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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23682号 / 理博第4772号 / 新制||理||1684(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 矢野 孝次, 教授 泉 正己, 教授 日野 正訓 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Structural systems have been evolving in terms of material properties and construction techniques, and their levels of protection against hazardous events have been the focus of different studies. For instance, the performance of the lateral force resisting systems has been investigated extensively to ensure that such systems would provide an adequate level of strength ductility capacity when subjected to seismic loading. However, with the increased occurrence of accidental and deliberate explosion incidents globally by more than three fold from 2004 to 2012, more studies have been focusing on the performance of such systems to blast loads and the different methods to quantify the inflicted damage. Although both blast and seismic design requires structures to sustain a level of ductility to withstand the displacement demands, the distributions of such demands from seismic ground excitation and blast loading throughout the structural system are completely different. Therefore, a ductile seismic force resisting system may not necessarily be sufficient to resist a blast wave. To address this concern, North American standards ASCE 59-11, CSA S850-12 provide response limits that define the different damage states that components may exhibit prior to collapse. Over the past ten years, a new configuration of reinforced masonry (RM) shear walls utilizing boundary elements (BEs) at the vertical edges of the wall has been investigated as an innovative configuration that enhances the wall’s in-plane performance. As such, they are included in the North American Masonry design standards, CSA S304-14 and TMS 402-16 as an alternative means to enhance the ductility of seismic force resisting systems. However, investigations regarding the out-of-plane performance of such walls are generally scarce in literature which hindered the blast design standards from providing unique response limits that can quantify the different damage states for RM walls with BEs. This dissertation has highlighted that some relevant knowledge gaps may lead to unconservative designs. Such gaps include (a) the RM wall with BEs out-of-plane behavior and damage sequence; and more specifically, (b) the BEs influence on the wall load-displacement response; as well as, (c) the applicability of using of the current response limits originally assigned for conventional RM walls to assess RM walls with BEs. Addressing these knowledge gaps is the main motivation behind this dissertation. In this respect, this dissertation reports an experimental program, that focuses on bridging the knowledge gap pertaining to the out-of-plane performance of seismically-detailed RM shear walls with BEs, which were not designed to withstand blast loads. Meanwhile, from the analytical perspective, plastic analyses were carried out taking into account the different mechanisms that the wall may undergo until peak resistance is achieved. This approach was adopted in order to quantify the resistance function of such walls and determine the contribution of the BEs and web to the overall wall resistance. In addition, the experimental results of the tested walls were used to validate a numerical finite element model developed to compare the resistance function of RM walls with and without BEs. Afterwards, the model was further refined to capture the walls’ performance under blast loads. The pressure impulse diagrams were generated to assess the capability of the current response limits in quantifying the different damage states for walls with different design parameters. Furthermore, new response limits were proposed to account for the out-of-plane ductility capacities of different wall components. Finally, a comparison between conventional rectangular walls and their counterparts with BEs using the proposed limits was conducted in the form of pressure-impulse diagram to highlight the major differences between both wall configurations. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Many methods used for estimation and detection consider only the mean and variance of the involved noise instead of the full noise descriptions. One reason for this is that the mathematics is often considerably simplified this way. However, the implications of the simplifications are seldom studied, and this thesis shows that if no approximations are made performance is gained. Furthermore, the gain is quantified in terms of the useful information in the noise distributions involved. The useful information is given by the intrinsic accuracy, and a method to compute the intrinsic accuracy for a given distribution, using Monte Carlo methods, is outlined. A lower bound for the covariance of the estimation error for any unbiased estimator s given by the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB). At the same time, the Kalman filter is the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) for linear systems. It is in this thesis shown that the CRLB and the BLUE performance are given by the same expression, which is parameterized in the intrinsic accuracy of the noise. How the performance depends on the noise is then used to indicate when nonlinear filters, e.g., a particle filter, should be used instead of a Kalman filter. The CRLB results are shown, in simulations, to be a useful indication of when to use more powerful estimation methods. The simulations also show that other techniques should be used as a complement to the CRLB analysis to get conclusive performance results. For fault detection, the statistics of the asymptotic generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) test provides an upper bound on the obtainable detection performance. The performance is in this thesis shown to depend on the intrinsic accuracy of the involved noise. The asymptotic GLR performance can then be calculated for a test using the actual noise and for a test using the approximative Gaussian noise. Based on the difference in performance, it is possible to draw conclusions about the quality of the Gaussian approximation. Simulations show that when the difference in performance is large, an exact noise representation improves the detection. Simulations also show that it is difficult to predict the exact influence on the detection performance caused by substituting the system noise with Gaussian noise approximations. / Många metoder som används i estimerings- och detekteringssammanhang tar endast hänsyn till medelvärde och varians hos ingående brus istället för att använda en fullständig brusbeskrivning. En av anledningarna till detta är att den förenklade brusmodellen underlättar många beräkningar. Dock studeras sällan de effekter förenklingarna leder till. Denna avhandling visar att om inga förenklingar görs kan prestandan förbättras och det visas också hur förbättringen kan relateras till den intressanta informationen i det involverade bruset. Den intressanta informationen är den inneboende noggrannheten (eng. intrinsic accuracy) och ett sätt för att bestämma den inneboende noggrannheten hos en given fördelning med hjälp av Monte-Carlo-metoder presenteras. Ett mått på hur bra en estimator utan bias kan göras ges av Cramér-Raos undre gräns (CRLB). Samtidigt är det känt att kalmanfiltret är den bästa lineära biasfria estimatorn (BLUE) för lineära system. Det visas här att CRLB och BLUE-prestanda ges av samma matematiska uttryck där den inneboende noggrannheten ingår som en parameter. Kunskap om hur informationen påverkar prestandan kan sedan användas för att indikera när ett olineärt filter, t.ex. ett partikelfilter, bör användas istället för ett kalmanfilter. Med hjälp av simuleringar visas att CRLB är ett användbart mått för att indikera när mer avancerade metoder kan vara lönsamma. Simuleringarna visar dock också att CRLB-analysen bör kompletteras med andra tekniker för att det ska vara möjligt att dra definitiva slutsatser. I fallet feldetektion ger de asymptotiska egenskaperna hos den generaliserade sannolikhetskvoten (eng. generalized likelihood ratio, GLR) en övre gräns för hur bra detektorer som kan konstrueras. Det visas här hur den övre gränsen beror på den inneboende noggrannheten hos det aktuella bruset. Genom att beräkna asymptotisk GLR-testprestanda för det sanna bruset och för en gaussisk brusapproximation går det att dra slutsatser om huruvida den gaussiska approximationen är tillräckligt bra för att kunna användas. I simuleringar visas att det är lönsamt att använda sig av en exakt brusbeskrivning om skillnaden i prestanda är stor mellan de båda fallen. Simuleringarna indikerar också att det kan vara svårt att förutsäga den exakta effekten av en gaussisk brusapproximation. / <p>Report code: LiU-Tek-Lic-2005:54</p>

The purpose of this study was to evaluate putative physiological and ecological constraints on the evolution of viviparity in sceloporine lizards. In Chapters one and two, I investigated the role of in utero oxygen availability as a constraint on the capacity to support embryonic development during extended egg retention. I incubated eggs of sceloporine lizards under conditions that simulated retention in the oviduct under a range of oxygen partial pressures. In Chapter one, I tested the hypothesis that embryos of the oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus from a high-latitude population are laid at more advanced developmental stages and have a higher developmental rate at low partial pressure oxygen (pO2) under simulated in utero conditions than embryos from a low-latitude population. This hypothesis was rejected; embryos from the two populations did not differ in embryonic stage at oviposition or developmental rate when incubated under simulated in utero conditions at low pO2. In Chapter two I tested the hypothesis that the degree of embryonic development attained by reptilian embryos in utero is directly related to in utero pO2. The species chosen for the study differed in their capacity to support embryonic development during egg retention and were characterized by developmental arrest (Urosaurus ornatus), retarded development (Sceloporus virgatus), and normal development (Sceloporus scalaris) when eggs are retained past the normal time of oviposition. The estimated in utero pO2's for the three species increased in the order of U. ornatus (5-6 kPa) < S. virgatus (9-11 kPa) < S. scalaris (> 11 kPa). These results indicate that in utero oxygen availability is associated with interspecifc differences in the capacity to support embryonic development during extended egg retention. In Chapter three I tested the hypothesis that embryo thermal requirements determine the northern distributional limit of Sceloporus undulatus. I incubated eggs of S. undulatus under temperature treatments that simulated the thermal environment that eggs would experience if located in nests within their geographic range at 37 °N and at latitudes north of the species present geographic range at 42 and 44 °N. Incubation temperatures simulating nests at 44 °N prolonged incubation and resulted in hatchlings with shorter tails, shorter hind limb span, slower growth and lower survival than hatchlings from eggs incubated at temperatures simulating nests at 37 and 42 °N. I also predicted that the northernmost distributional limit of S. undulatus would be associated with locations that provide the minimum heat sum (degree-days) required to complete embryonic development. Eighty-four percent of location between 37-40 °N had > 495 degree-days above a threshold of 17 °C accumulated during June-September compared to eleven percent of locations between 41-50 °N. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that incubation temperature is an important factor limiting the geographic distributions of oviparous reptile species at high latitudes and high elevations. / Ph. D.

This paper presents new concepts in the use of infinite and infinitesimal numbers in real analysis. theory is based upon the hyperreal number system developed by Abraham Robinson in the 1960's in his invention of "nonstandard analysis". paper begins with a short exposition of the construction of the hyperreal nU1l1ber system and the fundamental results of nonstandard analysis which are used throughout the paper. The new theory which is built upon this foundation organizes the set hyperreal numbers through structures which on an infinite base logarithm. Several new relations are introduced whose properties enable the simplification of calculations involving infinite and infinitesimal The paper explores two areas of application of these results to standard problems in elementary calculus. The first is to the evaluation of limits which assume indeterminate forms. The second is to the determination of convergence of infinite series. Both applications provide methods which greatly reduce the amount of con1putation necessary in many situations. / Master of Science