The work of Kenneth Boulding is sometimes cited as being foundational to the understanding of how the economy interacts with the environment and particularly of relevance to ecological economists. The main reference made in this regard is to his seminal essay using the metaphor of planet Earth as a spaceship. In this paper that essay and related work is placed both within historical context of the environmental movement and developments in the thought on environment-economy interactions. The writing by Boulding in this area is critically reviewed and discussed in relationship to the work of his contemporaries, also regarded as important for the ecological economics community, such as Georegescu-Roegen, Herman Daly and K. William Kapp. This brings out the facts that Boulding did not pursue his environmental concerns, wrote little on the subject, had a techno-optimist tendency, disagreed with his contemporaries and preferred to develop an evolutionary economics approach. Finally, a sketch is offered of how the ideas in the Spaceship Earth essay relate to current understanding within social ecological economics. The essay itself, while offering many thought provoking insights within the context of its time, also has flaws both of accuracy and omission. The issues of power, social justice, institutional and social relationships are ones absent, but also ones which Boulding, near the end of his life, finally recognised as key to addressing the growing environmental crises. (author's abstract) / Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

Cette Thèse de Doctorat est dédiée à la simulation numérique des détonations, et plus particulièrement aux détonations confinées par un gaz inerte. Cette configuration correspond en partie à l’écoulement rencontré au sein des moteurs à détonations rotatives, dans lesquels le combustible est confiné par les gaz brûlés issus du cycle précédent. Le code de calcul employé s’appuie sur des schémas numériques d’ordre élevé adaptés à la capture des discontinuités (interpolation MP d’ordre 9, solveur HLLC et intégration temporelle d’ordre3). Une attention particulière a été portée à la caractérisation de l’écoulement au travers de son évolution moyenne dans le repère de la détonation. Les simulations ont été réalisées pour différentes valeurs de l’énergie d’activation, qui traduit la sensibilité du milieu réactif,pour des couches réactives de dimensions variées et enfin pour des confinements inertes à différentes températures. La base de données résultante démontre l’existence de deux comportements distincts suivant l’énergie d’activation du milieu réactif. Le déficit de la célérité de la détonation peut être globalement appréhendé comme fonction du ratio de l’épaisseur hydrodynamique par le rayon de courbure sur l’axe. Enfin, la présence d’une couche inerte à haute température modifie de façon importante la topologie de la détonation et en étend les limites de propagation. / This dissertation is devoted to the numerical study of detonation waves, and more specifically to the dynamics of detonations bounded by an inert gaseous layer. This configuration is similar to the flow field within the rotating detonation engines, in which the fuel is confined by the burned gases produced during the previous combustion cycle. The computational solver is based on high-order schemes designed for capturing discontinuities (9thorder MP interpolation, HLLC solver and 3rd order temporal integration). The detonation was investigated by calculating the averaged profile in the shock frame of reference. The simulations were performed for various values of the activation energy, which control the mixture sensitivity, for different heights of the reactive layer and for different temperature of the inert medium. The resulting database shows that according to the activation energy, two different behaviors can be observed. The presence of a high-temperature inert layer strongly affects the detonation structure and extends the propagation limits. The detonation deficit can be globally expressed as a function of the ratio of the hydrodynamic thickness to the radius of curvature on the axis.

In recent decades, there have been new management principles, which seek innovation and flexibility, from the findings that the models of organizational rigidity , based on bureaucratic ideals, are being replaced by an systemic view of activities. In the context of universities, institutions focusing on knowledge, the need for modernization is even higher due ace own innovations and knowledge produced in this environment. To assist in this process, strategic planning and foundations of GesPública seem essential to develop specific skills and innovative capacity. The university in the context of public administration finds limits and difficulties that often hinder the implementation of innovations that the university develops and encourages society to desenvover and run. Such impediments stem from several factors, the legislation that governs its processes, and own internal management of the institution setting. Thus, the focus of this study was investigate the limits and knows the strategies adopted and the perception of CESNORS management, a decentralized unit of UFSM, with a unique proposition in Brazil. A center with two university units in geographically distant municipalities and 70 km away from the seat 270 km. To achieve these goals we used the methodology of the case study, with quantitative and qualitative approach and descriptive and exploratory. The survey was conducted with the following instruments: a literature review, participant observation, questionnaire and conducting interviews. The collected data were verified through content analysis and Likert scale and subsequent processing of the collected data ( Excel and SPSS Software). It is expected with this study provide support for further discussion and contribute to the continuous improvement of university management. The results obtained from the survey showed main limits legislation , the distance between the units , fragmentation between segments and between units. As management strategies lean structure , innovation in university administration with an organizational culture teams as well as the active participation of Cesnors at Headquarters UFSM / Nas últimas décadas, surgiram novos princípios de gestão, os quais buscam inovação e flexibilidade, a partir das constatações de que os modelos de rigidez organizacional, com base nos ideais burocráticos, estão sendo substituídos por uma proposta embasada em informação e visão sistêmica das atividades. No contexto das universidades, instituições com foco no conhecimento, a necessidade de modernização se faz ainda maior, devido ás próprias inovações e conhecimentos produzidos neste ambiente. Para auxiliar nesse processo o planejamento estratégico e os princípios e fundamentos do GesPública, parecem fundamentais para desenvolverem competências específicas e capacidade inovadora. A universidade por estar inserida no contexto da administração pública, encontra limites e dificuldades que muitas vezes impedem a implementação das inovações que ela própria desenvolve e incentiva a sociedade a buscá-las e efetivá-las. Tais impedimentos decorrem entre vários fatores, da legislação vigente, que rege seus processos, e da configuração da própria gestão interna da instituição. Diante disso, o foco desse estudo foi a gestão de universidade, e o propósito de compreender a configuração, investigar os limites bem como conhecer as estratégias adotadas e a percepção da gestão do CESNORS, uma unidade descentralizada da UFSM, com uma proposta de gestão diferenciada. Um centro (uma gestão) com duas unidades universitárias em municípios distante geograficamente 70 km e distantes 270 km de Santa Maria. Para atingir tais objetivos foi utilizada a metodologia do estudo de caso, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa e caráter descritivo-exploratório. A pesquisa foi realizada com os seguintes instrumentos: revisão da literatura, observação participante, aplicação de questionário e realização de entrevista. Os dados coletados foram verificados por meio da análise de conteúdo e escala de Likert e posterior tratamento estatístico dos dados coletados (Excel e Software SPSS). Os resultados obtidos pela pesquisa evidenciaram como principais limites a legislação, a distância entre as unidades, a fragmentação entre os segmentos e entre as unidades. Como estratégias de gestão a estrutura enxuta, inovação na administração universitária com uma cultura organizacional de equipes bem como a participação ativa do Cesnors junto a Sede da UFSM.

Resume In the first part of the graduation thesis Limits of Democracy qualifies the term of democ- racy, the return to democracy sources, especially to the archaic Greece, where democracy began and then developed thanks to the philosophers were like Socrates, Plato or Aristotle. At that time, democracy had strong competition and was created various ideologies and forms of government. Democracy was not made at that time and was standing in the shad- ows of history. In the next part of the graduation thesis author deals with return of democratic thinking in the French Revolution, their thinkers were like Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu and Jean-Jeacques Rousseau who became the inspiration for a revolutionary campaign. In France after the revolution started to emerge riots, wars with neighbors and followed terror. In this part of the graduation thesis author defines the term totalitarian democracy and points to the "democratic" process in 2011 during the Arab Spring. Then the author focuses on today's modern democracy and analyzes the United States as a state, as a bearer of democracy. State that this ideology spreads and becomes uncompro- misingly authority that considers what is democratic and what is not. In this part of thesis is reminded the origin of USA and related issues...

Limits of shareholders' agreements - Resumé This diploma thesis deals with the limits of shareholders' agreements. Its goal is not only to introduce the legal concept of the shareholders' agreements themselves, with regard to their content, forms or types, but above all to point out the limits which restrict their validity. The shareholders' agreements as an obligatory legal institute have their limits, which must be respected by the parties to the agreements. This thesis focuses primarily on the contractual autonomy of the parties to the agreement, together with other limits resulting from the stock law such as the prohibition of disadvantage shareholders, limitation of types of stocks or possible establishment of an internal shareholder's company. This diploma thesis also describes the key institute that stands side by side the shareholders' agreements - the articles of incorporation. Since the parties to the shareholders' agreements can be and most often are the shareholders themselves, I focus on the relationship between the agreements and a certain loyalty of shareholders to the joint stock company. This analysis is completed with even more intense duty of loyalty in case the party to the agreement is a shareholder and on top of that simultaneously a member of the statutory body. This diploma thesis...

Lytopylus is species-rich genus of Agathidinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae), but limited information of the genus has been published. Morphological, molecular, and ecological data were compared to resolve the species limits of Lytopylus reared from caterpillars collected the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. Molecular data were initially used to hypothesize species limits, and morphological and host use data were employed to make a final decision when molecular data was indecisive, e.g., when the genetic difference between species was slight. Thirty-two new species are described with image plates of each species. Phylogenetic analyses of the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene was conducted using Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and the Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis. A concatenated COI+28S dataset was analyzed by ML analysis to elucidate evolutionary patterns in ecological characters.

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This thesis is split in two different topics. Firstly, we study anomalous transport from kinetic models. Secondly, we consider the equations coming from weak wave turbulence theory and we study them via mean-field limits of finite stochastic particle systems. $\textbf{Anomalous transport from kinetic models.}$ The goal is to understand how fractional diffusion arises from kinetic equations. We explain how fractional diffusion corresponds to anomalous transport and its relation to the classical diffusion equation. In previous works it has been seen that particles systems undergoing free transport and scattering with the media can give rise to fractional phenomena in two cases: firstly, if in the dynamics of the particles there is a heavy-tail equilibrium distribution; and secondly, if the scattering rate is degenerate for small velocities. We use these known results in the literature to study the emergence of fractional phenomena for some particular kinetic equations. Firstly, we study BGK-type equations conserving not only mass (as in previous results), but also momentum and energy. In the hydrodynamic limit we obtain a fractional diffusion equation for the temperature and density making use of the Boussinesq relation and we also demonstrate that with the same rescaling fractional diffusion cannot be derived additionally for the momentum. But considering the case of conservation of mass and momentum only, we do obtain the incompressible Stokes equation with fractional diffusion in the hydrodynamic limit for heavy-tailed equilibria. Secondly, we will study diffusion phenomena arising from transport of energy in an anharmonic chain. More precisely, we will consider the so-called FPU-$\beta$ chain, which is a very simple model for a one-dimensional crystal in which atoms are coupled to their nearest neighbours by a harmonic potential, weakly perturbed by a nonlinear quartic potential. The starting point of our mathematical analysis is a kinetic equation; lattice vibrations, responsible for heat transport, are modelled by an interacting gas of phonons whose evolution is described by the Boltzmann Phonon Equation. Our main result is the derivation of an anomalous diffusion equation for the temperature. $\textbf{Weak wave turbulence theory and mean-field limits for stochastic particle systems.}$ The isotropic 4-wave kinetic equation is considered in its weak formulation using model homogeneous kernels. Existence and uniqueness of solutions is proven in a particular setting. We also consider finite stochastic particle systems undergoing instantaneous coagulation-fragmentation phenomena and give conditions in which this system approximates the solution of the equation (mean-field limit).

This thesis uses Narrative Theory and Technology Acceptance Model to uncover the experiences, perceptions, and challenges that five experienced teachers face when using and integrating technology in their classroom. It gives narrative consideration of the value of unique experience by focusing on the stories of each participant, and it analyzes narrative themes. This study found that there were numerous impacts on teachers’ perceptions on the usefulness and ease of use of technology: this included (a) Limits: technology limits, teacher limits, student limits, and practical limits; (b) Support: school board, resources, equipment, parents; and (c) Dynamic environment (teacher-student feedback loop) which influence strategies for integrating technology: attitude, teaching orientation, classroom management, technology management, technology tools, and participant-observer strategies. Study limitations and recommendations are discussed.

The state energy conception sets the direction in energy industry and outlines main instruments and trends in this area. The priority of the state energy conception is to reach energy security of the country, which can be ensured by more energy resources of the fuel mix. The main component of the domestic energy mix is brown coal, which is mostly used in brown coal electric works for generating electric energy and heat. Coal mining is and was one of the main elements of Czech Republic's national industry, but there are also negative ecological impacts connected with coal winning. Further coal mining is restricted by so-called territorial ecological limits for brown coal mining that protect the environment and community against the mining consequences. Many of the brown coal supplies can, however, also in future represent an important energy resource, which will enable security, production independence and price availability of energy. At work is further explanation of the limits and progress of breaking the limits. Other energy resources are nuclear energy and renewable energy resources, whose importance rises and which contribute to a balanced energy mix.