Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caracterização das impedâncias de entrada, em função da frequência, de instalações residenciais de baixa tensão e diversos equipamentos eletro-eletrônicos comumente encontrados. As respostas em frequência medidas são ajustadas e modeladas por redes RLC simples, mas efetivas, que podem ser utilizadas em qualquer programa computacional para simulações de transitórios. A faixa de frequências, até 5 MHz, permite o uso desses modelos em estudos associados a transitórios atmosféricos ou causados por chaveamentos. É importante ressaltar a existência de muito poucos trabalhos nesse assunto, pois, usualmente, as instalações de baixa tensão, ou os equipamentos conectados, são representadas por simples elementos concentrados, resistores, indutores ou capacitores. Por outro lado, sabe-se que os níveis de sobretensões em um sistema, ou instalação, são fortemente dependentes das cargas conectadas e, quanto mais precisos os modelos, melhores e mais confiáveis simulações são obtidas. Este trabalho inclui simulações com o programa computacional ATP utilizando os modelos desenvolvidos para avaliação de surtos em uma rede de distribuição típica submetida a descargas atmosféricas diretas no circuito primário. Além disso, utilizando o programa Pspice, são realizadas simulações da resposta interna de uma instalação residencial, com diversos equipamentos conectados, e submetida a surtos atmosféricos em sua entrada. O trabalho concentra informações práticas e úteis sobre estudos de surtos em sistemas e instalações de baixa tensão / This work presents a study of impedance characteristics, over a wide range of frequencies, of residential low-voltage installations and electric-electronic appliances, commonly found in residential installations. The measured frequency responses are fitted and modeled by simple, but effective, RLC networks, that can be used in any software for transient simulations. The range of frequencies, up to 5 MHz, allows the use of these models considering lightning or switching studies. It is of importance to point the lack of publications focusing this topic, because usually the low-voltage installations, or connected equipment, are represented by simple lumped components inductances, resistances or capacitances. Otherwise, it is well known that the overvoltage level of a system, or installation, is strongly dependent on the connected loads and for more precise models, better and more reliable simulation results are obtained. This work includes ATP software simulations using the developed models for evaluation of surges in a typical distribution network subjected to direct lightning strikes at the primary circuit. Furthermore, simulations of internal response of a low-voltage installation with connected equipment and subjected to lightning surges in its entrance is performed using the Pspice software. The work summarizes practical and useful information about the low-voltage surge studies on low-voltage systems.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns modelos para cálculo de perdas técnicas e não técnicas em sistemas de distribuição, considerando diversas alternativas em função da disponibilidade de dados. A discussão é de fundamental importância, na medida que o setor elétrico passa a enfrentar novos desafios, tais como o cálculo de redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto e o cálculo de perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas. Para o cálculo das perdas em redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto, duas situações são consideradas. Na primeira, a rede é conhecida, porém não se conhece a localização de seus consumidores. Na segunda situação, também a rede é desconhecida. Neste último caso, para superar o problema de ausência de informações, são utilizadas técnicas de classificação para definir um conjunto de padrões de redes típicas e posterior associação de cada rede a um padrão previamente estabelecido. Também são utilizados alguns modelos de distribuição da carga e a consideração de incertezas é contemplada a partir de números difusos. Para calcular as perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas, propõe-se um método para corrigir a energia faturada dos consumidores a partir do conhecimento da energia medida e das perdas técnicas calculadas. Uma extensão desse método ainda permite calcular as perdas de forma rápida e sem grandes esforços computacionais (método expedito), partindo do resultados de um cálculo realizado com um método convencional. Todos os modelos propostos são aplicados a redes de distribuição reais. Os resultados obtidos são analisados e comparados a valores de referência e é discutida a aplicabilidade dos modelos, bem como suas respectivas faixas de validade. / This work aims at presenting and discussing some models for calculating technical and non-technical losses in distribution systems. The proposed methods comprise several possibilities depending on the available data. This discussion is very important since the electric sector faces new challenges, such as technical loss estimation in low voltage networks with incomplete data. The evaluation of non-technical losses is also herein discussed. Regarding loss estimation with incomplete data, two conditions are considered. In the first one, the network data is known, but the customers location are unavailable. In the second one, the network data is not completely known as well. In this latter condition, in order to overcome the lack of sufficient data, classification techniques are used to establish a set of typical network patterns and to associate each network to a previously established pattern. Some load distribution models are also used and the uncertainties are considered by the use of fuzzy sets. In order to estimate the non-technical losses and their related technical losses, a method to adjust the billed energy in all customers is proposed. This is accomplished by using the computed technical losses and the measured energy at the substation site. This method also makes possible the assessment of technical losses in a quick way with a low computational effort (fast method). Such method is accomplished by using the results of a calculation previously performed using the conventional method. All the proposed methods are applied to real distribution networks. The obtained results are discussed and compared to the results obtained with the conventional method. The applicability of each model is also discussed.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir alguns modelos para cálculo de perdas técnicas e não técnicas em sistemas de distribuição, considerando diversas alternativas em função da disponibilidade de dados. A discussão é de fundamental importância, na medida que o setor elétrico passa a enfrentar novos desafios, tais como o cálculo de redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto e o cálculo de perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas. Para o cálculo das perdas em redes de baixa tensão com cadastro incompleto, duas situações são consideradas. Na primeira, a rede é conhecida, porém não se conhece a localização de seus consumidores. Na segunda situação, também a rede é desconhecida. Neste último caso, para superar o problema de ausência de informações, são utilizadas técnicas de classificação para definir um conjunto de padrões de redes típicas e posterior associação de cada rede a um padrão previamente estabelecido. Também são utilizados alguns modelos de distribuição da carga e a consideração de incertezas é contemplada a partir de números difusos. Para calcular as perdas não técnicas com sua respectiva parcela de perdas técnicas, propõe-se um método para corrigir a energia faturada dos consumidores a partir do conhecimento da energia medida e das perdas técnicas calculadas. Uma extensão desse método ainda permite calcular as perdas de forma rápida e sem grandes esforços computacionais (método expedito), partindo do resultados de um cálculo realizado com um método convencional. Todos os modelos propostos são aplicados a redes de distribuição reais. Os resultados obtidos são analisados e comparados a valores de referência e é discutida a aplicabilidade dos modelos, bem como suas respectivas faixas de validade. / This work aims at presenting and discussing some models for calculating technical and non-technical losses in distribution systems. The proposed methods comprise several possibilities depending on the available data. This discussion is very important since the electric sector faces new challenges, such as technical loss estimation in low voltage networks with incomplete data. The evaluation of non-technical losses is also herein discussed. Regarding loss estimation with incomplete data, two conditions are considered. In the first one, the network data is known, but the customers location are unavailable. In the second one, the network data is not completely known as well. In this latter condition, in order to overcome the lack of sufficient data, classification techniques are used to establish a set of typical network patterns and to associate each network to a previously established pattern. Some load distribution models are also used and the uncertainties are considered by the use of fuzzy sets. In order to estimate the non-technical losses and their related technical losses, a method to adjust the billed energy in all customers is proposed. This is accomplished by using the computed technical losses and the measured energy at the substation site. This method also makes possible the assessment of technical losses in a quick way with a low computational effort (fast method). Such method is accomplished by using the results of a calculation previously performed using the conventional method. All the proposed methods are applied to real distribution networks. The obtained results are discussed and compared to the results obtained with the conventional method. The applicability of each model is also discussed.

<p>The present society is highly dependant on complex electronics systems, which have a low damage threshold level. Therefore, there is a high risk of partial or total loss of the system’s electronics when they are exposed to a thunderstorm environment. This calls for a deep understanding on the mechanism related to the interaction of lightning generated electromagnetic fields with various large distributed/scattered systems. To accurately represent the interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with electrical networks, it is necessary to have return stroke models capable to reproduce the electromagnetic field signatures generated by a lightning flash. Several models have been developed in the recent past to study the field-to-wire coupling mechanism. The most popular, simple and accurate among the available models is the Agrawal et al. model. On the other hand, ATP-EMTP is a well-known transient simulation package widely used by power engineers. This package has various built-in line models like Semlyen, Marti and Noda setups. There is a difficulty in applying the Agrawal et al. model with the built-in line models of ATP-EMTP, as the voltage source due to the horizontal component of electric field in Agrawal et al. model is in series with the line impedance and not in between two transmission line segments. Furthermore, when the electromagnetic field is propagating over a finite conducting ground plane, the soil will selectively attenuate the high frequency content of the electromagnetic field; causing a change in the field wave shape. A finite conducting ground will also produce a horizontal field component at the ground level. Several approximations are available in the literature to obtain the horizontal electric field; namely the wave-tilt and the Cooray-Rubinstein approximation. Consequently, it is important to investigate the change on the induced voltage signature when the power line is located over a finitely conducting ground. Additionally, to provide protection from lightning induced transients it is necessary to use Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) capable of diverting the incoming transients and provide protection level necessary to avoid damage in the equipment. However, standard test procedures of the SPDs do not take into account sub-microsecond structure of the transients. Therefore, to provide the required protection level to sensitive equipments connected to the low voltage power network, it is essential to understand the response of SPDs subjected to high current derivative impulses. This thesis is aimed to investigate the research problems as addressed above. Special attention will be given to a new proposed return stroke model, a simple circuit approach for efficient implementation of Agrawal et al. model using ATP-EMTP, the effect of the soil conductivity on the lightning induced overvoltage signatures and the response of surge protective devices subjected to high current derivative impulses.</p>

This dissertation presents a low-power high-resolution delta-sigma ADC. Two new architectural design techniques are proposed to reduce the power dissipation of the ADC. Compared to the conventional active adder, the direct charge transfer (DCT) adder greatly saves power by keeping the feedback factor of the active adder unity. However, the inherent delay originated from the DCT adder will cause instability to the modulator and complex additional branches are usually needed to stabilize the loop. A simple and power-efficient technique is proposed to absorb the delay from the DCT adder and the instability issue is therefore solved. Another proposed low-power design technique is to feed differentiated inverted quantization noise to the input of the last integrator. The modulator noise-shaping order with this proposed technique is effectively increased from two to three without adding additional active elements. The delta-sigma ADC with the proposed architectural design techniques has been implemented in transistor-level and fabricated in 0.18 µm CMOS technology. Measurement results showed a SNDR of 99.3 dB, a DR of 101.3 dB and a SFDR of 112 dB over 20 kHz signal bandwidth, resulting in a very low figure-of-merit (FoM) in its application category. Finally, two new circuit ideas, low-power parasitic-insensitive switched-capacitor integrator for delta-sigma ADCs and switched-resistor tuning technique for highly linear Gm-C filter design are presented. / Graduation date: 2012 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from June 9, 2012 - June 9, 2014

The present society is highly dependant on complex electronics systems, which have a low damage threshold level. Therefore, there is a high risk of partial or total loss of the system’s electronics when they are exposed to a thunderstorm environment. This calls for a deep understanding on the mechanism related to the interaction of lightning generated electromagnetic fields with various large distributed/scattered systems. To accurately represent the interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with electrical networks, it is necessary to have return stroke models capable to reproduce the electromagnetic field signatures generated by a lightning flash. Several models have been developed in the recent past to study the field-to-wire coupling mechanism. The most popular, simple and accurate among the available models is the Agrawal et al. model. On the other hand, ATP-EMTP is a well-known transient simulation package widely used by power engineers. This package has various built-in line models like Semlyen, Marti and Noda setups. There is a difficulty in applying the Agrawal et al. model with the built-in line models of ATP-EMTP, as the voltage source due to the horizontal component of electric field in Agrawal et al. model is in series with the line impedance and not in between two transmission line segments. Furthermore, when the electromagnetic field is propagating over a finite conducting ground plane, the soil will selectively attenuate the high frequency content of the electromagnetic field; causing a change in the field wave shape. A finite conducting ground will also produce a horizontal field component at the ground level. Several approximations are available in the literature to obtain the horizontal electric field; namely the wave-tilt and the Cooray-Rubinstein approximation. Consequently, it is important to investigate the change on the induced voltage signature when the power line is located over a finitely conducting ground. Additionally, to provide protection from lightning induced transients it is necessary to use Surge Protective Devices (SPDs) capable of diverting the incoming transients and provide protection level necessary to avoid damage in the equipment. However, standard test procedures of the SPDs do not take into account sub-microsecond structure of the transients. Therefore, to provide the required protection level to sensitive equipments connected to the low voltage power network, it is essential to understand the response of SPDs subjected to high current derivative impulses. This thesis is aimed to investigate the research problems as addressed above. Special attention will be given to a new proposed return stroke model, a simple circuit approach for efficient implementation of Agrawal et al. model using ATP-EMTP, the effect of the soil conductivity on the lightning induced overvoltage signatures and the response of surge protective devices subjected to high current derivative impulses.

High penetration of wind energy requires innovations in different areas of power engineering. Methods for improving wind energy and power system interconnection, control, and operation are proposed in this dissertation. A feed-forward transient compensation control scheme is proposed to enhance the low-voltage ride-through capability of wind turbines equipped with doubly fed induction generators. Stator-voltage transient compensation terms are introduced to suppress rotor-current overshoots and torque ripples during grid faults. A dynamic stochastic optimal power flow control scheme is proposed to optimally reroute real-time active and reactive power flow in the presence of high variability and uncertainty. The performance of the proposed power flow control scheme is demonstrated in test power systems with large wind plants. A combined energy-and-reserve wind market scheme is proposed to reduce wind production uncertainty. Variable wind reserve products are created to absorb part of the wind production variation. These fast wind reserve products can then be used to regulate system frequency and improve system security.

The future operation of public low voltage networks has to consider increased decentralised generation using photovoltaic systems for residential application. For utilities it is necessary to determine the maximum permissible installed power of residential photovoltaic systems in sections of the low-voltage network. For this purpose a method based on modelling low-voltage network structures, occurring loads and insolation situations is presented and demonstrated. The maximum permissible installed power of residential photovoltaic systems is fundamentally determined by the structure of the settlement of the affected low-voltage network section. By modifying the generator model the method can be applied too for other types of decentralized generators in the low-voltage network such as fuel cell systems. / Für den Betrieb des öffentlichen Niederspannungsnetzes in Wohnsiedlungsgebieten ist zukünftig mit einem verstärkten Einsatz dezentraler photovoltaischer Energiewandlungsanlagen zu rechnen. Für Netzbetreiber ist es erforderlich, die maximal zulässige Netzanschlussleistung derartiger Anlagen für Niederspannungs-Netzbezirke zu bestimmen. Dazu wird ein Verfahren auf der Grundlage der Modellierung der Struktur von Netzbezirken, der dort auftretenden Belastungen und Einstrahlungssituationen vorgestellt und demonstriert. Die maximal zulässige Netzanschlussleistung dezentraler photovoltaischer Energiewandlungsanlagen wird wesentlich durch die Siedlungsstruktur des betreffenden Niederspannungs-Netzbezirkes bestimmt. Durch Modifikation des Erzeugermodelles kann das Verfahren auch für andere dezentrale Kleinerzeuger im Niederspannungsnetz angewandt werden.

The electronics industry has developed incredibly in last few years and the need for low voltage and low power consuming devices is reflected with its growth. A small extension in battery life can be reflected in an order of magnitude in terms of retail prices. From multimedia gadgets (like laptops, mobiles, notebook etc.) to the biomedical device, all applications have seen a rapid advancement. All these devices need a low voltage and low power transceiver to connect with the wireless networks. This PhD thesis is focused on the development of new designing techniques for low voltage, low power integrated circuits, having close attention on circuits suitable for analog devices. The vast majority of high performance analog circuit cells realized in metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technologies traditionally exploits transistors operating in saturation. Meanwhile there exists a region of weak inversion, which was left unexploited until recently, where the behavior of a MOS transistor is similar to a bipolar transistor in qualitative terms. This region could be exploited for the devices which require operating with low voltage supply. Instead of operating in saturation region, the MOS devices employed in this design, operate in weak inversion. The MOS devices in the proposed circuits are bulk-controlled. In the conventional mode of biasing the bulk terminal is left unused and is connected with lowest supply voltage or ground while the gate is usually chosen for the input signal introduction to bias the circuit. The bulk can be used as an input for signal, can lower the threshold of a transistor if biased properly, ultimately lowering the supply voltage requirement of the transistor. In this work a modified Nauta’s Transconductor, which operates on very low voltages and have a tunable transconductance is employed to design filters. The filter constructed can be tuned in the range of few MHz. The proposed filter is operated using a 0.5V supply and its cutoff frequency can be easily adjusted. All circuits are designed and analyzed using a triple well 0.13μm CMOS process. This OTA is further modified to achieve better performance, in order to implement it in a complex filter. In low IF devices the down-conversion of image signal along with the wanted signal at the same frequency is a major problem. Complex filter can easily remove this image signal by applying a frequency shifting operation. A sixth order complex filter by implementing Leapfrog technique is designed using the differential OTA. The filter is designed to meet the Bluetooth and Zigbee standard requirements. The filter operates on a 0.5V supply voltage, and has very good results for Image rejection, sensitivity, noise and the filter is orthogonally tunable. The performance of the filter has been evaluated through simulation results by employing a triple well 0.13μm CMOS process. This filter design can be implemented in the Bluetooth devices used for the biomedical applications. / Η βιομηχανία της ηλεκτρονικής έχει αναπτυχθεί απίστευτα τα τελευταία χρόνια και η ανάπτυξη αυτή συνδυάζεται με την ανάγκη για συσκευές που λειτουργούν σε χαμηλή τάση και με χαμηλή κατανάλωση ενέργειας. Σε ότι αφορά την εμπορική τιμή, μια μικρή αύξηση της διάρκειας ζωής της μπαταρίας μπορεί να αντανακλάται σε μια αύξηση κατά μία τάξη μεγέθους της τιμής. Όλες οι εφαρμογές, από τις συσκευές πολυμέσων (όπως κινητά τηλέφωνα, φορητούς υπολογιστές, notebook κ.λπ.) έως και τις βιοϊατρικές συσκευές έχουν δει μια ταχεία πρόοδο. Όλες αυτές οι συσκευές, για να συνδέονται με ασύρματα δίκτυα, χρειάζονται πομποδέκτη χαμηλής τάσης και χαμηλής κατανάλωσης ισχύος. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή επικεντρώνεται στην ανάπτυξη νέων τεχνικών σχεδιασμού για ολοκληρωμένα κυκλώματα με έμφαση στα αναλογικά κυκλώματα, χαμηλής τάσης και χαμηλής ισχύος. Η συντριπτική πλειοψηφία των δομικών βαθμίδων αναλογικών κυκλωμάτων υψηλών επιδόσεων πραγματοποιείται σε τεχνολογία μετάλλου οξειδίου ημιαγωγού τρανζίστορ φαινομένου πεδίου (MOSFET) και εκμεταλλεύεται τα τρανζίστορ που παραδοσιακά λειτουργούν σε κόρο. Ωστόσο, υπάρχει η περιοχή ασθενούς αναστροφής, η οποία αφέθηκε ανεκμετάλλευτη μέχρι πρόσφατα, όπου η συμπεριφορά των τρανζίστορ MOS είναι παρόμοια με αυτήν των διπολικών τρανζίστορ. Αυτή η περιοχή θα μπορούσε να αξιοποιηθεί για τις συσκευές που απαιτούν λειτουργία με χαμηλή τάση τροφοδοσίας. Αντί να λειτουργούν στην περιοχή κόρου, τα τρανζίστορ MOS που χρησιμοποιούνται σε αυτό το σχεδιασμό, λειτουργούν σε ασθενή αναστροφή. Τα τρανζίστορ MOS στα προτεινόμενα κυκλώματα είναι ελεγχόμενα από το υπόστρωμα (bulk-driven). Στο συμβατικό τρόπο οδήγησης το υπόστρωμα παραμένει αχρησιμοποίητο και συνδέεται με την χαμηλότερη τάση τροφοδοσίας ή τη γείωση, ενώ η πύλη συνήθως, επιλέγεται για την εισαγωγή σήματος εισόδου και οδηγεί το κύκλωμα. Το υπόστρωμα μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί ως είσοδος για το σήμα, μπορεί να μειώσει την τάση κατωφλίου (threshold voltage) των τρανζίστορ, και τελικά, χαμηλώνει την τάση λειτουργίας του τρανζίστορ. Σε αυτήν την διδακτορική διατριβή χρησιμοποιείται ως διαγωγός (transconductor) ένα τροποποιημένο κύκλωμα Nauta, ο οποίος λειτουργεί σε πολύ χαμηλές τάσεις. Οι ελεγχόμενοι διαγωγοί χρησιμοποιούνται για το σχεδιασμό των προτεινόμενων συντονιζόμενων φίλτρων. Τα κατασκευασμένα φίλτρα μπορούν να συντονιστούν στην περιοχή των λίγων MHz. Τα προτεινόμενα φίλτρα λειτουργούν χρησιμοποιώντας τάση τροφοδοσίας 0.5V και η συχνότητα αποκοπής τους μπορεί εύκολα να προσαρμοστεί. Όλα τα κυκλώματα σχεδιάζονται και εξομοιώνονται χρησιμοποιώντας μία τεχνολογία CMOS triple well 0.13μm. Ο υπό μελέτη τελεστικός ενισχυτής διαγωγιμότητας (Operational Transconductor Amplifier - OTA) έχει τροποποιηθεί περαιτέρω, για να επιτευχθεί καλύτερη απόδοση και να εφαρμοστεί σε ένα μιγαδικό φίλτρο. Η μετατροπή σήματος από τις μεσαίες συχνότητες (IF) στις χαμηλές συχνότητες παρουσιάζεται ένα σημαντικό πρόβλημα όπου μαζί με το επιθυμητό σήμα εμφανίζεται και το σήμα εικόνας στην ίδια συχνότητα. Τα μιγαδικά (complex) φίλτρα μπορούν να αφαιρέσουν εύκολα το σήμα εικόνας, εφαρμόζοντας μια διαδικασία μετατόπισης συχνότητας. Ένα μιγαδικό Leapfrog φίλτρο έχει σχεδιαστεί χρησιμοποιώντας διαφορικούς ενισχυτές διαγωγιμότητας. Το τελικό μιγαδικό φίλτρο δωδέκατης τάξης έχει σχεδιαστεί για να καλύψει τις απαιτήσεις του προτύπου Bluetooth και Zigbee. Το φίλτρο λειτουργεί με τάση τροφοδοσίας 0.5V και έχει πολύ καλά αποτελέσματα στην απόρριψη εικόνας, την ευαισθησία και το θόρυβο. Επίσης, η κεντρική συχνότητα και το εύρος συχνοτήτων είναι ανεξάρτητα ρυθμιζόμενα. Η απόδοση του φίλτρου έχει επαληθευτεί μέσω προσομοίωσης χρησιμοποιώντας μοντέλα τρανζίστορ μιας τεχνολογίας CMOS triple well 0.13μm. Φίλτρα που σχεδιάζονται με την προτεινόμενη μέθοδο μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν σε συσκευές Bluetooth που χρησιμοποιούνται και σε βιοϊατρικές εφαρμογές.

Η παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία εστίασε το ενδιαφέρον της στην ανίχνευση του QRS συμπλέγματος στα ηλεκτροκαρδιογραφήματα με σκοπό τον εντοπισμό χρόνιων ή μη παθήσεων της ανθρώπινης καρδιάς. Το σύστημα αυτό αποτελείται από ένα ζωνοπερατό φίλτρο 2ης-τάξης, ένα διαφοριστή, έναν τετραγωνιστή και ένα βαθυπερατό φίλτρο 1ης-τάξης. Η υλοποίηση του συστήματος γίνεται με χρήση MOS transistor τα οποία λειτουργούν στην περιοχή υποκατωφλίου. Η χρήση μικρών ρευμάτων πόλωσης επιτρέπει τη σχεδίαση συστημάτων με χαμηλή κατανάλωση ισχύος και ταυτόχρονα την υλοποίηση μεγάλων τιμών αντιστάσεων, οι οποίες είναι απαραίτητες για την πραγματοποίηση μεγάλων σταθερών χρόνου, που απαιτούνται για τη διαχείριση των χαμηλής συχνότητας βιοϊατρικών σημάτων. Στόχος της Διπλωματικής Εργασίας είναι η ανάπτυξη τοπολογίας για το αναλογικό τμήμα του συστήματος. Για το σκοπό αυτό προτείνεται η συστηματική σχεδίαση φίλτρων υψηλής τάξης στο πεδίο του υπερβολικού ημιτόνου, με χρήση ήδη υπαρχόντων μη-γραμμικών διαγωγών υπερβολικού ημιτόνου, συνημίτονου. Η συμπίεση-αποσυμπίεση του προς επεξεργασία σήματος επιτυγχάνεται με την κατάλληλη τοποθέτηση συμπληρωματικών τελεστών ενώ ταυτόχρονα διατηρείται γραμμική η συνολική συμπεριφορά των διατάξεων. Η εφαρμογή της μεθόδου του κατωφλίου, ωστόσο, αλλά και η επαλήθευση της λειτουργίας του αναλογικού μέρους, πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση του λογισμικού Matlab. Η σχεδίαση των κυκλωμάτων σε όλα τα επίπεδα ιεραρχίας πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση του λογισμικού Cadence και με το Design Kit που παρέχεται από την τεχνολογία AMS CMOS C35 0.35μm. / This M.Sc. Thesis focused on proper detection of QRS complex on electrocardiograms to identify chronic or non-chronic diseases of human heart. This system consists of a 2nd-order bandpass filter, a differentiator, a squarer and a 1st-order low-pass filter. The system implementation is using MOS transistors operating in the subthreshold region. The use of low-level bias currents allows the design of systems with low power consumption and simultaneously implementing large resistance values , which are necessary for the realization of large time constants required for the management of low frequency biomedical signals. The aim of this thesis is to develop topology for the analog subsystem. For this purpose a systematic design of high order filters in the field of Sinh-Domain , using existing trims nonlinear hyperbolic sine and cosine. The compression - expansion of the signal to be processed is achieved by proper placement of additional constants while maintaining the total linear behavior of the devices. The application of the threshold, however, but also to verify the operation of the analog part , performed using the software Matlab. The design of circuits at all levels of hierarchy was performed using the software Cadence and the Design Kit provided by technology AMS CMOS C35 0.35μm.