Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis engages with the relationship between national identity, security-based narratives, and foreign policy. It focuses on the 1982 Lebanon War as the most controversial in Israel's history because it violated the Israeli societal norm of only fighting wars of self-defence (when there is no alternative to war). Through an examination of Israeli films about the 1982 war – Ricochets, Time for Cherries, Cup Final, Waltz with Bashir and Lebanon – this thesis studies the identity crisis experienced by Israelis after the invasion of Lebanon and the coping mechanisms that helped Israeli society reconcile the war with the security-based narratives that inform collective identity in Israel. / Cette thèse a pour objet la relation entre l’identité nationale, les récits sécuritaires et la politique étrangère. Elle se base sur la Guerre du Liban de 1982 en tant que guerre la plus controversée des guerres israéliennes en raison de sa contradiction avec la norme israélienne de seulement mener des guerres de légitime défense (à savoir lorsqu'il n'y a aucun autre recours que la guerre). À travers un examen des films israéliens qui traitent de la guerre de 1982 – Ricochets, Time for Cherries, Cup Final, Waltz with Bashir et Lebanon – cette thèse discute de la crise identitaire vécue par les Israéliens à la suite de l'invasion du Liban et s’intéresse aux stratégies d'adaptation qui ont aidé la société israélienne à réconcilier la guerre avec les récits sécuritaires qui font partie de la construction de l'identité collective israélienne.

Title: The Impact of Complaint Management on Customer Retention Level: Final assignment for Master Degree in Business Administration Authors: Hummam Wasfi, Olena Kostenko Supervisor: Ehsanul Huda ChowdhuryFiD Date: 2014 – June Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine or inspect the aftermath of effective complaint management structure in relevance to customer’s retention in banking industry. Design/methodology/approach: The framework is structured on the bases of determining the strength of the relationships between the following variables complaint management, customer’s satisfaction and loyalty. Whereas, quantitative data were gathered via questionnaire, and further analyzed using SPSS, particularly, employing the relationship measurement tools Correlation and Linear regression analysis to calculate the extent to which each variable affects the other. Findings: The aftermath of analysis led to fundamentally privileged outcome, whereas, subsequent to computing the extent to which complaint management influences customer retention, we were able to extract three formulas to determine the linear relationships between the variables that stimulate this calculation process. Suggestions for future research: To enhance the representation of sample, future studies should target more cities with variant circumstances, and apply this type of analysis to other industries Originality: This study contributes idiosyncratic evidence to companies on the systematic influence of complaint management on customer’s retention, furthermore, repercussions of these findings has led to analysis distinguishing the distinctive response of customers to complaint management in Sweden and Lebanon. Keywords: Complaint Management, Satisfaction, Loyalty, Retention, Banks, Sweden, Lebanon Originality: This study contributes idiosyncratic evidence to companies on the systematic influence of complaint management on customer’s retention, furthermore, repercussions of these findings has led to analysis distinguishing the distinctive response of customers to complaint management in Sweden and Lebanon.

This thesis examines leaders‘ behaviours differential effects on the work/home balance of their followers through a leader/follower fit perspective. The study explores perceived effects of leader‘s actions on followers‘ work/home balance in a Lebanese context. At the individual/dyad level, this research attempts to integrate these two areas of study. It aims to better understand, Lebanese employees‘ perspectives on the Lebanese leaders‘ practice of leadership in the banking industry and the perceived effect of this practice on the followers‘ work and home boundary management. Based on the adoption of a qualitative exploratory approach, the author conducts thirty semi-structured interviews with five leaders and twenty-five followers in different regions and divisions of the XYZ bank. The dissertation makes several theoretical and empirical contributions. First, boundary theory is empirically extended through the identification of one of the antecedents, i.e., polychronicity, of an individual‘s work/home segmentation/integration preference. Second, boundary theory is developed through the exploration of the Lebanese leaders‘ actions‘ impact on the followers‘ management of their work/home boundaries. Third, the literature on fit between the leader and the follower along different dimensions of interest to them is extended and developed. Fourth, the literature on the Middle East and in Lebanon on specific is enhanced. The implications of the Lebanese context, subject of this study, on the leadership and work/home literature are meaningful. In addition to these contributions, this study helps to surface ―actionable knowledge‖ on how to facilitate an employee‘s struggle to reach a harmony between his work and home life. This search for balance is increasingly sought nowadays as a result of the increase in work-related pressures especially for dual-earners.

The work aims to outline the fate of the Lebanese Druze community in the period in which they fell under the rule of the Ottoman Empire which is a period when the Druze, unlike today, enjoyed considerable political importance, which had been gradually lost. Regionally focused on Lebanese Emirate and its successor political formations, this work will also deal with the reasons for decline of their influence. The thesis is divided into several parts. The introductory chapter is devoted to familiarization with the Druze religion and social structure. The second chapter describes the period after the conquest by the Ottoman Empire and the peak of Druze power during the Macnid emirate. The third chapter deals with transition of control into Sunni and subsequently Maronite hands of the Shihab dynasty. The fourth chapter deals with the declining role of the Druze and increasing international interference and strengthening the position of Maronite. Last, the fifth chapter provides the context and describes the factors that led to the loss of privileged status of the Druze community.

Le liban est un pays multicommunautaire, ce qui a conduit, depuis 1920, à de nombreux conflits intercommunautaires, non religieux, entre des groupes qui s'arrachent le pouvoir. ces conflits opposaient souvent les chrétiens qui ont, pour la plupart, une vision pro-occidentale d'une part aux musulmans qui sont plus orientés vers les pays arabes d'autre part.toutefois, il semblerait que plusieurs phénomènes de l'histoire contemporaine du liban aient modifié cette dualité chrétienne-musulmane. l'assassinat de rafik hariri, leader sunnite, en février 2005 en plein coeur de beyrouth et la guerre israélienne sur le hezbollah, parti chiite par excellence en juillet-août 2006 auraient changé le visage du conflit, pour en faire un conflit sunnite-chiite. un conflit qui règnerait non seulement sur le liban mais sur toute la région du moyen-orient.ayant pour objectif d'étudier ce conflit sous l'angle de 'la communication politique et le confessionnalisme au liban', plus particulièrement le cas des élections législatives de 2009 ; nous étudierons essentiellement les discours politiques des deux partis représentant les communautés sunnite et chiite afin de pouvoir en ressortir les éventuelles tensions intercommunautaires après avoir établit le cadre théorique et le contexte de notre projet de recherche. / In a Middle Eastern context where the Sunni-Shia conflict is becoming more and more obvious, we ask ourselves if the political communications and electoral speeches of the Future Movement and of Hezbollah do reflect the sectarian division and the Sunni-Shia conflict in Lebanon. This thesis on “political communication and confessionalism in Lebanon: the 2009 parliamentary elections” proposes theoretical concepts of political communication, an overview of the Lebanese context between the elections of 2005 and 2009 and a study of the Sunni-Shia conflict through the discourse analysis of the leaders of both parties each considered representing a community in its majority.The qualitative and quantitative discourse analysis, divided into four categories, namely: the campaigns‟ launching study, the crises study, the diachronic study and the elections closing study, based on several selection criteria such as the date, context, nature and the leader who is delivering the speech, aims to identify the communication elements that would reflect sectarian tensions and an eventual Sunni-Shia conflict that geopolitical analysis tend to confirm.

Este trabalho procura analisar a história libanesa (até abril de 2005), no intuito de encontrar subsídios para entender se o Estado que fora criado após o Mandato francês (1920-43), transformou-se numa Democracia. A discussão acerca de o Líbano ser considerado estadonação, também está presente no contexto histórico desse trabalho. Paralelamente aos questionamentos feitos sobre o sistema político libanês, analisam-se o surgimento do grupo xiita (Hizbullah), seu projeto islamista inicial e suas razões para transformar-se em partido político. Questionam-se as ligações: Hizbullah-Irã e Hizbullah- Síria. Na conclusão questiona-se, a partir dos modelos de democracia de Dahl, Lijphart e Sartori, se o Líbano hoje é um país democrático e se houve transformação no sistema político libanês com a inserção de uma organização islamista. / This work analyzes Lebanon\'s history until April, 2005, with the objective to determine if the State that came into being at the end of the French Mandate (1943) evolved into a democracy. The historical introduction also discusses to what degree Lebanon can be considered a nationstate. In parallel to the arguments about the Lebanese political system, we analyze the emergence of the Shiite group Hizbullah is analyzed, its initial Islamist project, and its transformation into a political party. Its links with Iran and Syria are also considered. In conclusion Dahl\'s, Lijphart\'s, and Sartori\'s models are applied to inquire if Lebanon today is a democratic country, and to what extent its political system had changed through the integration of an Islamist organization.

There are seventeen million people in the world who are stateless, not considered as citizens by any state. They suffer due to the current function of citizenship in the nation-state system, occupying a legal space outside of the system, yet, their lives are very much blighted by the system itself. This research examines the possibility that global citizenship could be a means to address statelessness. Global citizenship, unlike (national) citizenship, is, in theory, inclusive, and membership is based on our shared humanity. However, when approaching the global citizenship literature, two concerns became apparent. First, there is a significant lack of theorisation on the stateless in the discourse, and second, some scholars make the assumption that a global citizen has citizenship of a state – which the stateless do not. To begin to overcome these concerns, this research develops and implements a stateless centric perspective on global citizenship, using it to analyse the situation of the stateless in the case of Lebanon. The stateless centric approach developed here, views global citizenship through the actions and perspectives of those addressing statelessness. With four large and protracted stateless populations, Lebanon provides an empirically rich context, within which to undertake this research. The findings of the stateless centric perspective problematise the received wisdom of citizenship, the nation-state and allows for the exploration of the expressions and tensions in the practices of global citizenship. Drawing on a contextualised understanding of these practices, a ‘patchwork’ approach to global citizenship is proposed. This sees the creation of a public political space as an act of global citizenship, when it draws on universal principles. These universal principles are used to justify this space, taking on an instrumental role. It is a patchwork as these spaces can be seen in the wider global context, as either directly or indirectly connected, through their shared use of universal principles. By centralising the stateless in our conceptualisations of the nation-state, citizenship and global citizenship, the value of taking a stateless centric perspective, and its ability to draw out further nuances in the debate, is shown.

The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyze the potential in a new and foreign market and the market we chose to define is Lebanon. We want to see if there is any potential for Swedish fashion companies to establish there and what kind of problems and barriers the companies could bump into if they decide to expand their operations to Lebanon.The theories that the study is based on are Push & Pull, The Uppsala-model, the Internationalization model, international market environments and the entry modes.Lebanon is a potential market for Swedish fashion companies. It is a market with a big consumer group that likes to spend money on fashion. Since Sweden is famous for fashion that comes with both good quality and price, it would profit them if they entered the Lebanese market. Companies should travel to Lebanon and experience the market and the potential there by themselves, before they enter it. It is important that companies which are in the starting hole to expand to a newmarket collect as much information as possible about it before establishing there to be able to succeed. / Program: Magisterutbildning i Fashion Management

Thesis: M.Arch.A.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1976. / "February 1976." / Includes bibliographical references (pages 238-240). / Preface: The purpose of this study is to develop an approach to low-income housing in Third World countries. The usual combination of quick urbanization (or high housing demand) and scarcity of resources and technology makes the supply of housing extremely difficult in Third World countries. In these conditions, a housing system, in order to be significant, can not be defined a priori, based on static and often imported standards, but should be a dynamic concept which is defined directly from the characteristics of the considered region or country, at the time of consideration. This study tries to develop a methodology to evaluate both the housing demand and all available resources of a Third World country, then deduce a "housing definition" appropriate to the needs of the country. The study of the housing needs includes the evaluation of the gap between the demand and the market supply of dwellings (and the related facilities) and the observed priorities of the people who lack the housing facilities. The study of the resources consists in the analysis of all aspects which relate to the problem of housing in the considered country. They include the following: 1. Financing (public: G.N.P. and housing budgets; and private: distribution of incomes and expenditures). 2. Technology (industrial equipment and knowhow, and structure of the supply market and communications networks). 3. Construction materials (local vs. imported). 4. Labour (skilled, unskilled and unemployed). 5. Land (location and cost, related to the housing needs). 6. Climatic conditions. The model shows how to evaluate these variables and relate them to each other to design a realistic housing approach for the considered country, including financing, planning and construction proposals. 1 The financial proposals consist of general strategies to best use the available public and private (often untapped) resources. Cooperative systems are discussed which can organize and guarantee the lowest income groups to allow for more users' participation. The planning proposals consist of optimized layouts and densities which minimize the overall utilities and construction costs while respecting the patterns of life and the participation of the considered people. The construction proposals consist of a building system adapted to the defined resources of the country, including incremental and self-help alternatives to take care of the extreme cases. The costs of the optimized alternatives are then estimated, and a parallel is drawn between the range of construction costs, the range of the available land costs, the range of income of the people needing the facilities and the government's housing budget to distribute consequently the required subsidies. The methodology is fully illustrated by a detailed case study of Lebanon. A range of detailed alternatives is proposed. They illustrate the rationale and flexibility of the described model. / by Roland E. Abdeni. / M.Arch.A.S.