Den förändliga globala organisationskulturen kräver nya organisatoriska arbetsmetoder, för att effektivt hantera de ökande geografiska avstånden krävs att dessa fungerar virtuellt. Genom att arbeta med virtuella lag kan organisationer rikta rätt kompetens mot rätta arbetsuppgifter, utan att någon behöver byta geografisk arbetsplats. Som med alla arbetsmetoder finns det fördelar men även problem. I den här studien har vi valt att undersöka hur ledarskapet kan effektivisera kommunikation och öka tillit i virtuella lag. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär med en intervjuserie utförd med respondenter från fem organisationer. Utifrån intervjuserien har trender upptäckts gällande hur kommunikation och tillit kan påverkas beroende av ledarskapet. Samband mellan mätsystem och tillit har påfunnits likväl som kopplingar mellan enkla tydliga regelverk och effektiv kommunikation. Studien visar tendenser på att organisationer som till stor del använder individbaserade mätsystem effektivt förhindrar uppkomsten av tillitsproblem. Vidare visar studien tendenser på att tydliga regelverk för användning av kommunikationskanaler leder till effektivare kommunikation.

The circadian system provides animals with a means to adapt internal physiology to the constantly changing environmental stimuli that exists on a rotating planet. Light information is translated into molecular timing mechanisms within individual pacemaker cells of the mammalian hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) via transcriptionaltranslational feedback loops. Humoral and neural outputs from this master clock result in circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior. The hierarchy of the circadian system involves SCN synchronization of cellular clocks within peripheral tissues so that differential transcriptional profiles in individual organs reflect their specific function. The first step to investigating equine circadian regulation was to identify and isolate the core components of the molecular clock in the horse. Successful isolation and sequencing of equine Bmal1, Per2, Cry1 and Clock cDNAs revealed high sequence homology with their human counterparts. Real Time RT-PCR assays were subsequently designed to quantitatively assess clock gene expression in equine peripheral tissues. Synchronization of equine fibroblasts revealed temporal profiles of clock gene expression identical to those of the SCN and peripheral tissues of other species. However, while clock gene expression varies over time in equine adipose tissue, there was no observable oscillation of clock gene transcripts in equine blood. Spurred by recent reports of immune-circadian interactions, this novel finding prompted an investigation of clock gene expression in equine blood during a systemic inflammatory response. The results demonstrated that acute inflammation upregulates Per2 and Bmal1 in equine blood. Subsequent experiments identified neutrophils as the source of this upregulation and highlighted exciting new immunecircadian interplay during an innate immune response. Finally, the effect of a 6-h phase advance of the light/dark cycle, mimicking an easterly transmeridian journey, on circadian melatonin and core body temperature rhythms was investigated. In contrast to the gradual adaptation observed in other species, these markers of equine circadian phase adapt immediately to a time zone transition. Combined, the results of these experiments highlight important interspecies differences in circadian regulation with practical implications regarding the potential impact of jet lag on equine athletes. Furthermore, the results underline the relevance of chronobiological investigation in a large mammalian species such as the horse.

Rapid changes in the global economy forces Industry to continuously seek competitive advantages; the University on the other hand pursue additional funding. Both Industry and University are trying to keep up with the accelerating pace of change, therefore partnership become critical in achieving key objectives. Research collaborations become essential and offer direct benefits for University and company participants. The impact extends well beyond the direct partners. When potential partners have the resources and knowledge to accomplish individual goals, working with outside experts can improve the quality of the research and help to reduce costs. Industry-sponsored research allows the University to obtain financial support as well as Industry exposure for its educational and research missions. The Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP) aims to boost South African Industry by supporting research and technology development, and by enhancing the quality and quantity of appropriately skilled people. THRIP brings together the best of South Africa's researchers, academics and industry players in funding partnerships that enable participants to improve the quality of their products, services and people. In 13 years it has become a powerful formula for stimulating innovation in South Africa - innovation leads to competitiveness and competition leads to growth. There are many difficulties in managing projects across organisational boundaries; their cultures and their mission differ. The goal and the prime objective of the industries are to make a profit and build-value for shareholders. The universities‟ missions are to develop new knowledge and educate the next generation. Factors that may prevent research collaboration with Industry from being successfully accomplished are: • The practical difficulties of managing a collaboration, • Deleterious effects on faculty and students, • Impact on the mission, • Reputation and financing of the University. Industry needs to overcome the following hurdles in order to foster greater collaboration: • Respect the value of research collaboration, • Incorporate University research into product development, • Management barriers. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Rapid changes in the global economy forces Industry to continuously seek competitive advantages; the University on the other hand pursue additional funding. Both Industry and University are trying to keep up with the accelerating pace of change, therefore partnership become critical in achieving key objectives. Research collaborations become essential and offer direct benefits for University and company participants. The impact extends well beyond the direct partners. When potential partners have the resources and knowledge to accomplish individual goals, working with outside experts can improve the quality of the research and help to reduce costs. Industry-sponsored research allows the University to obtain financial support as well as Industry exposure for its educational and research missions. The Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP) aims to boost South African Industry by supporting research and technology development, and by enhancing the quality and quantity of appropriately skilled people. THRIP brings together the best of South Africa's researchers, academics and industry players in funding partnerships that enable participants to improve the quality of their products, services and people. In 13 years it has become a powerful formula for stimulating innovation in South Africa - innovation leads to competitiveness and competition leads to growth. There are many difficulties in managing projects across organisational boundaries; their cultures and their mission differ. The goal and the prime objective of the industries are to make a profit and build-value for shareholders. The universities‟ missions are to develop new knowledge and educate the next generation. Factors that may prevent research collaboration with Industry from being successfully accomplished are: • The practical difficulties of managing a collaboration, • Deleterious effects on faculty and students, • Impact on the mission, • Reputation and financing of the University. Industry needs to overcome the following hurdles in order to foster greater collaboration: • Respect the value of research collaboration, • Incorporate University research into product development, • Management barriers. / Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Aktiv dödshjälp är idag ett aktuellt ämne. Som sjuksköterska kommer hon ett flertal gånger i sin yrkeskarriär möta döende patienter som önskar aktiv dödshjälp. Sjuksköterskans huvuduppgift är att förebygga sjukdom, främja hälsa, återupprätta hälsa och lindra lidande. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelse kring aktiv dödshjälp i länder där det numera är tillåtet så som i Nederländerna och Belgien. Metod: Arbetet är uppbyggt som en litteraturstudie där ett systematiskt urval av tio vetenskapliga artiklar valts ut från databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsykINFO . Dessa blev sedan kvalitetsgranskade, analyserade och presenterade i tre kategorier. Resultat: Tre kategorier framkom i artiklarnas resultat som sedan blev denna studies resultat. Sjuksköterskornas upplevelse kring aktiv dödshjälp var något individuellt och aldrig detsamma som tidigare. Upplevelsen varierade beroende på vilken patient samt vilken situation som man befann sig i. Medan sjuksköterskan upplevde konflikt med sina moraliska värderingar och lagar kring aktiv dödshjälp ville hon samtidigt göra ett bra jobb genom att se så patienten fick en så bra och värdig död som möjligt. Vissa sjuksköterskor upplevde att mötet med patientens närstående inte alltid var så lätt dock ansåg de att det var deras skyldighet att ta hand om dem. Slutsats: Genom att sjuksköterskan lägger sina personliga åsikter till sidan skapar detta en trygghet i hennes yrkesprofession. Bra relationer mellan parterna skapas med öppen kommunikation. Om diskussioner för ämnet om döden och dödsprocessen startar redan på sjuksköterskeutbildningen kan detta göra att kunskapen och förståelsen ökar. / Active death help is today a current matter. As a nurse, she will, in her career meet dying patients who want active death help. The nurse's main task is to prevent disease, promote health, restore health and alleviate suffering. Aim: The aim was to elucidate the nurse's experience around active euthanasia in countries where it is now allowed, as in the Netherlands and Belgium. Method: The work is structured as a literature study, which a systematic selection of ten scientific articles selected from the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsykINFO. These were analyzed and presented in three categories. Results: Three categories emerged from the articles' results that became this study's results. The nurses' experience from active euthanasia was an individual experience. The experience varied depending on the patient and the situation. While the nurses experienced conflict with their moral values and laws around active euthanasia, she wanted to at the same time do a good job by ensuring that the patient experienced a good and dignified death as possible. Some nurses felt that the meeting with the patient's relative was not always so easy; however, they felt that it was their duty to take care of them. Conclusion: When the nurse put her personal views to the side, it creates a sense of security in her profession. A good relationship between the two parts is created by open communication. If discussions about the current matter of death and the death process start already in the nurse education, this can cause the knowledge and understanding increases.

A large part of the Iranian population resented the west, in particular USA and Great Britain, during the Islamic revolution in Iran 1979. The people were also resenting the adverse effects of the trumped up frame made in Iran. The last shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was detested by many in Iran for its west-oriented regime. The resentment among many Iranians is a consequence of the violations of e.g. the lack of political and civil rights, there were no existing legal security in the society, there were no economic distribution and the regime of Mohammad Reza Shah violated the human rights. The resolution from an Iranian perspective for riot is not new, during the last centuries the abomination against the despotic kings have been existing varyingly and big riots have been raised.  The Islamic revolution in 1979 was new because the revolution added adverse effects of west, the population detested west and expressed it by protesting through demonstration.  The significance of the revolution in 1979 was also attributable to Islam. The statements and onsets that raised against west by the citizens of Iran was not merely support of the regime from the west, nevertheless to the same extent also for the western culture and civilization. The proponents of the Islamic revolution were Islamic in spirit, and were against western values, culture, and civilization.  The proponents claimed that the Iranians should not inquire for western civilization. The ideals projected went back in time, namely to the beginning of Islam. The recent government hoped to deviate from the regime of the shah, the new government should be comprised by the divine laws. The thesis will depict why Khomeinism was growing fiercly and in addition illustrate the religious and theological doctrines of Khomeini.

Syftet för examensarbetet är att inringa olika betydelser av samisk identitet i förskolan genom att undersöka hur samiskt språk och kultur används inom samiska förvaltningskommuner. På vilka sätt strävar pedagoger på förskolor och administratörer i förvaltningskommunerna att främja samiskt språk och kultur bland förskolebarn i några utvalda förskolor som ligger i kommuner som omfattas av särskilda regelverk? För att få svar på frågorna användes kvalitativa intervjuer som metod. Det genomfördes telefonintervjuer med sju personer i två samiska förvaltningskommuner. I resultatet framkommer det att kommunerna arbetar på olika sätt med de samiska språken i förskolan. Resultatet visar att det behövs medvetet arbete inom förskolan för att utveckla flerspråkighet och för att den samiska identiteten ska stärkas hos samiska barn i förskolan. Slutsatserna i examensarbetet är att förvaltningskommunerna har olika arbetsmetoder för att främja det samiska språket. En annans slutsats är att det finns ett behov av samisktalande pedagoger med grundläggande kunskaper i de samiska språken och den samiska kulturen i förskolorna.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Early recognition of plant invaders is key to their successful management. Yet knowledge of the ecological impacts of species before they become widespread is poor. This thesis examines the ecology of invasive Pinus radiata, a species which is known to spread from introduced plantings in Australia but is currently a low profile invader. Pinus invasions are considered major ecological problems in New Zealand and South Africa where wildlings are beginning to dominate natural areas and suppress native vegetation. Invasion success elsewhere and the large softwood estate in Australia suggest that pines may begin to dominate native eucalypt forests bordering large commercial plantations. This research focused on three components of impact of P. radiata; extent, abundance and effect per individual. The borders of 29 P. radiata plantations in NSW were surveyed in order to quantify the current level of invasion and to identify factors facilitating pine spread. Of particular interest was the role of propagule pressure, vegetation type and fire in the invasion process. The area of land in NSW currently invaded by P. radiata was estimated at almost 4 500 ha, although this is likely to be an underestimate due to an inability to detect wildlings (self-sown pines) at long distances from the plantation. Twenty six of the 29 plantations produced wild pines, however most of the sites are in the very early stages of invasion. Noticeable wildling populations were recorded at nine sites indicating that P. radiata is capable of establishing within native vegetation. Pine spread was most severe in the world heritage listed Blue Mountains region where pine densities reached up to 2000 per hectare in areas adjacent to the plantation and isolated pines were recorded up to 4 km from the source. The presence of isolated pines within intact native vegetation suggests that disturbance is not required for pine establishment in forested environments. Furthermore, high pine emergence and survival rates in eucalypt woodland and evidence of self reproduction by wildlings suggest that in the absence of adequate control measures pines may become established invaders in the Australian landscape. While low levels of current invasion at many sites hindered the ability to examine the factors facilitating invasion some variables that appear to be driving pine success were identified. At the landscape scale plantation size and residence time were significant predictors of the level of invasion at a site. Areas of native vegetation vi adjacent to plantations less than 40 years experienced very low levels of invasion suggesting a lag period between plantation establishment and invasion. However, pines with diameters up to 60 cm were observed growing adjacent to plantations younger than 40 years implying that the first colonisers are capable of establishing soon after plantation trees become reproductive. Propagule pressure was also found to have a strong influence on invasion success on a smaller scale manifesting in a significant positive relationship between the age of a plantation compartment and the likelihood of invasion. A negative relationship between plantation size and level of invasion was a surprising result and was influenced by just two large sites that happened to be located in areas of high rainfall. All sites receiving more than 1300 mm annual rainfall experienced low levels of invasion suggesting that this is a limiting factor for pine spread in NSW. There were significant differences in the level of invasion between vegetation types implying that some communities are more susceptible to invasion. Patterns of spread confirmed ideas regarding the facilitative effect of disturbance in the invasion process and the resistance of wet sclerophyll forest to invasion in Australia. An absence of wildlings in cleared land and areas of remnant bushland was attributed to high levels of grazing pressure. Wind direction did not appear to influence the distribution of pines close to the plantation, but evidence of long distance wind dispersal of pines was provided by an investigation of pine spread from the air at one site where large pines were found growing 10 km downwind from a mature plantation. Fire was found to have both a positive and negative influence on the invasion process. High intensity wildfires are capable of destroying large pines with diameters exceeding 50 cm. However, fire can stimulate seed release from cones resulting in large post-fire recruitment pulses. Seedling densities of up to 3050 per hectare were recorded almost 3 years after wildfire, suggesting that follow up control prior to recruits reaching coning age, i.e. within 5 years, would be beneficial. Surveys of wildling pines exposed to low intensity hazard reduction burns suggest that the majority of pines greater than 3 m in height and with a diameter of more than 10 cm will survive the fire. Low intensity prescribed fires that are carried out after pines have reached this size will fail to control wildling populations. To examine the influence of P. radiata once it has established in the native community this study focused on two mechanisms of impact, the addition of pine litter and increased shade due to an increase in canopy cover. Collection of pine litterfall vii within an invaded eucalypt woodland over a 2 year period recorded rates of up to 1400 kg/ha/year in the most heavily invaded area with a pine basal area of 11.3m2/ha. More than 70 % of pine litter fell directly below the pine canopy suggesting that the most severe litter effects will be limited to these areas. Glasshouse and field experiments were conducted to examine the influence of this increased litter load on the emergence of P. radiata and two native species. Recruitment of native plant species was impeded by litter levels of 6000 kg/ha, the equivalent of approximately 4 years of pine litterfall. Both P. radiata and the two natives responded similarly to pine and eucalypt litter suggesting the two litter types are influencing the recruitment phase equally. However, where pines are added to the system, increased litterfall rates could potentially result in the doubling of the litter load and hence a greater barrier to seedling establishment. Pine invaded eucalypt woodlands are also subjected to three fold increases in canopy cover. Trends in reduced emergence of native species under a pine canopy suggest that the addition of pines to eucalypt forests is likely to have a negative influence on native recruitment and may result in a shift towards a shade tolerant community. However, reversal of trends in emergence below pine canopy between seasons implies that quantifying invasion impacts requires a consideration of temporal variation. Increased levels of disturbance, forest fragmentation and an increasing pine estate are likely to lead to the infestation of new areas. Furthermore the lag phase associated with pine spread means that even if no new plantations are established the number of invasion events will increase. This study has identified a number of risk factors that can be used to guide plantation establishment and the management of invasion events. Minimising disturbance at plantation borders and increasing the ‘no planting’ zone will help to reduce the impacts of pines. Where possible new plantations should be established upwind of cleared land or at least, wet sclerophyll forest. Frequent monitoring of the borders of plantations yet to source invasions, particularly those greater than 40 years of age, will help identify problem areas before control becomes difficult and costly. Maps of the 29 plantations marked with areas of pine infestation will help prioritise sites for control and provide base level knowledge for future monitoring of pine spread. Stringent legislation that binds plantation managers to control wildlings beyond their boundaries is critical for the effective management of pine invasions. With infinite numbers of invaders and limited funds to dedicate to their control, a method of triaging species for management is critical. This is particularly difficult viii when information is typically biased towards invaders that are already widespread. By focussing on the ecological impacts of invaders it becomes possible to rank species on the basis of the threat they pose to native communities. Ecological research is capable of providing the knowledge to quantify invasion impacts and must remain at the centre of policy decisions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Kinesiology and Health Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-36). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11750