Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos užimtumo ir nedarbo problemos teoriniu ir praktiniu aspektais. Išsamiai analizuojami teoriniai aspektai nedarbo ir gyventojų užimtumo klausimais, nustatoma darbo rinkos ir darbo jėgos sąveika, aiškinamos nedarbo atsiradimo priežastys, socialinės ekonominės nedarbo pasekmės. Aptariamos valstybinės darbo rinkos reguliavimo priemonės. Atlikta mokslinės ir statistinės literatūros, Lietuvos Respublikos norminių aktų, turinčių įtakos gyventojų užimtumo didinimui, analizė. Darbe išanalizuota Šiaulių darbo biržos veikla, vykdoma užimtumo politika, apžvelgiamos aktyvios darbo rinkos politikos programos. Atlikta išsami bedarbių ir ieškančių darbo asmenų integracijos į darbo rinką galimybių Šiaulių mieste ir rajone analizė. Pabaigoje patvirtinama autorės suformuluota tyrimo hipotezė, kad integracija į darbo rinką priklauso nuo bedarbių ir ieškančių darbo asmenų, darbdavių pozicijos ir valstybinės užimtumo bei kompetencijų tobulinimo politikos pokyčių. / In the final paper of master the problems of employment and unemployment are discussed in theoretical and practical aspects. The paper presents a detailed analysis of theoretical aspects of employment and unemployment, the interaction between labour market and labour force, the reasons of rise in unemployment, the economic social consequences of unemployment. There are also analysed the measures of labour market state regulation. An analysis of scientific and statistical literature, legal acts of Respublic of Lithuania that influence the growth of employment has done. The paper analyzes the activity of Siauliai Labour Exchange and the employment policy that it realizes, also describes the programmes of active labour market policy. The paper presents a detailed analysis of unemployed and job-seekers integration into the labour market in Siauliai city and its district. Finally, here is confirmed the hypothesis of the scientific research formulated by the author maintaining that integration intothe labour market depends on the position of unemployed and job-seekers, employers, changes of national employment policy and development of competencies.

This thesis examines the problem of skills shortages in the workplace by reviewing macro-policies, such as the Skills Development and Employment Equity Acts. It also looks at the impact of economic strategies in South Africa that seek to redress past injustices whilst stimulating growth. This study endeavours to provide a greater understanding of the development of skills in the South African workplace in general. It also attempts to determine whether or not skills acquired by employed workers help to sustain them when they become unemployed. Furthermore, it assesses the impact of changes in the workplace chosen for this study, whether it experienced segmentation and casualisation of the workforce and the manner in which it is affected by technological change. In conducting this study, a triangular approach has been adopted in order to collect more data on skill shortages; it adopted the qualitative and quantitative methods. In-depth interviews and semi-structured questionnaires were utilised to collect data from Durban Botanic Gardens’ Parks Department employees. The study found that previously disadvantaged workers face almost the same working conditions as during the days of apartheid. It also shows that progressive skills policies adopted by Government have not been appropriately implemented by various management structures. This study will assist the government, researchers and scholars in general in gaining a clearer understanding about skills development in South Africa. It also recommends that there is a need for the government to come up with mechanisms to ensure that all policies that are adopted are implemented effectively and monitored at all levels. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

This thesis looks at the politics of labor market policy in the postwar period in the advanced industrialized democracies. Specifically, the dissertation seeks to explain stark cross-national differences in unemployment benefit systems and employment protection legislation. The theory advanced in this thesis emphasizes significant differences in union organization across the rich democracies. This view, “Varieties of Unionism”, shows how the varying political capacities and policy preferences of labor movements explain most of the cross-national policy differences. In particular, the research points to union movements’ ideological traditions and varying rates of union density, union centralization, and involvement in unemployment benefit administration as crucial explanatory forces. Each feature of union movements captures an important part of why they might choose to advocate on behalf of the unemployed and to their differential ability to have those policy preferences realized, as well as indicating the kinds of preferences they will have for employment protection legislation. In the case of policies directed at the unemployed (or so-called labor market ‘Outsiders’), these insights lead to the construction of an index of “Outsider-oriented Unionism”, which correlates very closely to cross-national variations in unemployment benefit generosity as well as to active labor market policy spending. The thesis also introduces a new fourfold typology of unionism that helps to explain the different combinations of employment protection legislation and ‘Outsider policy’ generosity that exist among the rich democracies, or labor market policy ‘regimes’. The thesis makes this argument with multiple regression analysis of fifteen rich democracies and with detailed historical case studies of Britain, The Netherlands, and Sweden. In making this case, the thesis strongly challenges the explanations of labor market policy put forward by the Varieties of Capitalism literature and Insider-Outsider theory. In addition, the thesis reformulates the traditional Power Resource view by introducing a more rigorous theory of labor movements’ policy preferences and thereby qualifies recent statements that have emphasized partisanship almost alone. Most broadly, the theory challenges the “individualist turn” in recent comparative political economy scholarship and suggests that the field needs to return its gaze far more toward organized interests.

This study investigated schooled unemployment by focusing on the following aspects: The importance of a positive interaction between the education system and the labour market. The importance of a positive interaction between the education system and employment opportunities. The importance of the involvement of employers in education. With a "school-to-work change, it is clear that the economic "health" of the community is located in the viability of school education. The country is experiencing an acute need for highly trained workers, and this inhibits its long-term economic growth and international competitiveness. It thus seems as if a gap exits between the labour market's changing requirements and the education system's way of preparing the country's youth for a career. Education, according to literature, is too academic, while vocationally directed education does not receive sufficient attention. The value of any education system is seated in the preparation of learners for employment opportunities and better living conditions, and in this connection theory and practice ought to be integrated, which will result in the education system providing in the real needs of the community. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

This thesis looks at the politics of labor market policy in the postwar period in the advanced industrialized democracies. Specifically, the dissertation seeks to explain stark cross-national differences in unemployment benefit systems and employment protection legislation. The theory advanced in this thesis emphasizes significant differences in union organization across the rich democracies. This view, “Varieties of Unionism”, shows how the varying political capacities and policy preferences of labor movements explain most of the cross-national policy differences. In particular, the research points to union movements’ ideological traditions and varying rates of union density, union centralization, and involvement in unemployment benefit administration as crucial explanatory forces. Each feature of union movements captures an important part of why they might choose to advocate on behalf of the unemployed and to their differential ability to have those policy preferences realized, as well as indicating the kinds of preferences they will have for employment protection legislation. In the case of policies directed at the unemployed (or so-called labor market ‘Outsiders’), these insights lead to the construction of an index of “Outsider-oriented Unionism”, which correlates very closely to cross-national variations in unemployment benefit generosity as well as to active labor market policy spending. The thesis also introduces a new fourfold typology of unionism that helps to explain the different combinations of employment protection legislation and ‘Outsider policy’ generosity that exist among the rich democracies, or labor market policy ‘regimes’. The thesis makes this argument with multiple regression analysis of fifteen rich democracies and with detailed historical case studies of Britain, The Netherlands, and Sweden. In making this case, the thesis strongly challenges the explanations of labor market policy put forward by the Varieties of Capitalism literature and Insider-Outsider theory. In addition, the thesis reformulates the traditional Power Resource view by introducing a more rigorous theory of labor movements’ policy preferences and thereby qualifies recent statements that have emphasized partisanship almost alone. Most broadly, the theory challenges the “individualist turn” in recent comparative political economy scholarship and suggests that the field needs to return its gaze far more toward organized interests.

Having present economical situation as it is we state that our government has come across one tries to do its best as to rise people’s occupation in general. It is very important to be employed for the youth, because it is the corner stone in becoming independent, it helps to fulfil one’s aims and what is more, it helps to confirm oneself in the society. This work is devoted to the problem of youth occupation and this is the finial work on the problem. The work’s main object is the problem of youth integration into the Labour market. The analyses the means and methods of youth integration into the Labour market as well as the proposals in this sphere. The tests written in details help to disclose the work’s aim; the work has the first two parts including and discussing economical and social means for solving the problems unemployed youth in Lithuania, as well as the law peculiarities, organizational means and management problems concerning this important question. The third, practical part of the work includes independent analysis of the means which can rise the youth’s occupation. The method of work which helped to solve the tasks mentioned above includes the analysis of the scientific literature of the law documents, of the Labour Exchange documents; the work includes questionary method, the analysis of statistical data and the expert’s interview.

Darbe nagrinėjama jaunimo padėtis darbo rinkoje, problemos su kuriomis jiems tenka susidurti integruojantis į darbo rinką ir tų problemų sprendimo būdai, akcentuojant besimokančio jaunimo dalyvavimą darbo rinkoje. Pirmoje darbo dalyje aptarta jaunimo, kaip atskiros socialinės grupės, situacija visuomenėje, šios grupės privalumai ir trūkumai bei perspektyvos integracijos procese. Jaunimas, kaip visuomenės dalis, yra neįkainojamas valstybės išteklius ir klestėjimo šaltinis, užtikrinantis valstybės ir tautos tęstinumą, dvasinių bei materialinių vertybių perdavimą. Todėl būtina skatinti jo sėkmingą integraciją į visuomenę, darbo rinką bei stengtis didinti jaunimo užimtumą – kaip svarbiausią veiksnį būtina sėkmingam įsiliejimui. Nedarbas sąlygoja daugelį kitų jaunimo problemų – žalingų įpročių plitimą, negalėjimą susimokėti už mokslą, migraciją, skurdo plitimą - visa tai neigiamai atsiliepia tiek šalies ekonomikai, tiek socialiniam klimatui. Džiugina tai, kad jaunimas geba sparčiau nei kitos visuomenės grupės prisitaikyti prie nuolat kintančių sąlygų darbo rinkoje, aktyviai mokosi užsienio kalbas, noriai naudojasi informacinėmis technologijomis. Nepaisant to, neišvengiamai susiduria su tokiomis problemomis kaip darbo patirties ar informacijos apie darbo rinkoje vyraujančią situaciją stoka, o tai dažnai įtakoja nepaklausių profesijų pasirinkimą. / This work analyses the position of youth in the labour market, namely, the problems young people (especially those who are students) face while trying to find their place in this market as well as the possible solutions to these problems. The first part of this research paper focuses on the situation of young people as a social group, speaks on the advantages and disadvantages of this particular group as well as reveals the prospects for this group in the process of integration. Youth, being a part of society, is a priceless source which determines the prosperity of the state, guarantees the continuity of the state and the nation as well as the transmission of spiritual and material values. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage the successful integration of youth into the society and labour market as well as to enhance its occupation, which is the most important factor determining a successful integration. Unemployment determines the majority of other problems that youth faces, namely, the spread of addictions, inability to pay for education, migration, the spread of poverty, etc. All these have a huge negative impact on both – the economics and the social climate of the state. It is good that young people as compared with other social groups are more flexible and able to adjust themselves to the constantly changing conditions in the labour market, namely, they are actively learning foreign languages and eagerly using the IT. Despite all this, youth still faces such... [to full text]

Teorinė neįgaliųjų integracijos į darbo rinką veiksnių ir neįgaliųjų profesinio rengimo analizė parodė, kad profesinis rengimas mokslo šaltiniuose traktuojamas kaip nuolatinis, nenutrūkstamas žmonių ugdymo procesas, kurio metu – įgyjamos ir tobulinamos profesinės kompetencijos. Neįgalių asmenų profesinis rengi-mas ir profesinė adaptacija turi būti vientisas procesas, susidedantis iš profesinio orientavimo (konsultavimo), rengimo, integracijos ir profesinės adaptacijos. Remiantis teorine analize, pagrindinės neįgaliųjų integracijos į darbo rinką kliūtys: neigiamos visuomenės ir darbdavių nuostatos į negalę, nepritaikyta fizinė aplinka, neįga-liųjų motyvacijos dirbti trūkumas, iniciatyvumo stoka, neobjektyvus savo situacijos darbo rinkoje vertinimas. Neįgaliųjų integracijai reikalinga sisteminė profesinio mokymo ir profesinės reabilitacijos parama. Iškelta hipotezė, kad vienas iš svarbių judėjimo negalę turinčių asmenų integracijos į darbo rinką veiksnių yra jų nuostatos į save ir savo galimybes; tikėtina, kad judėjimo negal��� turintys asmenys neadekva-čiai vertina savo galimybes, o jų pastangos įsilieti į darbo rinką nepakankamos. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – atskleisti neįgaliųjų integracijos į darbo rinką veiksnius. Tyrimo duomenys apibendrinti statistiniais metodais (dažnių, neparametrinė, faktorinė ir koreliacinė analizė). Tyrime dalyvavo 300 judėjimo negalę turinčių asmenų. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjami integracijos į darbo rinką... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The theoretical analysis of disabled people factors of integration into labour market and pro-fessional prepration displayed that professional preparation in science researches has been interpre-ted as uninterupted, invariable process of humans education in which they are gaining and impro-ving professional competences. The professional preparation and professional adaptation of disab-led individuals has to be solid process containing from professional orientation (consultation), pre-paration, integration and professional adaptation. Refering to theoretical analysis the main disabled people integration into labour market obstacles are: negative society and employers attitude towards disability, unfitted physical environment, lack of motivation to work from disabled peoples side, lack of inituative and biassed self situation into labour market evaluation. There is a need of syste-matic support of professional education and professional rehabilitation for disabled individuals integration. The promoted hypothesis that one of the most significant factors of individuals with move-ment impairment integration into labour market is attitude towards themself and self abilities; pro-bably individuals with movement impairmet value of self abilities is inadequate and their effort to fit into labour market is not sufficient. This research has been carried out by questionaire inquest method which goal - to reveal fac-tors of disabled people integration into labour... [to full text]

Vykstant pokyčiams darbo rinkoje keičiasi ir darbo jėgos pasiūlos ir paklausos pobūdis. Nuolat mažėja nekvalifikuotos darbo jėgos paklausa ir ypač didėja kvalifikuotų specialistų poreikis: darbo jėgos pasiūlos kvalifikacija neatitinka darbo rinkos paklausos. Darbdaviams reikia aukštos kvalifikacijos specialistų ir darbininkų. Siekiant kuo greičiau įsitvirtinti darbo rinkoje asmenims, baigusiems profesinio mokymo programas, būtinas geras ne tik teorinis, bet ir praktinis pasirengimas, kadangi darbdaviai dažniausiai pirmenybę įdarbinant atiduoda kandidatams į darbo vietas, turintiems profesinę patirtį arba puikius darbinius įgūdžius. Esant tokiems pokyčiams žmogus privalo būti lankstus ir prisitaikyti prie atsirandančių naujovių. Labai svarbu tampa pasinaudoti darbo rinkos teikiamomis galimybėmis - patobulinti savo profesinius įgūdžius, įgyti daugiau patirties ir tapti universalesniu darbuotoju. Darbe aptariami svarbiausi bedarbių ir nedarbo rizikos asmenų profesinio konsultavimo aspektai, skatinantys praktinių įgūdžių tobulinimą, sėkmingą įsidarbinimą. Įvairiuose žmogaus gyvenimo ir profesinės karjeros etapuose, siekiant įgyti, tobulinti kvalifikaciją, persikvalifikuoti ar pradėti individualią veiklą, svarbų vaidmenį atlieka profesinis konsultavimas. Profesinis konsultavimas tampa aiškiai suvokiama priemone, skatinančia žmogų planuoti savo profesinę veiklą, atsižvelgiant į darbo rinkos reikalavimus bei asmeninius pageidavimus. Darbas susideda iš įvado, trijų dalių, išvadų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the course of developments in the labour market the nature of labour force supply and demand is changing. The labour market today meets with the situation with steadily decreasing demand for unskilled labour force and the increasing demand for qualified specialists. Employers need highly skilled professionals and workers, which is reflected in the practice that employers often give preference to the recruitment of candidates for jobs with work experience or excellent working skills. This dictates high standards for vocational schools, colleges and universities’ graduates to have not only good theoretical knowledge but also the minimum standard of practical skills. In the ever changing labour market a person must be able to adapt to the new challenges and changes. One of the possibilities, offered by career consultants, is to develop new or improve the existing skills, which become of the most important prerequisites for effective employment. The work discusses the most important aspects of counselling, development of practical skills, elements of successful employment of unemployed and the persons of unemployment risk. Career counselling plays an important role to acquire, to develop skills, to retrain or to start the individual activities in career stages. Counselling is oriented towards increasing persons’ possibilities by planning professional activities taking into account labour market conditions and personal preferences. Work consists of an introduction, three... [to full text]

Jurgita Andrulienė Integration of College Graduates Into the Labour Market: the Factors and Peculiarities Head of Work Doc. Dr. Laimutė Bobrova SUMMARY In Lithuania insufficient attention is paid to the problem of integration of the youth into the labour market in spite of the fact that this problem is especially relevant in our country. The success of this process is influenced by many factors, however, a lot is determined by how a person is educated and trained in an institution of vocational training. One of the most important and most responsible periods in the life of a young person – the first placement – is analysed in the Master‘s Paper. With reference to the experience of foreign and Lithuanian authors, the position of youth in the labour market is surveyed; the interaction between the labour market and vocational training is discussed. The object of the research is the factors and peculiarities of the integration of Šiauliai College graduates into the labour market. The aim of the research is to reveal the factors and peculiarities of the integration of Šiauliai College graduates into the labour market. The tasks of the research are: to review the fundamental factors, which influence the integration of youth into the labour market; to establish the evaluation of preparedness of Šiauliai College graduates for professional activity; to reveal the peculiarities of successful integration of Šiauliai College graduates into the labour market. On purpose to solve the... [to full text]