[pt] Enquanto aumenta o uso da sustentabilidade nos projetos urbanos, cresce a necessidade de se elaborar indicadores de sustentabilidade que sirvam como referência para avaliar as políticas urbanas implantadas na cidade. Com isso surgem novos sistemas de avaliação que levam em consideração o entorno, a localização, a mobilidade urbana, a infraestrutura e a gestão ambiental, colocando em prática conceitos do novo urbanismo e desenvolvimento sustentável. Através de indicadores qualitativos de sustentabilidade, mostra-se como as cidades poderiam ser pensadas para absorver o crescimento urbano, sem deixarem de ser autossustentáveis, oferecendo oportunidades sem colocar em risco as gerações futuras. Após um levantamento dos parâmetros conceituais urbanos de sustentabilidade, foi elaborado um estudo de caso do loteamento Centro Metropolitano, localizado na Barra da Tijuca, indicando a sua possibilidade de certificação de acordo com os padrões exigidos pela certificação LEED ND (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Neighborhood Development). / [en] The terms Sustainable Neighborhoods or Green Neighborhoods have been increasingly used by society as a positive way to occupy new areas. This concern for the sustainable development of cities has meant that developers across the country to adhere to this thought, seeking certification as a way to classify their projects at different levels of sustainability and add value to their works (FARR, 2013). Currently there are numerous enterprises certified and in process of certification in the country. However, environmental certification for neighborhoods has not been much discussed and used in Brazil. While the use of sustainability increases in urban projects, it grows the need to develop sustainability indicators that serve as a reference for assessing urban policies implemented in the city. What can be seen nowadays is an urban legislation where the indices for construction differ from the indices required by environmental certifications, and therefore require a compatibility of urban laws with environmental certifications, enabling thus a sustainable urban growth of neighborhoods (FARR, 2013). The main problem of this research is: what would be the best way to measure sustainability in urban settlements. The indicators are fully applicable to the Brazilian urban environment? The construction is major cause of degradation in the environment. Thus it justifies the choice of this subject, as an attempt to gather information and data to encourage the construction of neighborhoods that cause less environmental impacts. The overall objective of this research consist of listing sustainability indicators for urban neighborhoods and housing developments, which are in accordance with the law of Rio de Janeiro and the local reality. The methodology adopted for this study consist of the following stages of research: conceptualize the term urban sustainability; describe indicators with essential importance to enable sustainable urban development; list the most used and recognized environmental certifications for neighborhoods; analyze the LEED ND certification; analyze and apply the concepts of LEED ND in the study subdivision.

abstract: ABSTRACT Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a non-governmental organization of U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) which promotes a sustainable built environment with its rating systems. One of the building segments which it considers is healthcare, where it is a challenge to identify the most cost-effective variety of complex equipments, to meet the demand for 24/7 health care and diagnosis, and implement various energy efficient strategies in inpatient hospitals. According to their “End Use Monitoring” study, Hospital Energy Alliances (HEA), an initiative of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), reducing plug load reduces hospital energy consumption. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which realistic changes to the building envelope, together with HVAC and operation schedules would allow LEED credits to be earned in the DOE–hospital prototype. The scope of this research is to specifically investigate the inpatient block where patient stays longer. However, to obtain LEED credits the percentage cost saving should be considered along with the end use monitoring. Several steps have been taken to identify the optimal set of the end use results by adopting the Whole Building Energy Simulation option of the LEED Energy & Atmosphere (EA) pre– requisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance. The initial step includes evaluating certain LEED criteria consistent with ASHRAE Standard 90.1–2007 with the constraint that hospital prototype is to be upgraded from Standard 2004 to Standard 2007. The simulation method stipulates energy conservation measures as well as utility costing to enhance the LEED credits. A series of simulations with different values of Light Power Density, Sizing Factors, Chiller Coefficient of Performance, Boiler Efficiency, Plug Loads and utility cost were run for a variety of end uses with the extreme climatic condition of Phoenix. These assessments are then compared and used as a framework for a proposed interactive design decision approach. As a result, a total of 19.4% energy savings and 20% utility cost savings were achieved by the building simulation tool, which refer to 5 and 7 LEED credits respectively. The study develops a proper framework for future evaluations intended to achieve more LEED points. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Built Environment 2012

Os sistemas de avaliação ambiental de edifícios são cada vez mais empregados no mercado de construção, servindo de suporte para a realização de diversos estudos acadêmicos sobre esta matéria. Muitos autores e sites ressaltam os benefícios das certificações LEED e do Processo AQUA, porém poucos discutem quantitativamente os efeitos, dificuldades e motivos de sua adoção, evidenciando, dessa forma, a necessidade e a importância de pesquisas como esta. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral traçar um panorama da certificação ambiental de edifícios no Brasil, através da percepção dos principais intervenientes (stakeholder) no processo. Os objetivos principais deste trabalho consistem na identificação das motivações para a certificação de sistemas de avaliação ambiental de edifícios (LEED e Processo AQUA) e dos benefícios e dificuldades inerentes a sua implementação. Foi possível ainda efetuar várias recomendações destinadas a orientar e facilitar o processo de adoção destes sistemas, que inclui a proposta de ações a serem desenvolvidas pelas empresas, organismos de certificação e autoridades governamentais competentes. O método utilizado foi de pesquisa survey, junto a vários agentes envolvidos no processo de certificação ambiental. Para tal, foram concebidos diferentes questionários destinados a caracterizar a adoção dos sistemas de avaliação ambiental de edifícios que foram encaminhados aos empreendedores e consultores de empreendimentos certificados ou em processo de certificação. Obtiveram-se em total 21 questionários válidos que indicaram que as principais motivações para obter a certificação estão ligadas à melhoria da imagem e do empreendimento e que os principais benefícios estão relacionados com o marketing e a redução dos custos operacionais. Estes resultados também indicaram que existem dificuldades para essa adoção principalmente com a falta de integração no processo de projeto e a falta de fornecedores para materiais e tecnologias sustentáveis. / The building environmental assessment systems over the world are employing increasingly and we can find several studies concerning this subject. Many authors and websites emphasize the benefits of LEED and Process AQUA, but few discuss quantitatively the impacts, difficulties and reasons for its adoption, showing thus the need and importance of research like this. In this context, this paper aims to outline a general overview of the environmental certification of buildings in Brazil, through the key stakeholders perception (stakeholder) of the process. The main targets of this work were to identify the motivations for the environmental assessment systems for buildings and the corresponding benefits and difficulties concerning of implementation. It was also possible to make some recommendations to orientate and support the adoption of environmental assessment systems for buildings. These recomendations include the identification of actions to be implemented by companies, certification bodies and governmental authorities. In order to accomplish the defined targets, it were developed surveys which can lead to characterize the adoption of environmental assessment systems for buildings (LEED and AQUA Process). These survey was sent directly to entrepreneurs and consultants of a sample of brasilian companies with building certified or certification process (LEED and AQUA Process). It was received 21 answers that indicated that the main motivations for certification are linked to improving the image and building and that the main benefits are related to marketing and reducing operating costs. These results also indicated that there are difficulties in adopting this especially with the lack of integration in the design process and the lack of suppliers for materials and sustainable technologies.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das hochgeordnete Wachstum von großen organischen Molekülen auf kristallinen Substraten mit Hilfe der Quaterrylenderivate QT, QTCDI und QTCMI untersucht. Um derartige Schichten herstellen und charakterisieren zu können, wurde eine Organische Molekularstrahlepitaxy (OMBE)-Anlage aufgebaut. Allerdings stellt OMBE bisher nur ein Standardverfahren für die Präparation hochgeordneter Schichten bestehend aus kleineren Molekülen dar. Im Zusammenhang mit größeren Molekülen ergibt sich die Frage, ob auf Grund der höheren Sublimationstemperatur diese unzersetzt aufgedampft werden können. Optische Spektroskopieexperimente haben gezeigt, daß dies im Fall von QT möglich ist. Andererseits beginnt die Zersetzung von QTCDI bereits unterhalb seiner Sublimationstemperatur, wobei als eines der Produkte QTCMI entsteht. Ein wesentliches Anliegen dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Frage zu klären, inwieweit diese großen Aromate epitaktisch auf anorganischen als auch organischen Substraten aufwachsen. Organisch-anorganische Schichtsysteme wurden durch Aufdampfen der Quaterrylenderivate auf einkristalline, rekonstruierte Goldoberflächen erzeugt und anschließend mit LEED und STM charakterisiert. Trotz der eingeschränkten thermischen Stabilität von QTCDI konnten sowohl hochgeordnete QT als auch QTCDI Monolagen auf Au(111) hergestellt werden, die jeweils aus flachliegenden Molekülen bestehen. Im Falle von QTCDI konnte dieses Resultat durch eine Optimierung der Probenherstellung erreicht werden. Im Unterschied zur Anordnung der QT Moleküle in Reihen, bilden die QTCDI Moleküle eine dazu deutlich verschiedene brickwall Struktur, die durch die Bildung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen den Randgruppen der QTCDI Moleküle erklärt werden kann. In ähnlicher Weise zeigt sich der Einfluß der Substituenten auf die Anordnung der Moleküle in der Schicht an den gefunden QTCMI Strukturen. Im Unterschied zu QTCDI Monolagen auf Au(111), konnten keine reinen QTCMI Proben erzeugt werden. Die Ursache dafür ist, daß QTCMI zwar in der QTCDI Knudsenzelle angereichert werden kann, aber beide Moleküle ähnliche Verdampfungstemperaturen besitzen. Selbst die Präparation einer reinen QTCMI Probe nach vollständiger Umsetzung aller QTCDI Moleküle in der Knudsenzelle erscheint schwierig, da bei diesen Temperaturen auch die Zersetzung der QTCMI Moleküle stattfindet. Des weiteren wurden QT Monolagen auf Au(100) Substraten hergestellt. Die QT Moleküle besitzen auf dieser Oberfläche dieselbe Anordnung wie auf Au(111). Auf beiden Oberflächen wurden nur bestimmte Domänenwinkel beobachtet, die die Ausrichtung der Moleküldomänen im Bezug zum Substrat beschreiben. Da die rekonstruierten Au(100) Oberfläche typischerweise nur eine Phase je Terrasse ausbildet, entsteht eine ausgedehnte QT Domäne bereits durch eine einzige Adsorbatstruktur. Andererseits erfordert das homogene Wachstum einer ausgedehnten QT Domäne auf verschiedenen Rekonstruktionsdomänen der Au(111) Oberfläche die Existenz der drei beobachteten Adsorbatstrukturen, die sich durch unterschiedliche Domänenwinkel auszeichnen. Weiterhin wurden Anzeichen dafür gefunden, daß die rekonstruierten Au(111) und Au(100) Oberflächen durch die Adsorption von QT Molekülen verändert werden. Während dieser Effekt im Fall der Au(111) Oberfläche auch bei anderen organischen Molekülen beobachtet wurde, ist unseres Wissens nach in der Literatur eine Veränderung der Au(100) Rekonstruktion in Folge des Aufdampfens einer organischen Molekülschicht bisher nicht beschrieben worden. Darüber hinaus können alle beobachteten Adsorbatstrukturen der Quaterrylenderivate auf Au(111) und Au(100) im Rahmen des point-on-line Modells erklärt werden. Das Wachstum der zweiten Monolage QT auf Au(111) wurde als Beispiel für organisch-organische Homoepitaxy untersucht. Die Moleküle der zweiten QT Monolage bilden wiederum Reihen, die entlang der QT Reihen der ersten Monolage wachsen. Als unmittelbare Folge existiert nur eine mögliche Domänenorientierung im Bezug zur ersten Monolage QT. Im Unterschied zu den ausschließlich flachliegenden Molekülen der ersten Monolage QT wurden in der zweiten Monolage alternierend stehende und liegende Moleküle beobachtet. Die resultierende Struktur ähnelt dabei der QT Kristallstruktur. Diese Resultate zeigen, daß die Au(111) Oberfläche einen vergleichsweise starken Einfluß auf die Struktur der ersten QT Monolage hat, während sie sich deutlich weniger stark auf die Struktur der zweiten QT Monolage auswirkt. Einen weiteren Aspekt der vorliegenden Arbeit stellen organisch-organische Heterostrukturen bestehend aus QT-HBC Schichten auf Au(111) dar. Im Zusammenhang mit der Untersuchung dieser Schichten sollte geklärt werden, ob der kürzlich gefundene Epitaxytyp line-on-line das Wachstum organisch-organischer Heterostrukturen generell beschreiben kann. Im Gegensatz zu typischen STM Bildern von organisch-organischen Heterostrukturen aus der Literatur, konnten hier Bilder aufgezeichnet werden, in der beide Molekülsorten deutlich voneinander unterschieden werden können. Dabei wurde eine QT/HBC Heterostruktur gefunden, bei der flachliegende QT Moleküle Reihen bilden. Im Unterschied zu QT auf Au(111) sind diese Reihen nicht dicht aneinander gepackt. Diese Beobachtung deutet darauf hin, daß die QT Struktur durch ein energetisch günstiges Packen der QT Moleküle auf den HBC Molekülen bestimmt wird. Darüber hinaus wurden zwei weitere Adsorbatstrukturen mit deutlich verschiedenen Gitterparametern gefunden. Hochaufgelöste STM Bilder legen nahe, daß diese beiden Strukturen alternierend aus stehenden und liegenden Moleküle bestehen. Die Experimente liefern Anzeichen dafür, daß die jeweilige Anordnung der QT Moleküle in der Schicht von der Dicke der darunterliegen HBC Schicht bestimmt wird. Demnach liegen die QT Moleküle auf einer Monolage HBC infolge der stärkeren Wechselwirkung zur Au(111) Oberfläche flach, während die bei dickeren HBC Schichten schwächere Wechselwirkung mit dem Gold eine Struktur aus stehenden und liegenden Molekülen ähnlich der Kristallstruktur zur Folge hat.

L’introduction du développement durable apporte de nouvelles préoccupations environnementales au niveau de la construction et de la rénovation résidentielles, une industrie qui représente un marché économique important au Canada. En plus d’engendrer plusieurs impacts sur l’environnement, la conception actuelle ne permet pas d’accommoder le changement initié par l’évolution des pratiques, les avancées technologiques, mais également par l’évolution des patrons de vie des occupants. Dans un premier temps, la revue de littérature dresse le portrait de l’industrie de la construction, rénovation et démolition (CRD) au Canada, ainsi que le profil de gestion des débris de CRD. Ensuite, une analyse documentaire traite de différents outils de conception développés pour améliorer la performance du secteur : 3RV-E, écoconception, écoconstruction et LEED®. De plus, la recension des écrits permet également de cerner les concepts d’adaptabilité et de flexibilité au niveau du bâtiment et dans les approches et mouvements émergents en architecture. Cette démarche nous amène à établir l’hypothèse que l’intégration des critères d’adaptabilité et de flexibilité au niveau du logement aurait pour effet d’améliorer l’adéquation entre les besoins évolutifs des occupants et les nouvelles considérations environnementales. Au niveau méthodologique, l’analyse du cycle de vie simplifiée par l’Eco-indicator99 encadre l’analyse environnementale de l’ossature de trois types de construction de cloison. De cette évaluation, on conclut que c’est la construction traditionnelle à ossature de bois qui produit le moins d’impacts. Dans l’ordre suivant la proposition de construction de cloison à ossature d’aluminium, plus adaptable et flexible, et finalement la construction à ossature d’acier qui est le système le plus dommageable. Par contre, en intégrant le facteur temporel, cette analyse démontre que l’intégration de l’adaptabilité et de la flexibilité procure plusieurs cycles de vie et de rénovation au produit et à ses composantes. Finalement, ces concepts offrent également le potentiel de diminuer les impacts générés par la construction et la rénovation, un constat qui mériterait d’être abordé dans une approche plus systémique. / The introduction of sustainable development brings new environmental concerns on an important Canadian market industry: construction and residential renovation. Not only does the current concept have a considerable impact on the environment, it also can’t follow up with the development of practices, technologies and occupants’ lifestyle. First, a literature review draws a picture of the construction, renovation and demolition industry (CRD) in Canada and it outlines the CRD rubbles management profile. Then a documentary analysis drafts different concept tools that were developed to improve the industry’s performance. They are 3RV-E, ecodesign, sustainable construction and LEED®. The papers review also explores the adaptability and flexibility concepts on the construction sector and on the emerging architectural trend. This approach brings us to the hypothesis that the integration of the adaptability and flexibility criteria to the housing sector will improve the adequacy between the progressive needs of the occupants and the new environmental issues. On a methodological perspective, the simplified lifecycle analysis performed with the Eco-indicator99 overviews the environmental analysis of three types of partition construction. The outcome of this evaluation is that the one with the less environmental impact is the traditional construction with a wooden framework, followed by the construction with an aluminum framework which is adaptable and flexible, and in third place, the construction with a steel framework which is the most harmful to the environment. On the other hand, adding the time factor to this analysis demonstrates that the integration of the adaptability and flexibility criteria brings a number of renovation and life cycles to the product and its components. In the end, these concepts present us with a potential of reducing the impacts of construction and renovation on the environment and that’s an assessment that would need to be approached systematically.

Vi lever idag i ett samhälle där stort fokus ligger på miljöfrågor och framförallt på energisnåla byggnader. En fråga som enkelt glöms bort är vad för typer av produkter och material som faktiskt byggs in i våra byggnader. Vilket i sig är minst lika viktigt som energifrågan, då utsöndring från produkter i byggnaden kan ge negativ inverkan på miljön och människors hälsa.  Miljöcertifieringssystemen BREEAM-SE, LEED och Miljöbyggnad samt materialklassificieringarna SundaHus, Basta, BVB, Svanen, CE-märkning, P-märkning och BVD har i denna uppsats granskats genom en komperativ litteraturstudie. De olika materialkraven för vardera klassificering har tagits fram och jämförts med varandra i syfte att få fram vilken eller vilka klassificeringar som ställer sig högst angående enskilda material och produkter i syfte att ta reda på vilken miljöcertifiering samt materialklassificiering som är mest fördelaktig att använda för nybörjare och mindre miljöinsatta.  Resultatet visade att BREEAM-SE och SundaHus är mest fördelaktig att använda om man är nybörjare eller mindre miljöinsatt. Detta då de ställer krav på många relevanta och övergripande delar, så som krav på livscykelanalys, krav på gränsvärden för utfasningsämnen med mer samtidigt som de är väldigt lättanvända jämfört med övriga klassificeringar. Undersökningen visar även på att högre krav bör ställas på enskilda produkter i klassificeringarna för att därigenom minska risken att få dåliga produkter och ämnen i våra byggnader, där vi lever och vistas i dagligen. / We live today in a society where the major focus is on environmental issues and particularly on energy-efficient buildings. A question that is easily forgotten is what types of products and materials that are actually built into our buildings. Which in itself is as important as the issue of energy, because the secretion of the products in the buildings could have a negative impact on the environment and human health. The environmental classifications BREEAM-SE, LEED and Miljöbyggnad and the material classifications SundaHus, Basta, BVB, Svanen, CE marking, P-marking and BVD have been reviewed in this paper by a comparative literature study. The different material requirements for each classification have been developed and compared with each other in order to identify which or most of the classifications that focus on individual materials and products in order to find out which environmental classification and material classification are most beneficial to use for beginners and people with less environmental knowledge. The result showed that BREEAM-SE and SundaHus are most beneficial to use if you are a beginner or someone with less environmental knowledge. This because they demand many relevant and comprehensive parts, such as life-cycle analysis requirements, limit values for phase-out substances and also for being very easy to use compared with other classifications. The survey also shows that higher requirements should be placed on individual products in the classifications, thereby reducing the risk of getting bad products and substances in our buildings, where we live and stay on a daily basis.

A indústria da construção, nomeadamente no setor da edificação, baseia-se essencialmente em métodos de construção tradicional. Esta indústria é caracterizada pela elevada quantidade de recursos que consome, pela quantidade de resíduos que produz, a sua implicação na economia dos países e à sua inter-relação com a sociedade. Esta realidade é de todo incompatível com os desígnios do desenvolvimento sustentável, nos quais se procura a correlação harmoniosa entre as vertentes ambientais, sociais e econômicas. O desafio da sustentabilidade colocado à atividade da construção tem motivado abordagens distintas, não só por parte das várias especialidades da engenharia, como também da arquitetura. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho propôs-se a desenvolver uma Ferramenta que, de uma forma coordenada e integrada permita orientar o desenvolvimento do projeto para soluções sustentáveis ao longo das várias fases do ciclo de evolução de um projeto. Foi desenvolvida recorrendo a uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema da gestão de projetos e sobre o sistema de certificação de sustentabilidade Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Para além disto, foram ainda incorporados alguns requisitos normativos, obtidos por meio de normas brasileiras ABNT, normas Americanas e normas Europeias. Pensa-se que da adequada aplicação desta ferramenta, os objetivos definidos pelo promotor da obra em termos de sustentabilidade, poderão ser mais facilmente atingidos pela equipa de projetista através da consideração antecipada de medidas e soluções de sustentabilidade nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento do projeto permitindo assim, um melhor desempenho do edifício ao nível da construção sustentável. / The construction industry, particularly in the building sector, is based mainly on traditional construction methods. This industry is characterized by excessive consumption of resources, the amount of waste it produces, its implication in the economy of countries and their relationship with society. This reality is entirely incompatible with the aims of sustainable development, which seeks a harmonious relationship between the environmental, social and economic aspects. The sustainability challenge faced by the construction activity has motivated different approaches, not only by the various engineering specialties, but also by the architecture. In this sense, this paper aimed to develop a model in a coordinated and integrated manner to guide the development of the project to sustainable solutions throughout the various stages of the project life cycle. It was developed using a literature review about the topic of project management and sustainability assessment tool Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Furthermore, and to improve the effectiveness of the Model, it was been incorporated some standardisation requirements, obtained by Brazilian standards ABNT, American standards and European standards. Through proper application of this tool, the goals set by Owner of the work, in terms of sustainability, can be more easily achieved by the project design team through timely consideration of measures and sustainability solutions at different stages of project development. Allowing a better performance of the building in terms of the sustainable construction.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elucidar o modo como os sistemas de avaliação de sustentabilidade na arquitetura ponderam o impacto ambiental e as tecnologias referentes è energia, aos materiais e à água. Para este fim foram selecionados sete sistemas de avaliação de sustentabilidade, como o: BREEAM - Reino Unido, 1990; GBTool - Internacional, 1996; LEED - Estados Unidos, 1996; SPEAR - Inglaterra, 2000; HQE - França, 2002; CASBEE - Japão, 2002; e NABERS - Austrália, 2004. Paralelamente, fez-se uma pesquisa das tecnologias relacionadas à energia, materiais e água. Nesta etapa o enfoque da pesquisa nestes três campos foi em relação ao uso de tecnologias renováveis; os impactos ambientais associados à escolha de cada processo e suas atuais conjunturas no Brasil. O fato da pesquisa se tratar das tecnologias a serem inseridas no projeto de arquitetura incutiu a necessidade de conhecer a opinião de experientes profissionais que atuam hoje na área de sustentabilidade. Foram então, realizadas dez entrevistas com arquitetos, engenheiros e consultores ambientais na cidade de Londres, que atuam em projetos ao redor do mundo. Desta forma foi possível concluir a pesquisa com um conhecimento mais aprofundado em relação ao que se conhece na teoria e o que atualmente é feito na prática, no sentido de se construir edifícios e cidades de menor impacto ambiental. / The objective of this research was to elucidate how architecture sustainability assessment methods evaluates environmental impact and energy, materials and water management technologies. Seven assessment methods were therefore selected, which were: BREEAM - BRE EcoHomes (United Kingdom, 1990); GBTool (International, 1996); LEED (United States, 1996); SPEAR (United Kingdom, 2000); HQE (France, 2002); CASBEE (Japan, 2002) e NABERS (Australia, 2004). In addition, an investigation of technologies related to energy, materials and water was done. At this phase, the research focused the use of renewable technologies, as well as environmental impacts associated with the choice of each process and its current conjunctures in Brazil. Since the research deals with the insertion of technologies in the architecture design, which requires studying the opinion of experienced professionals who act today in the sustainability field, ten interviews were carried among architects, engineers and environmental consultants in the city of London, who act in international designs. Therefore, it was possible to conclude the research with a deeper knowledge of what is known as theory, and what is currently being done in practice, regarding buildings and cities construction that cause fewer environmental negative impacts.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-03T16:44:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Copello Canazaro_.pdf: 1264806 bytes, checksum: f87f45421f57d933c65e9c84547ad633 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-03T16:44:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Copello Canazaro_.pdf: 1264806 bytes, checksum: f87f45421f57d933c65e9c84547ad633 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-18 / Nenhuma / O uso racional de materiais na construção civil e a responsabilidade deste setor com o meio ambiente têm sido objetos de pesquisa no meio acadêmico. As certificações ambientais surgiram neste cenário para orientar os envolvidos no processo afim de reduzir os impactos ambientais causados pelo setor. Neste contexto, a eco-eficiência e a eco-eficácia apresentam diferentes abordagens a este tema e fundamentam as análises da certificação LEED realizada neste trabalho. O trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar a atualização dos critérios ao longo das versões de um programa de certificação ambiental de prédios (LEED) a partir dos conceitos de eco-eficiência e eco-eficácia. Como objetivos específicos, esta pesquisa analisa: (i) a atualização dos critérios do programa de certificação para as fases de projeto e de uso ao longo do tempo; (ii) a pontuação de um prédio certificado, considerando os critérios na versão atual da certificação; (iii) o prédio certificado a partir dos conceitos de eco-eficiência e eco-eficácia. Para avaliar a atualização dos critérios da certificação ao longo do tempo foram realizadas análises de cada requisito das certificações de projeto e operação das versões v3 (2009) e v4 (2016). Esta etapa resultou em macro alterações na certificação, como o surgimento de novas tipologias, do Processo de Projeto Integrado e a criação de uma categoria exclusiva para Localização e Transportes. A avaliação do prédio na versão mais atual da certificação v4 (2016), foi realizada através de visitas à edificação e entrevistas com os operadores da mesma. Esta etapa resultou no decréscimo da pontuação da edificação para a certificação de projeto na v4 (2016). Porém, a certificação de operação atingiu classificação máxima (Platina), com 82 pontos, pelo fato de os operadores já praticarem diversas ações que a certificação exige, independente da certificação de projeto. Por fim, foram avaliados como a certificação e o prédio certificado atendem aos conceitos de eco-eficiência e eco-eficácia, afim de verificar se produzem impactos positivos no meio ambiente ou apenas os reduzem. O estudo revelou que a certificação está em busca da produção de impactos positivos no meio ambiente e de inovações tecnológicas, apesar de ainda estarem presentes em um pequeno número de créditos. / The rational use of materials in the construction industry and the responsibility this sector has towards the environment has been object of research in the academia over the past few decades. In this context, the environmental certifications have arisen to guide the involved in the processes, seeking to reduce the environmental impacts caused by this sector. The analysis conducted in this study is based on the different approaches the concepts of eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness brought on the subject. The main goal of this essay is to analyze, at the light of eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness, the criteria evolution of an environmental certification program designed for buildings (LEED) over the course of time. As specific objectives, this study evaluates: (i) the updates of the certification program criteria for the design stage and operations and maintenance stage from version v3 (2009) to version v4 (2016); (ii) the comparison between the score achieved by a certificated building, taking in consideration the criteria of the certification program’s current version and its previous version; (iii) the aspects of eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness of the certificated building. Each of the conditions of versions v3 (2009) and v4 (2016) of both the design certification and operations and maintenance certification has been analyzed in order to evaluate the updates over the course of time. This analysis showed significant changes in the certification, with the inclusion of new typologies and important concerns, such as the Integrative Process and the establishment of a new category exclusively for Location and Transportation. The evaluation of the building under the conditions of the latest version of the program was performed through visits and interviews with its operators. A comparison between the building scores obtained in versions v3 (2009) and v4 (2016) showed a decrease in the latter. The building achieved a total of 82 points on the operations and maintenance certification, reaching the Platinum category, despite the lower score on the design certification, due to the practices required by the program already being performed by its operators. Finally, the certification and certified building were evaluated against the aspects of eco-efficiency and eco-effectiveness in order to verify if the generation of good impacts on the environment are taken into consideration or if they rely solely on the reduction of bad impacts. The study revealed that the certification analyzed is seeking the generation of good impacts and technology innovation, although these concepts are still verified in a just few credits.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elucidar o modo como os sistemas de avaliação de sustentabilidade na arquitetura ponderam o impacto ambiental e as tecnologias referentes è energia, aos materiais e à água. Para este fim foram selecionados sete sistemas de avaliação de sustentabilidade, como o: BREEAM - Reino Unido, 1990; GBTool - Internacional, 1996; LEED - Estados Unidos, 1996; SPEAR - Inglaterra, 2000; HQE - França, 2002; CASBEE - Japão, 2002; e NABERS - Austrália, 2004. Paralelamente, fez-se uma pesquisa das tecnologias relacionadas à energia, materiais e água. Nesta etapa o enfoque da pesquisa nestes três campos foi em relação ao uso de tecnologias renováveis; os impactos ambientais associados à escolha de cada processo e suas atuais conjunturas no Brasil. O fato da pesquisa se tratar das tecnologias a serem inseridas no projeto de arquitetura incutiu a necessidade de conhecer a opinião de experientes profissionais que atuam hoje na área de sustentabilidade. Foram então, realizadas dez entrevistas com arquitetos, engenheiros e consultores ambientais na cidade de Londres, que atuam em projetos ao redor do mundo. Desta forma foi possível concluir a pesquisa com um conhecimento mais aprofundado em relação ao que se conhece na teoria e o que atualmente é feito na prática, no sentido de se construir edifícios e cidades de menor impacto ambiental. / The objective of this research was to elucidate how architecture sustainability assessment methods evaluates environmental impact and energy, materials and water management technologies. Seven assessment methods were therefore selected, which were: BREEAM - BRE EcoHomes (United Kingdom, 1990); GBTool (International, 1996); LEED (United States, 1996); SPEAR (United Kingdom, 2000); HQE (France, 2002); CASBEE (Japan, 2002) e NABERS (Australia, 2004). In addition, an investigation of technologies related to energy, materials and water was done. At this phase, the research focused the use of renewable technologies, as well as environmental impacts associated with the choice of each process and its current conjunctures in Brazil. Since the research deals with the insertion of technologies in the architecture design, which requires studying the opinion of experienced professionals who act today in the sustainability field, ten interviews were carried among architects, engineers and environmental consultants in the city of London, who act in international designs. Therefore, it was possible to conclude the research with a deeper knowledge of what is known as theory, and what is currently being done in practice, regarding buildings and cities construction that cause fewer environmental negative impacts.