<p>In recent years portable electronic devices, such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants, have increased the demand for high performance displays with low power consumption. An interesting candidate with the potential of fulfilling these demands is the reflective single-polarizer surface controlled bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display. The main focus of this work involves the optical properties of displays based on these bistable structures. In the investigations, the display is considered as an integrated optical system, containing not only the liquid crystal cell, but also components such as polarizers and retardation films. The specific aim of the thesis was to derive new optical modes of the reflective single-polarizer bistable twisted nematic device using the Jones matrix method to study the interaction between the polarization of light and the optically anisotropic media. The electro-optical properties of the derived modes have been studied and evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. The modes possess excellent brightness and high contrast ratio. By introducing a quarter-wave retardation film into the optical configuration, the contrast ratio can be significantly increased by preventing spectral leakage of light in the dark state. To experimentally realize the derived optical modes, special layers for the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules on the cell substrate surface have been proved needed. Therefore, also the photo-alignment technology of nematic liquid crystals on novel alignment materials has been studied with the aim to control liquid crystal cell parameters such as pretilt angle and anchoring energy, both critical for the bistable switching. The results of this thesis will increase the understanding of the optical properties of the reflective single-polarizer bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display and will be valuable when considering this type of device for practical applications.</p>

In recent years portable electronic devices, such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants, have increased the demand for high performance displays with low power consumption. An interesting candidate with the potential of fulfilling these demands is the reflective single-polarizer surface controlled bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display. The main focus of this work involves the optical properties of displays based on these bistable structures. In the investigations, the display is considered as an integrated optical system, containing not only the liquid crystal cell, but also components such as polarizers and retardation films. The specific aim of the thesis was to derive new optical modes of the reflective single-polarizer bistable twisted nematic device using the Jones matrix method to study the interaction between the polarization of light and the optically anisotropic media. The electro-optical properties of the derived modes have been studied and evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. The modes possess excellent brightness and high contrast ratio. By introducing a quarter-wave retardation film into the optical configuration, the contrast ratio can be significantly increased by preventing spectral leakage of light in the dark state. To experimentally realize the derived optical modes, special layers for the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules on the cell substrate surface have been proved needed. Therefore, also the photo-alignment technology of nematic liquid crystals on novel alignment materials has been studied with the aim to control liquid crystal cell parameters such as pretilt angle and anchoring energy, both critical for the bistable switching. The results of this thesis will increase the understanding of the optical properties of the reflective single-polarizer bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display and will be valuable when considering this type of device for practical applications.

This dissertation is focused on theoretical and experimental studies of optical properties of materials and multilayer structures composing liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and electrochromic (EC) devices. By applying spectroscopic ellipsometry, we have determined the optical constants of thin films of electrochromic tungsten oxide (WOx) and nickel oxide (NiOy), the films’ thickness and roughness. These films, which were obtained at spattering conditions possess high transmittance that is important for achieving good visibility and high contrast in an EC device. Another application of the general spectroscopic ellipsometry relates to the study of a photo-alignment layer of a mixture of azo-dyes SD-1 and SDA-2. We have found the optical constants of this mixture before and after illuminating it by polarized UV light. The results obtained confirm the diffusion model to explain the formation of the photo-induced order in azo-dye films. We have developed new techniques for fast characterization of twisted nematic LC cells in transmissive and reflective modes. Our techniques are based on the characteristics functions that we have introduced for determination of parameters of non-uniform birefringent media. These characteristic functions are found by simple procedures and can be utilised for simultaneous determination of retardation, its wavelength dispersion, and twist angle, as well as for solving associated optimization problems. Cholesteric LCD that possesses some unique properties, such as bistability and good selective scattering, however, has a disadvantage – relatively high driving voltage (tens of volts). The way we propose to reduce the driving voltage consists of applying a stack of thin (~1µm) LC layers. We have studied the ability of a layer of a surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal coupled with several retardation plates for birefringent color generation. We have demonstrated that in order to accomplish good color characteristics and high brightness of the display, one or two retardation plates are sufficient.

After the ISO9000 series of quality management standards was released by the International Organization of Standard, certificate of ISO9001¡G1994 was deemed by enterprises as a guarantee for performance improvement. Ironically, not until recently is the implementation of ISO9001: 2000 substantially depreciated and suspected as an obstacle to efficient operation. Since the certificate of ISO9001 still represents the passport to be a candidate in international trade, enterprises bear to implement ISO9001 even under the circumstance that they do not understand the value of ISO9001. This not only violates the basic requirements of ISO9001: 2000 but also leads to employee¡¦s careless attitude about the practice. The prevalence of different evaluation tools such as Key Performance Index (KPI), Management By Objectives (MBO) and etc. tells the story that enterprise nowadays puts performance before anything. However, most enterprises fail to integrate the similar concepts behind evaluation indexes and ISO like quality goal, quality review, human resource, and process management and treat each index as an independent system. This has caused enterprises serious waste and cost. Also, there is always lacked an objective evaluation method between human resource development and performance management. Enterprise performance management system is often criticized for its isolation from the real competitive environment and helplessness in staff encouragement or efficiency improvement. The fact that the current quality system and performance management system cannot reflect customer¡¦s voice, the main source of profit improvement, undermines the benefits of system implementation and is against the expectation of persistent development. Through in-depth interview, this study specifies how enterprises in LCD industry implement performance evaluation and ISO9001: 2000 and clarify the correlation between these internal systems and the disconnection occurred. Based on bibliography and theory study, then conduct to an integrated operation system that has two major parts, including mixed-construction and process management. The process oriented management flow could easy to connect the performance evaluation gap between enterprise and customer concern. The mixed-construction could meet the performance evaluation request of LCD industry which is customers¡¦ satisfaction¡Bspeed and competence. Through this kind of operation system, enterprise could easy to put customer concern in the enterprise internal system and also could achieve a closed loop of continuous improvement. That is also called as system synergy. In enterprises operation, cost reduction stands as important as profit seeking. The concept of integration of performance management system and ISO9001¡G2000 quality management system indicated in this research provides a way to meet the targets of performance and cost while promoting employee satisfaction, enterprise competitiveness and customer satisfaction.

Abstract With the critical development trend of industry of the world, TFT-LCD industry, following the footstep of semi-conductive industry, has become an important leading industry of Taiwan to the economic policy of the Government. The ¡§Two Trillion Double Star¡¨plan pro- -moted by Industrial Development Bureau fo Taiwan intends to push up the production values of the two industries, semi-conductive and flat panel photonic displayer, to exceed NT$ 1 trillion respectively in 2006. This plan also promotes digital contents and biotechnical industry to be two star industries with high potentials of development. Therefore, TFT- LCD industry is undoubtedly the core industry of the next wave of econo- mic growth in Taiwan. According to the distinguishing characteristics of capital and technology density, short-lived productive cycle, and variable productive technique in TFT-LCD industry, cash flow out of investment activities became the key point to promote the competitiveness with the continuously overcharge in the next generation panel field.In addition, the investors would find that the TFT-LCD panel factories have no ability to support the cash flow out which invested in equipment if they do not ask for finance. In this paper, we attempt to investigate the relationship between variation of cash flow in operation, investment, and finance activities and potential risk of operation in enterprise by financial statement in TFT-LCD industry. In addition, this dissertation commence with ROE and development from Du-Pont Formula. Our research decomposes ROE to fundamental elements in enterprise step by step, such as the construction of cost and expense and the risk of business. Furthermore, we afford a referable approach to estimate performance of companies by Du-Pont Formula. Key Words¡G Thin Film Transistor (TFT), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD),Cash Flow, Risk, Risk Management, Du Pont Equation, Du Pont Ratio.

Recently years, TFT-LCD industry has become the major development policy in Taiwan, and the scale of investment of the TFT-LCD¡¦s industry has become more and more in Taiwan, Japan and Korea. The Profit of the TFT-LCD monitor and television industry has been compressed very seriously to injure the chance and cost advantage of the second-string companies to run above business. Hence, this research is focused on a case of a TFT-LCD company termed ¡§A company¡¨ owns two old generation factories, and uses the strategy theories of scenario analysis, competition advantage, five forces analysis, resource-based view, value chain and so on and strategy tools of strategy map and balanced scorecard to analyze and find out the transformation strategy of the case of the ¡§A company¡¨ to build up the best competition advantage. To realize the competition status of outside and internal environment of TFT-LCD industry, and the resources base of the case of ¡§A company¡¨ in Taiwan, and the development situation using scenario analysis in order to define the direction of the operation strategy of the case of ¡§A company¡¨ that owns two third generation factories. The result is using strategy development tools of strategy map, balanced scorecard, key performance indicator management to develop the execution plan and performance measure indicators of the transformation strategy.

LCD panel industry is one of the most promising industries in the world. Taiwanese LCD panel makers have performed quite well in the past few years. On the controversy, the BLU has been viewed as a low entry barrier industry with many suppliers and its profit margin seems to have been squeezed due mainly to its position between big giant LCD panel makers and limited key materials suppliers. However, BLU is one of Taiwan's few competitive industries in the global market because of its high self-sufficient rate and leading technologies over their Korean and Japanese competitors. Sometimes, Taiwan¡¦s BLU industry is even performing better than other component industries within the LCD industry supply chain. It's worth examining the competitive advantages for Taiwan BLU industry by analyzing "Company R", one of the leaders in Taiwan BLU industry. We start our research by highlighting the key characteristics of the LCD industry and the dynamics of the BLU supply chain. After analyzing the marketing, technology, and management requirements for the BLU industry, we have concluded the key success factors of the BLU industry. Then with a brief introduction of ¡§Company R¡¨, we have identified the company's competitive advantages and potential long-term strategies by analyzing the company¡¦s unique positioning and resources, and comparing those with the above-mentioned key success factors of the BLU industry. According to our study, demand for BLU should continue to grow with increasing demand for LCD TVs, in longer term. The major issue for LCD panel industry will be "demand and supply" relationship, while for BLU industry is the "volume" and its "competitive advantages" for each company. The technology development for BLU will continue. BLU is not just a so-called ¡§assembling business¡¨, and its industry entry barrier is much higher than before. Besides, the cluster effect and vertical integration are inevitable for LCD panel makers. To be successful in BLU industry, a company not only needs to focus on these key success factors, but also needs to keep developing and improving its core competencies relative to its competitors.

Electronic waste has become a growing concern in the world among governments, businesses, and consumers. These concerns are well founded as electronics waste presents economic, social, and environmental challenges. Economically, discarding electronic waste into landfills represents inefficient use of valuable materials and energy resources. Socially, improperly recycled electronic waste that takes place in third world countries with poor labor standards represents a moral dilemma for developed countries. Environmentally, electronic waste is a threat to all living organisms as it contains proportionally high levels of poisonous and toxic materials. To deal with these growing challenges a strong response needs to be made by all the stakeholders in the life-cycle of electronic devices. However, despite the apparent need, compared to the rapid increases in electronic technology that make it faster, more available, and more affordable, the technology to process electronic waste has not kept pace. This fact alone points to the inadequate funding, attention, and research that has been invested in the problem. Though it also points to an opportunity; the opportunity to build an efficient system to deal with the problem using what is already known about the lifecycle of electronic devices. Therefore, the goal of this work is to create a modeling tool to help stakeholders in the lifecycle of electronic devices understand the consequences of their choices as they affect the use of material and energy resources. To focus the research, LCD computer monitors are chosen as a case study. LCD computer monitors provide a level of sophistication high enough to be interesting in terms of the stakeholders involved, yet simple enough to provide a reasonable scope for this research that is still accessible to the layman As a corollary to this modeling effort, the relatively new systems modeling language SysML and ParaMagic, a program that integrates analysis modeling capability into SysML, will be evaluated. SysML was designed with Model Based Systems Engineering principles in mind thus it seems that it is a natural fit to the problem domain. Furthermore, testing SysML will provide insight into the advantages and disadvantages of the new language. The findings with respect to LCD computer monitors show that increasing the number of end of life options and the amount of monitors flowing into those options could result in substantial network wide material and energy savings. The findings with respect to SysML and ParaMagic are mixed. Although SysML provides tremendous modeling freedom, this freedom can result in increased upfront costs for developing executable models. Similarly, ParaMagic was found to be an effective tool for creating small executable models, but as the size of models increase its effectiveness tends to zero.

The aim of thesis is a design of wireless pager, that can be used for short text messages transmission from the sender to a particular recipient. The report is sent from a computer via serial port. The application is based on microcontrollers, which provide data protection, evaluation and display data on the display of the receiver. The wireless transmission is effected via the RF modules, that are powered from batteries.

In theoretical part of this master thesis is analyzed USB 2.0 interface, including USB OTG. Mainly are described here properties which are good to know for USB device design. In brief is given here a structure of the FAT file system. Practical part contains design of OTG Device and it’s realization including implementation of libraries for communication via USB and for working with FAT file system.