functioning of welfare-to-work regimes for sick and disabled benefit claimants. Though not a concept much used in academic analysis of Active Labour Market Policy (ALMP), a case is made for the value of looking at, firstly, how well activating sick and disabled claimants becomes a national government labour market policy priority and secondly, how well the organisation and governance of active labour market programmes for this group support this, in additional to analyses of the services themselves. Working from what is already known about the factors that can influence a workless benefit claimant's access to employment support, the contention of such a framework is that the successful embedding of an activation strategy for sick and disabled claimants into national Labour Market Policy (LMP) is a function of the interaction of a range of factors. Crucial here is the distinction between ALMP for these claimants, and for other activation target groups – there is good evidence to believe that the changes made to activation governance to promote active work-search for the unemployed may, however unintentionally, militate against a comprehensive system of support for 'non-employed' jobseekers considered to be further from the labour market, claimants of incapacity benefits included. Alongside this framework, a case is made for being much clearer and more precise in describing what measures apply to which parts of the incapacity benefit claimant pool. In most countries, this is a very diverse population with several distinct sub-sets with different levels of distance from the labour market, ranging from those with very severe disabilities or health conditions; others with multiple employment barriers not all stemming directly from their condition (outdated skills, for example), and those whose employability is high, their disability or health condition notwithstanding. As a small number of studies have pointed out (Evans, 2001, for example), activation regimes – defined in this study as the set of services that are provided to help nonemployed sick and disabled benefit claimants back to work; and how these are organised; delivered; targeted and financed – 'sort and select' claimants, applying different types or more or less intensive support for different categorisations of claimants. An activation regime for the claimant group can thus be very inclusive or rather narrow, depending on the extent to which these sub-pools are catered for. To demonstrate the value of this framework in reaching a more accurate understanding of the nature of these emerging regimes relative to extant approaches, a cross-national comparison of activation of sick and disabled claimants in Denmark and the United Kingdom is offered. Whilst they are considered to be very nearly diametrically opposed in a number of key ways – their approaches to activation; benefit generosity and broader welfare regime contexts – when looked at using the institutionalisation framework, they emerge as more similar than expected. Regardless of their quite different starting points, they experience many of the same challenges in creating a system in which the employment activation of the full extent of the claimant group is a priority and where a sick or disabled benefit claimant's right to back-to-work support is secure.

The aim of the thesis is to assess the position of women in the labour market in the Czech Republic compared to other EU countries. The theoretical part of the thesis, which is mainly used to familiarize with the terms, is divided into the following topics: labour market, gender and equal opprotunities policy. In the practical part are analysed pure statistical data, which are presented the situation of women in the labour market in the Czech Republic, in regions of the Czech Republic and in European union, where data from the Czech Republic are compared with other EU member states. The obtained data were processed into graphs and tables.

Few public and social policy subjects have attracted as much attention as Affirmative Action Policy (AAP) in social sciences. AAP’s main aim is to eliminate or prevent past discrimination against disadvantaged groups and to enhance their position in society. Its role has become controversial around the world. In Saudi Arabia, despite changes and improvements in laws and strategies, over past decades, to tackle the age-old issue of native unemployment, the problem is still deeply ingrained in society. This research has investigated the role, effectiveness and consequences of AAP on Saudi labour market structure. The research has employed a pragmatic methodology over three phases of analysis. The first phase has been based on an interpretive paradigm, and been conducted through semi-structured interviews with labour market experts, to identify and understand the policy. The interviews have been analysed using a thematic analysis technique. The findings of this phase contributed significantly to the understanding of AAP’s legislative nature and role. Two different historical versions of AAP (pre- and post-2011) have been identified. The earlier version (pre-2011) was found to be a non-strategic and vague policy that made no real impact on natives’ employment, while the new version (post-2011) has been positive in increasing native employment (relatively), but it has been associated with serious unintended consequences due to its stricter enforcement. The second phase has been based on a positivist paradigm, and been conducted through time-series analysis (2004-2014), to examine policy effects on labour market structure. The results have indicated that, in addition to the continuing issue of the high inward flow of expatriates, AAP has failed to either improve the distribution of job opportunities across the country, or enhance structural issues with some occupations in the private sector. The third phase has also been based on a positivist paradigm, and was carried out using a survey (sent to over 1,000 participants) examining the policy’s socio-psychological effects on employees. The findings have suggested that employees tend to perceive AAP negatively. Mainly, the results reveal a strong correlation between AAP and all types of discrimination, both individual and institutional, and such a negative perception of discrimination has direct and indirect effects on employees’ intention to leave. The main contribution of this research is to provide much desired information on the AAP’s practice and approaches, in an interesting context. The research provides vital information about old and new AAP legislations in Saudi Arabia. Two frameworks have been developed, (with one being tested), to understand the policy effects from different perspectives. Importantly, the research shows how a strict form of AAP can have side effects on the beneficiary group and destabilise the labour market.

Unemployment in Austria has been considerably low in the past decades compared to other European countries. Nevertheless, recent increases in the past five years started a controversial discussion about the generous unemployment insurance system in place. The current government, therefore, argues to change the insurance system similar to the German HARTZ IV reform, although the effects on unemployment have proven to be ambiguous in Germany. I introduce a discrete time life-cycle model with endogenous job-search effort to inquire the potential effects of such a reform on long- and short-term unemployment, as well as individuals' job-search incentives. Individuals are ex-ante heterogeneous in their labour income possibilities and are subject to exogenous layoffs throughout their life. The model suggests that the proposed reform would reduce long-term unemployment substantially, however, to the cost of a larger amount of short-term unemployment spells and decreased overall welfare. Job-search effort over the whole life-cycle appears to increase, with the largest differences at the end of the life-cycle.

With a new generation entering the labour market, HR departments struggle to stay attractive. The talents are hard to attract and even harder to maintain. The importance of employer branding is therefore essential for both the employer and the seekers, in order to become a match. The generation Z desires to make a change and it is up to the employer to give them the opportunity to influence and make an impact.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1172592 bytes, checksum: 35a4de659211f3ab813275a52738faef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Historically, the higher informality has been one of the structural characteristics of the Brazilian labour market. Since 1990, in a context of the labour market disruption, informality reaches its highest levels, being revisited with more emphasis on the academy. The aim of this work is to investigate the dynamics of informality in the Brazilian labour market between 1993 and 2009, from the perspective of the dynamism of economic growth. The debate on the subject does not come to a consensus, which gives the literature a controversial way to present the theme. Thus, the literature review was based on the approach of some conceptions of informality, emphasizing the great debate that surrounds the theme. The referring data for the Brazilian labour market informality was originated from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) microdata which indicated that in a context of low economic dynamism during the 90s, despite of its high proportions, the level of informality remained virtually unchanged throughout the decade, which contradicts the results presented by the national literature. In the 2000s in a context of economic recovery, informality levels showed considerable reduction. However, despite this result there still exist a huge number of informal labourers within poor working conditions, which mainly affects the poorest classes of the society, women, non-whites, individuals residing in rural area and low schooling. / Historicamente, a elevada informalidade tem sido uma das características estruturais do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. A partir dos anos 1990, em um contexto de desestruturação do mercado de trabalho, a informalidade atinge elevadas proporções, passando a ser rediscutida com mais ênfase no meio acadêmico. O objetivo desse trabalho é investigar a dinâmica da informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre os anos 1993 e 2009, sob a ótica do dinamismo do crescimento econômico. O debate sobre o tema não se apresenta de forma consensual, o que confere à literatura especializada uma forma controversa de apresentar o tema. Desse modo, a revisão da literatura pautou-se na abordagem de algumas concepções acerca da informalidade, ressaltando-se o grande debate que gravita em torno do tema. Os dados referentes à informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro originaram-se dos microdados da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra Domiciliar (PNAD) e indicaram que nos anos 1990, em um contexto de baixo dinamismo econômico, o nível de informalização, embora em proporções elevadas, manteve-se praticamente inalterado durante toda a década, o que contraria os resultados apresentados pela literatura nacional. Nos anos 2000, em um contexto de recuperação da economia, os níveis de informalização apresentaram considerável redução. Porém, apesar desse recuo, ainda se tem um elevado contingente de trabalhadores exercendo atividades informais, em condições precárias de trabalho, que atinge sobretudo, as classes mais pobres da sociedade, mulheres, não-brancos, indivíduos domiciliados na zona rural e com baixos níveis de escolaridade.