Introdução: O trabalho materno tem sido apontado como um dos fatores que influenciam o início, a duração e a intensidade do aleitamento e vários são os fatores relacionados ao trabalho que podem influenciar a prática do aleitamento materno. Entretanto, percebemos que a grande dificuldade para alcançar melhores padrões desta prática, entre as trabalhadoras, não se encontra na falta de conhecimento materno sobre a importância de amamentar, tampouco na inexistência de programas e leis que promovam, protejam e incentivem o aleitamento. A dificuldade está também, na falta de adesão por parte das empresas/gestores em implementar as ações vigentes de forma apropriada para as funcionárias que retornam da licença maternidade, ou ainda daquelas que retornam precocemente ao trabalho por não terem um vínculo trabalhista formal. Objetivo: Compreender a experiência de mulheres trabalhadoras e gestores/empresários em relação ao aleitamento materno e o retorno ao trabalho. Método: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, que teve como cenário uma empresa do ramo de agronegócio da região de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil que adota políticas de promoção, proteção e incentivo ao aleitamento materno, tais como: licença maternidade, licença paternidade, sala de amamentação, horários flexíveis, creches, entre outros. Os participantes deste estudo foram mulheres que passaram pelo processo da amamentação nos anos de 2014, 2015 e 2016, e funcionários/gestores que trabalham no mesmo setor. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada gravada após a assinatura do TCLE. Para analise dos dados foi utilizado o Método de Interpretação de Sentidos à luz do Materialismo Histórico Dialético, dos conceitos de gênero e das políticas de apoio à maternidade. Resultados: 16 sujeitos participaram de nosso estudo, sendo eles 10 mulheres, cinco funcionários e um gestor. Três categorias temáticas foram identificadas: A maternidade e os programas de apoio no trabalho, Fragmentação de pensamentos: entre as necessidades maternas, sobrecargas diárias e posturas profissionais e O aleitamento materno sob o prisma empresarial. Conclusão: Identifica-se que muitos são os dilemas sofridos pelo desejo de manter a prática do aleitamento materno e sentir-se segura em suas profissões e longe de olhares preconceituosos e incriminadores. Para que a mulher concilie de forma harmoniosa suas funções maternas e a sua responsabilidade profissional, além de uma rede de apoio que agregue familiares, profissionais de saúde capacitados, a mulher necessita desejar e se resignar. Destacamos no que diz respeito à empresa que a simples existência de programas de apoio dentro das empresas não representa o legítimo apoio dos funcionários/gestores demonstrando que não somente são necessários tais programas, mas também a compreensão e sensibilização destes em relação aos vários papeis sociais que a mulher representa hoje na sociedade contemporânea / Introduction: A mother\"s job has been appointed as one of the factors that influence the beginning, the duration and the intensity of breastfeeding and many aspects related to her work can affect this practice. However, we realized that a great difficulty to achieve better standards of breastfeeding among working mothers is not found in the lack of knowledge about the importance of breastfeeding, let alone in the inexistence of programs and laws that promote, protect and encourage it. It is therefore found in the lack of adhesion of the companies that implement appropriate current actions for its employees who return from maternity leave, or even those who go back to work earlier than expected due to not having a formal labor relationship. Objective: To understand the relationship of working mothers and companies regarding breastfeeding and the return to their jobs. Method: A qualitative study which takes place in an agribusiness company in the region of Ribeirao Preto, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, which adopts promotion policies, protection and encouragement to breastfeeding, such as: maternity leave, paternity leave, breastfeeding room, flexible hours and daycare, among others. The participants of this study were women who went through the process of breastfeeding in the years of 2014, 2015 and 2016, and other employers who worked in the same sectors. The data was collected through semi structured interviews recorded after signing the WICF. The method used to analyze this data was the Interpretation of Senses in light of Dialectic Historical Materialism, of the concept of gender and the policies supporting motherhood. Results: 16 subjects took part in our study being 10 women, 5 employers and 1 manager. Three themed categories were identified: Maternity and Supportive Programs in the Workplace, Fragmentation of Thought: the maternal needs, daily overloads and professional postures and Breastfeeding under the Business Prism. Conclusion: Many are the identified dilemmas which mothers suffer when they have the desire of maintaining the practice of breastfeeding and feeling safe in their professions and far from prejudicial and incriminating looks. In order for the woman to deal with her maternal functions and her professional responsibilities in a consonant way, aside from a supporting network of family members and capable health professional, the woman needs to desire and relinquish herself. We highlight that regarding the company, the simple existence of supportive programs in the workplace doesn\"t represent the legitimate support of employers. It also demonstrates that these programs are not only necessary, but that the understanding and awareness of the employers towards the many social roles of the woman in modern society are also needed

Thesis advisor: Andrew Beauchamp / Thesis advisor: Peter Gottschalk / This dissertation examines how caregiving for an elderly parent affects an adult child's labor supply and wages. In the first chapter (co-authored with Courtney H. Van Houtven and Norma B. Coe) we identify the relationship between informal care and labor force participation in the United States, both on the intensive and extensive margins, and examine wage effects. We control for time-invariant individual heterogeneity; rule out or control for endogeneity; examine effects for men and women separately; and analyze heterogeneous effects by task and intensity. We find modest decreases--1.4-2.4 percentage points--in the likelihood of working for caregivers providing personal care. Male and female chore caregivers, meanwhile, are more likely to retire. For female care providers who remain working, we find evidence that they decrease work by 3-10 hours per week and face a 2.3-2.6 percent wage penalty. We find little effect of caregiving on working men's hours or wages except for a wage premium for male intensive caregivers. In the second chapter I formulate and estimate a dynamic discrete choice model of elder parent care and work to analyze how caregiving affects a woman's current and future labor force participation and wages. Intertemporal tradeoffs, such as decreased future earning capacity due to a current reduction in labor market work, are central to the decision to provide care. The existing literature, however, overlooks such long-term considerations. I depart from the previous literature by modeling caregiving and work decisions in an explicitly intertemporal framework. The model incorporates dynamic elements such as the health of the elderly parent, human capital accumulation and job offer availability. I estimate the model on a sample of women from the Health and Retirement Study by efficient method of moments. The estimates indicate that intertemporal tradeoffs matter considerably. In particular, women face low probabilities of returning to work or increasing work hours after a caregiving spell. Using the estimates, I simulate several government sponsored elder care policy experiments: a longer unpaid leave than currently available under the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993; a paid work leave; and a caregiver allowance. The leaves encourage more work among intensive care providers since they guarantee a woman can return to her job, while the caregiver allowance discourages work. A comparison of the welfare gains generated by the policies shows that half the value of the paid leave can be achieved with the unpaid leave, and the caregiver allowance generates gains comparable to the unpaid leave. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

Thesis advisor: Rebekah L. Coley / The goal of this dissertation was to delineate the repercussions of early maternal employment for children's early developmental competencies in the U.S., Australia, and the U.K. and to test economic and psychological theories regarding potential mechanisms linking maternal employment with children's development, including time, money, and stress. Prior research has focused on older, non-representative cohorts of American children, with results suggesting full-time employment in the first year after childbirth is linked with lower cognitive and behavioral skills. It is unclear if these same patterns exist in more recent cohorts and in other countries with differing cultural expectations and policy environments for families, most notably more comprehensive parental leave policies. Data came from representative samples of children born in each country between 2000 and 2004: (1) the U.S.'s Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (N=10,100), (2) Australia's Longitudinal Study of Australian Children-Birth Cohort (N=5,093), and (3) the U.K.'s Millennium Cohort Study (N= 18,497). In each dataset, mother's employment data were coded to assess the month of entry into employment following childbirth. Extensive, well-validated direct assessment, mother report, and teacher report measures assessed children's cognitive and behavioral skills following entry into formal schooling. Descriptive data showed very different patterns of entry into employment: American mothers entered employment the earliest and at the highest intensity with more gradual, lower intensity returns by Australian and British mothers. OLS regression models weighted with propensity scores and controlling for a rich array of child and maternal characteristics suggested that early movements into employment had few associations with children's cognitive or behavioral skills in any of the countries. These neutral associations were not differentiated by maternal time, stress, or wages. However, as non-maternal household income decreased, early employment was linked with higher cognitive skills in the U.S. while employment begun before two years was linked with higher behavioral skills in Australia. There was no evidence of moderation by non-maternal household income in the U.K. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for work family policy. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

Com o objetivo de subsidiar a reavaliação - e quiçá a implementação de novas medidas, políticas e práticas em saúde -, o presente estudo porpôs-se a pesquisar indicadores da prevalência, da incidência do absenteísmo e do tempo médio de afastamento do trabalho por motivos odontológicos, segundo a sua etiologia. A fundamentação teórica necessária ao objetivo proposto apoiou-se em uma revista da literatura que parte do absenteísmo em seu conceito mais amplo até alcançar as questões relacionadas ao absenteísmo por motivo de saúde e neste, em particular, aquele de origem odontológica. Em sua parte experimental o trabalho utiliza metodologia de pesquisa quantitativa em dados secundários advindos dos registros de perícias ocupacionais administrativas então realizadas. Busca investigar a prevalência, a incidência e o tempo médio de afastamento do trabalho, segundo as variáveis de interesse para a área de saúde, realizad por grupo nosológico e de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-10 - OMS, 1984). Os resultados indicaram maior prevalência do gênero feminino, média etária de 42,2 anos - mínima de 20 e máxima de 69 anos -, com desvio padrão de 9,2 e coeficiente de variação de 21%. Observou-se, no estudo de proporções, maior freqüência na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos, emenor freqüência na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos. Apurou-se, como medida de tendência central, um tempo médio por afastamento de 5,4 dias, com desvio padrão de 5,3 e coeficiente de variação de 97%: mínimo 0 (negado o pedido) e máximo de 60 dias. Segundo a freqüência, os 5 primeiros motivos foram: 1)exodontias por via alveolar (24,94%); 2)doenças da polpa e tecido periapicais (17,81%); 3) doenças Periodontais (10,75%); 4) transtornos das articulações temporomandibulares (7,68%); 5) exodontias de inclusos ou impactados (6,88%). Quanto ao peso participativo no total de dias de afastamento, observou-se como principal causa os transtornos das articulações temporomandibulares, com 1712%. / This work aims at studying the absenteeism due to oral and maxillofacial affections and correlated problems of municipal civil servers of São Paulo. The data was assesed onto sick-leave requests to the São Paulo Occupational Medical Department between December 1996 and December 2000. It is a contribution to the analysis of the oral health impact to the worker. The theorethical groundings of this dissertation lean on a literature review that departs from the absenteeism in its wider concept and reaches the issues of the health-related absenteeism, and within this latter, in particular, those related to dental origin. In its experimental respect, the work resorts to quantitative research methodology applied to secondary data retrieved from the database of administrative occupational expertise during the period. It aims at investigating the prevalence, the incidence and the average time of work absenteeism, according to the variables of interest to the health area, classified by nosologic groups and in agreement with the International Classification of Diseases and Problems Related to health - ICD - 10 - WHO - 1993. The results indicated a larger prevalence on the feminie gender, average of 42.2 years old, with standard deviation of 9.2 years and variation coefficient of 21%, minimum of 20 and maximum of 69 years of age. The analysis of proportions showed the largest frequency in the age group from 20 to 29 years, and the smallest frequency in the age group from 60 to 69 years. It was found, as a central tendency measure, an average sick-leave period of 5.4 days, with a 5.3 days of standard deviation and variation coefficient of 97%, with a minimum leave of 0 days (request denied) and a maximum of 60 days. According to the frequency, the 5 principal reasons were: 1) Erupted tooth extraction (24.94%); 2)Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues (17.815); 3) Periodontal Diseases (10.75%); 4) TMJ disorders (7.68%); 5) Embedded and impacted teeth surgery (6.88%). Regarding to the participative weight in the total of sick-leave days, the TMJ disorders was observed to be the prevailing reason (17.12%).

O Brasil oferece para a trabalhadora formal uma legislação particular de proteção do salário e emprego. Não se sabe ao certo qual o efeito dessa proteção sobre os investimentos realizados precocemente, por outro lado, cresce a literatura que destaca a essencialidade desse tipo de investimento para formação da saúde e das habilidades cognitivas e não cognitivas dos agentes. Sabendo disso, o objetivo desta dissertação é estimar os efeitos do aumento da licença maternidade e da proteção do salário e emprego, impostos pela Constituição de 1988, sobre outputs de saúde das crianças. Para tanto, utilizamos os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde e Nutrição de 1989 e empregamos a metodologia de Diferenças-em-Diferenças que usa o fato de que a mudança constitucional possui efeitos diversos sobre as mães que trabalham no setor formal e aquelas que estão no setor informal. O principal resultado encontrado é o efeito negativo sobre a incidência de baixo-peso ao nascer dos infantes cujas mães estão expostas às mudanças constitucionais. Não foram encontrados efeitos sobre os demais outputs de saúde avaliados. / Brazil offers a special law protection of wages and employment for formal working mothers. As far as I am concerned, it is not known which effect this protection has on early investments. On the other hand, there is extended literature that highlights that this kind of investments is crucial for the development of health, cognitive and non cognitive abilities. With that in mind, the objective of this dissertation is to estimate the effects of maternity leave and protection of wages and employment, under the 1988 Constitution, on children\'s health outputs. This study uses data from the Brazilian Survey on Nutrition and Health - 1989 and the methodology of Differences-in-Differences. This methodology uses the fact that constitutional changes have different effects on mothers who work in the formal sector when compared with those who are in the informal sector. The main conclusion is the negative effect on the incidence of low-birth weight infants whose mothers are exposed to the constitutional changes. Effects were not found on other outputs of health evaluated.

The aim of the thesis is to describe factors influencing the stress of mothers on parental leave from returning to work. According to the aim of the thesis, the research question was set: What socio-demographic factors affect the stress of mothers on parental leave from returning to work? The following hypotheses were established based on the research question: H1: Mothers with lower educational attainment are more stressed than mothers with higher educational attainment. H2: Mothers living in the village are more stressed than mothers living in the city or town. H3: Younger mothers on parental leave are more stressed by returning to work than older mothers on parental leave. A quantitative research strategy was chosen to achieve the aim of the thesis. The research was carried out by means of a survey method using a standardized questionnaire consisting of questions created by the researcher and a Czech version of the Perceived Stress Scale. The questionnaire was published only in electronic form on a website where women on parental leave associate. The research group consisted of 714 mothers on parental leave living in Vlašim and surroundings. Data analysis was evaluated using descriptive statistics in MS Excel program. Subsequent hypothesis testing was performed in the SPSS Statistics program. The research shows that the first hypothesis results in low correlation. The hypothesis is therefore supported. Mothers with lower educational attainment are more stressed than mothers with higher educational attainment. In the second hypothesis, a t-test was used for the evaluation of two independent research groups. The results show no statistically significant relationship. In the last - third hypothesis, two variables were tested, and the result shows no significant relationship in statistics. The research outcomes could contribute to a greater understanding of mothers on parental leave, which are stressed by returning to work. Women should be more aware of the opportunities that employers can adapt their working conditions and allow mothers to work part-time while on parental leave so their return into employment after parental leave is easier. The research could also serve as a feedback for Labor Offices, which register these mothers, or for the respondents themselves or for other entities dealing with the Act on State Social Support and the Labor Code.

O setor bancário vem sendo profundamente afetado por um processo de transformação, o qual lhe conferiu posição de liderança na incorporação de novas tecnologias e inovações organizacionais. A reestruturação produtiva sofrida pelo setor levou a adaptá-lo às novas formas de acumulação capitalista. A intensa informatização do trabalho bancário, aliada a outras mudanças estruturais do setor, que afetaram não apenas os métodos de gestão e a natureza dos produtos, mas também o próprio comportamento dos mercados, resultou em mudanças significativas nas condições de trabalho e, consequentemente, na saúde dos trabalhadores. A presente pesquisa tomou como sujeitos diversos trabalhadores bancários que foram afastados, temporária ou definitivamente, do emprego por motivos de saúde relacionados ao trabalho, com o objetivo de conhecer as implicações decorrentes desse episódio, tanto em seu trabalho, como em sua vida pessoal. Este estudo, de cunho qualitativo, é embasado no materialismo histórico dialético e foi realizado junto aos trabalhadores bancários da cidade de Uberaba-MG. O contato com os trabalhadores foi mediado pelo sindicato da categoria. Ao todo, foram realizadas 15 entrevistas semiestruturadas - todas registradas, importa referir, pelo processo de gravação. Os dados obtidos através dos depoimentos revelaram que os bancários estão continuamente submetidos à flexibilização das relações de trabalho (terceirização e rotatividade), às práticas de assédio moral, à cobrança abusiva de metas - esta última tendo sido apontada, pelos próprios trabalhadores, como a principal causa de desgaste físico e mental e à intensificação do ritmo de trabalho. A análise dos dados, à luz do referencial teórico adotado, apresenta dados aliados aos depoimentos desses trabalhadores que relacionam as condições e a organização do trabalho bancário com o adoecimento físico e mental dos mesmos, culminando, portanto, no afastamento do emprego / The banking sector has been deeply affected by a transformation process, which has given it a leadership position in the incorporation of new technologies and organizational innovations. The productive restructuring suffered by the sector led to its adjustment to the new forms of capitalist accumulation. The intense informatization of banking work, allied with other structural changes in the sector, which affected not only the management methods and the nature of the products, but also the market behavior itself, resulted in significant changes in working conditions and, thereafter, in the workers\' health. The present research chose as subjects several bank workers who were temporarily or permanently removed from work related to health reasons, in order to know the implications of this episode, both in their work and in their personal lives. This qualitative study is based on dialectical historical materialism and was carried out with the banking workers of the city of Uberaba-MG. The contact with the bank workers was mediated by the union of the category. In all, 15 semi-structured interviews were carried out - all recorded, it is important to mention, through the recording process. The data obtained through the testimony revealed that bankers are continually subjected to the flexibilization of labor relations (outsourcing and turnover), to practices of moral harassment, to the abusive collection of targets - this being pointed out by the workers themselves as the main cause of physical and mental exhaustion and the intensification of work pace. The analysis of the data, in the spotlight of the theoretical framework adopted, presents data allied to the statements of these workers that relate the conditions and the organization of the banking work with the physical and mental illness of the same, culminating, therefore, in the distance from the job

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:12:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniela Ignacio Pacheco.pdf: 656084 bytes, checksum: 369346dd2659d7d1c6fae204031e6fc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Previous studies show that the teacher s ailments may result from biological origins related to the work environment or its organization. Speech-Language Pathologists have been studying not only the disorders related to the voice, but the ones with musculoskeletal, psychic and vascular origins that we might find among teachers. Objetives: to analyse the medical leaves of teachers from a public school district and to associate the variables age, gender and disease type that determined the leave (ICD-10). Method: this study is retrospective and transversal. The data was provided by the Human Resources Department school district of a city that belongs to São Paulo s county. The medical leaves of teachers who were working registered in the period between march 2007 and may 2013 were analyzed. From the data we studied, the variables age, gender and disease type that determined the leave (ICD-10). We don t have data related to the levels that those teachers work with. Results: 1.801 leaves were registered among 327 teachers. The finds show similar distribution related to the gender. The age average was 39,6 years (20,4 to 61,6 years old). The average time between admission and the first leave was 39,1 months (0,20 and 217,8 months), totalizing 4.775 days. The total time on average sickness absence was 14,6 days (1 and 147). The illness that most determined leaves were those of respiratory system, digestive system disorders, infectious and parasitic diseases, musculoskeletal and conjunctive tissues, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The findings didn t show significant statistic difference comparing those leaves according to gender and age. The infectious and parasitic diseases, musculoskeletal and the factors that influentiate the general health were more frequent in the first semester. Conclusion: The 1.801 medical leaves analysis of 327 teachers, didn t show significant association related to the variables gender and age. The leaves (the majority medical certificates) presented in larger number related to the respiratory and digestive system disorders, infectious and parasitic diseases, musculoskeletal and conjunctive tissues, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) / Estudos apontam que o professor adoece por questões de natureza biológica, relacionadas ao ambiente ou à organização do trabalho. Entre as doenças, a Fonoaudiologia tem pesquisado as que analisam a voz do professor, mas as musculoesqueléticas, vasculares, respiratórias e as de origem psíquica também têm sido registradas entre os docentes. Objetivo: analisar as licenças médicas de professores de uma instituição de ensino público municipal e associar estas às variáveis idade, sexo, registro da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) e tipos de atestados. Método: esta pesquisa, de natureza retrospectiva e transversal, contou com análise de dados secundários e, portanto, foi encaminhada ao Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, após autorização de Fundação que agrega professores de uma prefeitura localizada na zona oeste de São Paulo. Foram solicitadas ao Departamento de Recursos Humanos da Fundação as planilhas correspondentes às licenças médicas dadas ao corpo docente do município, no período compreendido entre março de 2007 até maio de 2013. Dessa planilha, foram extraídos os dados referentes aos professores, matrícula, sexo, data de nascimento, registro da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) e tipo de atestado emitido. Não constavam dados referentes ao nível de ensino dos professores. Resultados: entre as análises de 1.801 licenças correspondentes a 327 professores, verificou-se uma distribuição similar em relação ao sexo. Quanto à idade, a média foi de 39,6 anos (20,4 a 61,6 anos). O tempo médio entre a admissão e a primeira licença foi de 39,1 meses (0,20 e 217,8 meses), totalizando 4.775 dias. O tempo total de afastamento em dias foi em média 14,6 dias (1 e 147 dias). Número maior de licenças foi dado para doenças dos sistemas respiratório, digestivo, infecciosas e parasitárias e do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo, segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10). Não houve diferença estatística significativa na comparação dessas licenças quando associadas a sexo e idade. As doenças infecciosas e parasitárias do sistema osteomuscular e os fatores que influenciam o estado de saúde foram mais frequentes no primeiro semestre. Conclusão: a análise de 1.801 licenças médicas, referentes a 327 professores, não registrou associação significativa quanto às variáveis sexo e idade. As licenças (maior parte do tipo atestado médico) apresentaram-se em maior número relacionadas a doenças dos sistemas respiratório, digestivo, infecciosas e parasitárias e do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo, segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10)

Human capital has become a key driver of individual employment and economic growth over the past few decades. The Republic of Korea in particular has experienced rapid and sustained economic success due to a marked rise in educated human capital over the past thirty years, but this status has begun to falter as glaring inefficiencies in the South Korean educational system, particularly concerning higher education, have emerged. The high-performing academic curricula at Korea’s higher education institutions fail to reflect the needs of industries, and the subsequent high unemployment rate among university graduates has led to a high incidence of voluntary college leaves of absence (LOAs) aimed at acquiring and reinforcing those skills required by the labor market, suggesting that Korea’s educational progress and the labor market are not well matched. This dissertation is the first study aimed at understanding this voluntary break in college schooling while controlling for self-selection bias using propensity score matching (PSM) estimates. This study contributes to exploring the causal effect of a college LOA on labor market outcomes and heterogeneous effects across family background based on the 2011 Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS), the results of which may be useful for policymakers. Distinguishing between engaging in a college LOA to gain skills or experience and engaging in an LOA because of financial difficulties, I find significant positive effects of a college leave of absence on earnings and employment status for college LOAs motivated by employment preparation for both males and females. Considering that there is high financial dependence on parents in South Korea, both for funding one’s education and for covering the monetary costs of taking a college LOA, there is a strong link between family socioeconomic status (SES) and access to extra career-related activities through a college LOA. Families with low SES do not have the same opportunities to participate in college LOAs for employment preparation as do high SES students. Although low SES students have higher heterogeneous effects of a college LOA to prepare for employment, students with low parental income have limited returns to education. The close relationship between parental wealth and the ability to invest in experience and on-the-job training through an LOA may play a significant role in achieving successful labor market outcomes. This means that college LOAs can become a new channel for intergenerational transmission of earnings and even social inequality. The impact of a college LOA due to financial difficulties on monthly income is not statistically significant for both males and females. However, statistically significant negative effect for males are found after controlling for work experience while enrolled in college, implying that student employment during college for male students who take an LOA for financial reasons has a significantly negative effect on wages in the labor market. This could be because the types of jobs that students might work may not be oriented toward labor market preparation and may even impede the development of increased human capital or have negative signaling properties, thus inducing negative labor market payoffs after graduation. Interestingly, even LOAs due to financial difficulties have a positive impact on female employment status. Given that South Korea has high barriers to labor market participation for women in South Korea, a college LOA contributes to a reduction in temporary female workers, indicating that more women are participating in the labor market with stable employment status.