Le diabète de type 1 est une maladie auto-immune caractérisée par la destruction des cellules bêta des îlots de Langerhans du pancréas. Au cours de ce processus auto-immun, des auto-anticorps sont produits contre plusieurs antigènes des cellules bêta, par exemple l'insuline, l'acide glutamique décarboxylase (GAD65), la protéine tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2) et le transporteur de zinc (ZnT8). Au moins un auto-anticorps contre l'un de ces antigènes est présent dans> 95% des personnes atteintes de diabète de type 1 lors de la détection de l'hyperglycémie. Ces auto-anticorps peuvent servir de marqueurs précoces de diabète de type 1, car ils peuvent être présents des années avant l'apparition de la maladie, ce qui permet un diagnostic précoce avant les manifestations cliniques. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons développé, en partenariat avec une équipe de recherche clinique, une série de tests diagnostiques originaux, basée sur la détection précoce des différents auto-anticorps d’îlots de Langerhans à partir d'échantillons de sérum humain. Ces tests de diagnostic comprennent des tests bridging ELISA pour la détection d'auto-anticorps contre l'insuline, IA-2 et GAD65, qui sont rapides, facile à utiliser et n’utilisent pas de radioactivité. De plus, un test immunochromatographique sur bandelette pour la détection des auto-anticorps contre IA-2 a été développé. Le principal avantage des tests bandelettes est sa convivialité : les résultats peuvent être obtenus en 45 min en utilisant de très petits volumes de sérums et sans l'utilisation d’appareils spécialisés. Tous ces tests développés en interne ont été validés avec des échantillons de sérum de patients atteints de diabète de type 1 et de témoins sains et leurs performances ont été comparées avec celles de tests disponibles sur le marché. En outre, nous avons développé un test multiplex pour la détection simultanée de plusieurs auto-anticorps associés au diabète de type 1, ce qui permet de gagner du temps et d’augmenter la valeur diagnostic et prédictive du test par rapport à la détection d’un seul autoanticorps. Ce test multiplex a été validé pour la détection de deux autoanticorps (IA-2A et GADA) et comparé à nos tests ELISA de IA-2A et GADA. / Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells within the islets of Langerhans. In the course of this autoimmune process, autoantibodies are generated against several beta-cell antigens, e.g. insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), tyrosine phosphatase-like protein (IA-2) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8). At least one autoantibody against one of these antigens is present in >95% of individuals with type 1 diabetes upon hyperglycemia detection. These autoantibodies can serve as early markers of type 1 diabetes, since they can be present years before disease onset, allowing for an early diagnosis before clinical manifestations. In the course of this thesis we have developed, in partnership with a clinical research team, a series of original diagnostic tests, based on the early detection of the different anti-Langerhans islet autoantibodies from human serum samples. These diagnostic tests include bridging ELISAs for the detection of autoantibodies to insulin, IA-2 and GAD65, which are rapid, non-radioactive and easy-to-use. Moreover, a lateral flow immunoassay (dipstick) for detection of autoantibodies to IA-2 was developed. The key advantage of lateral flow immunoassay is its user-friendly format: results can be obtained within 45 min using very small volumes of sera and without the use of any specialized apparatus. All these in-house assays were validated with diabetic and healthy human serum samples and the assay performances were compared to commercially available tests on the market. In addition, we have developed a multiplex assay for simultaneous detection of multiple diabetes-associated autoantibodies, which is time-effective and increases the diagnostic and predictive values of the assay, comparing to single autoantibody detection. This multiplex assay was validated for detection of two autoantibodies i.e. IA-2A and GADA and compared to in-house IA-2A and GADA bridging ELISAs.

Le cholangiocarcinome (CC) est un cancer des voies biliaires qui représente environ 15% des cancers primitifs du foie,mais de pronostic redoutable en raison d'un diagnostic tardif faute de marqueurs spécifiques.La présence d'auto anticorps (Ac) est rapportée comme marqueurs diagnostiques précoce de certains cancers.La présence d'auto-Ac dans le CC n'a pas été signalée, et aucun biomarqueur immunologique de cette maladie n'a été identifié. L'objectif de notre étude était d'identifier des auto-Ac potentiellement utilisables comme biomarqueur de CC, par analyse sérologique du protéome. Des immunoblots ont été réalisés à partir de la séparation par électrophorèse 2D de protéines de lignées tumorales de CC, CCSW1 et CCLP1, de 5 pièces d'hépatectomie ac leur partie tumorale et non tumorale,ainsi que de foie normal de neuropathie amyloïde. Les sérums de 13 patients atteints de CC et un pool de 10 sujets sains ont été testés sur ces immunoblot.La comparaison informatique des profils des protéines immunomarquées par les sérums des patients comparés aux profils des contrôles a permis de définir des spots immunoréactifs d'intérêt.Ces spots d'intérêt marqués par plus d'1/3 de sérums ont été ensuite identifiés par spectrométrie de masse de type Orbitrap®.Ainsi, nous avons identifié 10 protéines d'intérêt de CCSW1,11 protéines de CCLP1, 9 de la partie tumorale des foies, 14 des parties non-tumoral et 16 protéines appartenant au foie normal.Une extrême variabilité était observée selon les sérums pour un même Ag.Différents profils de réactivité étaient observés sur le même extrait antigénique en fonction des sérums testés, et pour un même sérum selon l'extrait antigénique utilisé.Il en résulte qu'un AC d'intérêt donné ne peut être considéré comme biomarqueur de CC que pour une faible proportion de patients.Pr cette raison, il faut envisager la combinaison de plusieurs anticorps pour avoir un test avec une sensibilité et une spécificité utilisable en clinique. Les protéines identifiées ont été classées par bio-informatique (logiciel Panther®) selon la description des gènes et de leurs produits selon une ontologie commune à toutes les espèces : fonctions moléculaires effectuées, processus biologiques assurés et localisation subcellulaire.Dans cette classification, 2 profils d'immunoréactivité se distinguent. La grande majorité des protéines cibles d'intérêt avec une fonction catalytique étaient présentes dans le foie normal ou dans les parties non tumorales des exérèses. L'autre profil était celui des protéines-cibles avec une fonction de protéines structurale et étaient présentes dans les lignées cellulaires tumorales ainsi que des parties tumorales des hépatectomies. Les protéines identifiées avec une activité catalytique étaient:l'alpha-énolase, le fructose biphosphate aldolase B et la glyceraldedyde 3-phosphate déshydrogénase, toutes troisréactives avec+de 50% des sérums de CC. Les protéines de structure identifiées par+de 60% des sérums de CC provenaient des lignées cellulaires et des tissus tumoraux.Il s'agissait de la vimentine, des prélamines A / C, de l'annexine A2 et de l'actine.Enfin, la sérotranferrine, protéines de transport, est reconnues par 100% des sérums CC en utilisant comme antigène des tissus tumoraux.Une sensibilité importante et une spécificité élevée sont des caractéristiques princeps d'un Ac pour pouvoir l'utiliser comme biomarqueur.La plupart des auto-Ac détectés dans cette étude avaient déjà été rapportées dans d'autres cancers et maladies auto-immunes. Pour trouver des protéines antigéniques spécifiques du CC, une combinaison de plusieurs semble nécessaire afin de permettre le développement de nouveaux biomarqueurs pour le diagnostic et le pronostic des CC.En conclusion, les biomarqueurs potentiels proposés dans cette étude doivent être testés en différentes combinaisons avec un panel en nb significatif de patients et en utilisant le substrat antigénique le plus approprié comme défini au cours de cette étude. / Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a rare but fatal primary liver cancer and accounts for an estimated 15% of primary liver cancer worldwide. It is associated with high mortality due to the lack of established diagnostic approaches. Autoantibodies can be used clinically as diagnostic markers for early cancer detection of cholangiocarcinoma. Studies, indicating the presence of auto-antibodies (AAbs) in CC have not been reported yet. No immunological biomarker, correlated to the disease, has been identified. The objective of our study was to identify cellular proteins from liver tissues (tumoral and non tumoral) and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines which could be recognized by antibody of CC patients. We used serological proteome analysis (SERPA) technique which leads us to suggest some molecules as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CC. Proteins from different origins were 2DE separated: CCSW1 and CCLP1 tumor cell lines, five different samples of hepatectomies for CC with respect to their tumoral and non-tumoral counterparts and a normal liver from amyloid neuropathy. Sera from 13 CC patients and a pool of 10 healthy subjects were probed on immunoblot performed with these different separations. Comparison of immunoblotting patterns given by patient’s sera compared to patterns given by controls allowed to define immunoreactive spots of interest and those reacting with more than one-third of sera were identified by orbitrap type mass spectrometry. In this way we identified 10, 11, 9, 14 and 16 proteins from CCSW1, CCLP1, tumor part, non-tumor counterpart and normal liver antigenic extracts respectively. Different patterns of reactivity were observed according to sera on the same antigenic extract, and for a same serum, according to the antigenic extract, even though few common patterns were also observed. This widespread of reactivity is not unusual and reported earlier in several studies of this sort. It is indicated that a single AAb have an ability to identify only a small proportion of patient. For this reason, several antibodies in combination must be used to ensure sensitivity and specificity of assays used in the daily clinic.Identified proteins were then categorized by gene ontology analysis by which they fall into three main groups; biological process and molecular functions, protein class and molecular pathway and cellular component, according to the Panther classification. By Gene Ontology classification, two different patterns of targeted antigens were observed. The vast majority of targeted-proteins with catalytic activity were found in normal liver or non-tumor specimens. The second pattern was mainly represented by targeted proteins categorized as structural proteins extracted from CC cell lines and tumor tissues. Proteins identified with catalytic activity were: alpha-enolase, fructose biphosphate aldolase B and glyceraldedyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; which were reactive with more than 50% of CC sera. Proteins identified with structural activity, and detected with high rates by using cell lines and tumor tissues, were: vimentin, prelamine A/C, annexin A2 and actin; reactivity of each protein was higher than 62% with CC sera. Serotranferrin, identified under the category of transfer/carrier proteins, recognized by 100% of CC sera by using tumor tissues.High sensitivity and specificity is a prime requisite of AAbs that might be used as CC biomarkers for CC diagnosis. Most of the AAbs detected in this study had previously been reported in other cancers and auto-immune disorders. Hence it is essential to prove the specificity of antigenic proteins, a combination of various antigens therefore needs to be tested to enable the development of new biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CC.In conclusion, the proposed potential biomarkers need to be tested in a variety of different combinations with a panel of significant number of patients and using the most appropriate substrate defined during this study.

A indução de tolerância imunológica ao aloenxerto, no contexto clínico, permanece um grande desafio para pesquisa científica de tradução. A retirada da imunossupressão em indivíduos transplantados leva à rejeição do enxerto, na grande maioria dos casos. Entretanto, um grupo muito raro de indivíduos transplantados, chamados de tolerantes operacionais (TO), consegue manter a função estável do enxerto após a retirada dos imunossupressores. O estudo desses indivíduos pode contribuir para melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na tolerância ao enxerto em humanos, assim como, para a determinação de biomarcadores desse estado de homeostase. Nosso objetivo foi determinar se o estado de tolerância operacional no transplante renal induz um perfil diferencial do componente humoral da resposta imune. Para tal, analisamos o perfil de reatividade de autoanticorpos dirigidos a peptídeos da proteína de choque térmico 60 (HSP60), de alo e autoanticorpos dirigidos às moléculas HLA, o repertório do receptor de células B (BCR) e o perfil funcional de células B supressoras CD19+CD24hiCD38hi (Bregs), comparativamente, nos indivíduos com: TO (n=5), Rejeição Crônica (RC, n=13), função estável do enxerto usando doses habituais de imunossupressores (Est, n=19) e nos indivíduos saudáveis (Sau, n=11). Não observamos um perfil diferencial claro de alo/autorreatividade de anticorpos dirigidos aos peptídeos da HSP60, nem às moléculas HLA, que diferenciasse os grupos do estudo. O estado de tolerância operacional apresentou uma diversidade do repertório do receptor de células B similar à observada em Sau e Est, enquanto o grupo RC teve uma menor diversidade desse repertório. Além disso, o grupo TO apresentou uma expansão de clones linfócitos B com expressão de 2 tamanhos distintos de CDR3 (de 16aa, família VH3 isotipo IgM, e de 5aa, família VH1 isotipo IgG), diferenciando-os dos grupos Sau, RC e Est (p<0,01 e p<0,05; e p<0,01, respectivamente para VH3M e VH1G). Os números de células B com fenótipo imunorregulador CD19+CD24hiCD38hi (Bregs) circulantes, no grupo TO e Sau, foram similares, enquanto o grupo RC apresentou menores números (p<0,05). Funcionalmente, após estímulo via CD40, o grupo TO teve capacidade de gerar células Breg ativadas para STAT3 semelhante ao grupo Sau, enquanto na rejeição crônica esta capacidade foi menor (p<0,05). Concluímos que o estado de tolerância operacional envolve, principalmente, a manutenção do perfil do componente imune humoral, similar ao apresentado por indivíduos saudáveis, em contraste com o estado de rejeição crônica. Além disso, o estado de tolerância foi o único que apresentou expansões expressivas de determinados tamanhos de CDR3, se destacando de todos os grupos. A expansão diferencial desses clones de células B pode ter uma relevância funcional no estado de tolerância operacional, além de potencial valor para o diagnóstico desse estado. Esses dados, em conjunto, nos indicam que a preservação do componente humoral da resposta imune desempenha um papel importante neste estado de homeostase no transplante humano / Operational tolerance in human kidney transplantation: repertoire of B lymphocytes and alo and autoantibodies Sta individuals (p<0.01 and p<0.05; and p<0.01, respectively for VH3M and VH1G). The circulating B cell numbers with the suppressive phenotype CD19+CD24hiCD38hi (Bregs) were similar between the OT and HI groups, while CR presented lower numbers (p<0.05). In addition, the OT group exhibited a similar capacity of generate activated cells for STAT3 to HI, whereas the CR group exhibited an impaired capacity (p<0.05). We conclude that the operational tolerance state involves the maintenance of the B cell compartment profile similar to the one observed in healthy individuals, in contrast with chronic rejection. In addition, the state of operational tolerance was the only one exhibiting expressive expansions of specific CDR3 lengths, which differentiated OT from all other groups. This indicates that the expansion of B cell populations expressing specific CDR3 lengths could play a relevant role in operational tolerance and may be potential biomarkers for OT. Taken together, we suggest that the preservation of the B cell component of the immune response can play an important role in this homeostatic state in human transplantation

A indução de tolerância imunológica ao aloenxerto, no contexto clínico, permanece um grande desafio para pesquisa científica de tradução. A retirada da imunossupressão em indivíduos transplantados leva à rejeição do enxerto, na grande maioria dos casos. Entretanto, um grupo muito raro de indivíduos transplantados, chamados de tolerantes operacionais (TO), consegue manter a função estável do enxerto após a retirada dos imunossupressores. O estudo desses indivíduos pode contribuir para melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na tolerância ao enxerto em humanos, assim como, para a determinação de biomarcadores desse estado de homeostase. Nosso objetivo foi determinar se o estado de tolerância operacional no transplante renal induz um perfil diferencial do componente humoral da resposta imune. Para tal, analisamos o perfil de reatividade de autoanticorpos dirigidos a peptídeos da proteína de choque térmico 60 (HSP60), de alo e autoanticorpos dirigidos às moléculas HLA, o repertório do receptor de células B (BCR) e o perfil funcional de células B supressoras CD19+CD24hiCD38hi (Bregs), comparativamente, nos indivíduos com: TO (n=5), Rejeição Crônica (RC, n=13), função estável do enxerto usando doses habituais de imunossupressores (Est, n=19) e nos indivíduos saudáveis (Sau, n=11). Não observamos um perfil diferencial claro de alo/autorreatividade de anticorpos dirigidos aos peptídeos da HSP60, nem às moléculas HLA, que diferenciasse os grupos do estudo. O estado de tolerância operacional apresentou uma diversidade do repertório do receptor de células B similar à observada em Sau e Est, enquanto o grupo RC teve uma menor diversidade desse repertório. Além disso, o grupo TO apresentou uma expansão de clones linfócitos B com expressão de 2 tamanhos distintos de CDR3 (de 16aa, família VH3 isotipo IgM, e de 5aa, família VH1 isotipo IgG), diferenciando-os dos grupos Sau, RC e Est (p<0,01 e p<0,05; e p<0,01, respectivamente para VH3M e VH1G). Os números de células B com fenótipo imunorregulador CD19+CD24hiCD38hi (Bregs) circulantes, no grupo TO e Sau, foram similares, enquanto o grupo RC apresentou menores números (p<0,05). Funcionalmente, após estímulo via CD40, o grupo TO teve capacidade de gerar células Breg ativadas para STAT3 semelhante ao grupo Sau, enquanto na rejeição crônica esta capacidade foi menor (p<0,05). Concluímos que o estado de tolerância operacional envolve, principalmente, a manutenção do perfil do componente imune humoral, similar ao apresentado por indivíduos saudáveis, em contraste com o estado de rejeição crônica. Além disso, o estado de tolerância foi o único que apresentou expansões expressivas de determinados tamanhos de CDR3, se destacando de todos os grupos. A expansão diferencial desses clones de células B pode ter uma relevância funcional no estado de tolerância operacional, além de potencial valor para o diagnóstico desse estado. Esses dados, em conjunto, nos indicam que a preservação do componente humoral da resposta imune desempenha um papel importante neste estado de homeostase no transplante humano / Operational tolerance in human kidney transplantation: repertoire of B lymphocytes and alo and autoantibodies Sta individuals (p<0.01 and p<0.05; and p<0.01, respectively for VH3M and VH1G). The circulating B cell numbers with the suppressive phenotype CD19+CD24hiCD38hi (Bregs) were similar between the OT and HI groups, while CR presented lower numbers (p<0.05). In addition, the OT group exhibited a similar capacity of generate activated cells for STAT3 to HI, whereas the CR group exhibited an impaired capacity (p<0.05). We conclude that the operational tolerance state involves the maintenance of the B cell compartment profile similar to the one observed in healthy individuals, in contrast with chronic rejection. In addition, the state of operational tolerance was the only one exhibiting expressive expansions of specific CDR3 lengths, which differentiated OT from all other groups. This indicates that the expansion of B cell populations expressing specific CDR3 lengths could play a relevant role in operational tolerance and may be potential biomarkers for OT. Taken together, we suggest that the preservation of the B cell component of the immune response can play an important role in this homeostatic state in human transplantation

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / BACKGROUND: The accumulation of abnormal extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium characterises the pathology of early age-related macular degeneration. However, the histopathological threshold at which age-related changes become early AMD is not defined, and the effect of each of the deposits (basal laminar deposit and membranous debris) on disease progression is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that macrophages play a key role in the development of AMD lesions, but the influence of basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris on the recruitment and programming of local macrophages has not been explored. Although evidence also suggests that inflammation and innate immunity are involved in AMD, the significance of anti-retinal autoantibodies to disesase pathogenesis is not known. AIMS: (i) To determine the histopathological threshold that distinguishes normal ageing from early AMD; (ii) to determine the influence of BLamD and membranous debris on disease progression; (iii) to examine whether distinct early AMD phenotypes exist based on clinicopathological evidence; (iv) to determine the histopathological context in which Bruch’s membrane macrophages first found; (v) to examine the relationship between Bruch’s membrane macrophages and subclinical neovascularisation; (vi) to determine if the progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris alters the immunophenotype of Bruch’s membrane macrophages and/or resident choroidal macrophages; (vii) to determine if the anti-retinal autoantibody profile differs significantly between normal individuals and those with early AMD, neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy; (viii) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict progression to advanced AMD in individuals with early AMD; and (ix) to examine whether baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies can predict vision loss in individuals with neovascular AMD. METHODS:Clinicopathological studies were performed to correlate progressive accumulation of BLamD and membranous debris to fundus characteristics and visual acuity, as well as to sub-macular Bruch’s membrane macrophage count. Immunohistochemical studies were perfomed to determine whether the presence of BLamD and membranous debris altered the programming of Bruch’s membrane or resident choroidal macrophages. The presence of serum anti-retinal autoantibodies was determined by western blotting, and the association with disease progression examined in early and neovascular AMD. RESULTS: The presence of both basal linear deposit (BLinD) and a continuous layer of BLamD represents threshold early AMD histopathologically, which was seen clinically as a normal fundus in the majority of cases. Membranous debris accumulation appeared to influence the pathway of progression from early AMD to advanced AMD. Bruch’s membrane macrophages were first noted when a continuous layer of BLamD and clinical evidence of early AMD were present, and increased with the amount of membranous debris in eyes with thin BLamD. Eyes with subclinical CNV had high macrophage counts and there was some evidence of altered resident choroidal macrophage programming in the presence of BLamD and membranous debris. Serum anti-retinal autoantibodies were found in a higher proportion of early AMD participants compared with both controls and participants with neovascular AMD, and in a higher proportion of individuals with atrophic AMD compared to those with neovascular AMD. The presence of baseline anti-retinal autoantibodies in participants with early AMD was not associated with progression to advanced AMD. Participants with neovascular AMD lost more vision over 24 months if they had IgG autoantibodies at baseline compared to autoantibody negative participants. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that eyes with threshold early AMD appear clinically normal underscores the need to utilise more sophisticated tests to enable earlier disease detection. Clinicopathological evidence suggests two distinct early AMD phenotypes, which follow two pathways of AMD progression. Macrophage recruitment and programming may be altered by the presence of BLamD and membranous debris, highlighting the need to further characterise the biology of human resident choroidal macropahges. Anti-retinal autoantibodies can be found in both control and AMD sera, and future approaches that allow the examination of subtle changes in complex repertoires will determine whether they are involved in AMD disease pathogenesis.

Background: Second to Finland, Sweden has the world’s highest incidence of type 1 diabetes. Experiences of serious life events have retrospectively been shown to constitute a risk factor for the development of this disease, probably via the biological stress response. Parenting stress and maternal attachment insecurity are other important sources of stress in early childhood. Psychological stress increases the need for insulin and may induce insulin resistance, which might add extra pressure on the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas (beta-cell stress). The aim of the current thesis was to propose and start investigating a stress hypothesis – namely that psychological stress may induce insulin resistance leading to beta-cell stress, which could trigger an autoimmune reaction towards beta-cells in genetically predisposed children. When all the beta cells have been destroyed, insulin can no longer be produced in the body and type 1 diabetes becomes manifest. Methods: Families from the prospective population-based ABIS-project, which follows approximately 17 000 children, participated in the empirical studies of the current thesis. The mothers completed questionnaires, including various measures of psychological stress (e.g. parenting stress and experiences of serious life events) and socio-demographic background, at the birth of the child and when the child was 1 as well as 2.5 years of age. Maternal attachment insecurity was assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview. Blood samples drawn from the children at 1 and 2.5 years of age were analyzed for type 1 diabetes-related autoantibodies towards Tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2) and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD). Findings and Conclusions: Parenting stress and experiences of serious life events like divorce and maternal exposure to violence were associated with the induction of diabetes-related autoimmunity in early childhood, possibly via insulin resistance and beta-cell stress. The risk of developing diabetesrelated autoimmunity after parental divorce or mothers’ exposure to violence was about threefold. None of the results were explained by any of the potential confounding factors analyzed. These results support and strengthen the stress hypothesis, which warrants further investigation. Mothers’ attachment insecurity was not associated with the induction of diabetes-related autoimmunity in their infants. However, this lack of association was perhaps due to methodological constraints. The vast majority of the parents were calmed or unaffected concerning their participation in the ABIS-project, suggesting that large-scale medical screening-projects in the general population are not in themselves a cause for worry and can be performed without causing increased anxiety. / On the day of the public defence the working title of article III was: Psychosocial correlates of parenting stress, lack of support and lack of confidence – A study of all babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS). The status of article IV was: Manuscript to be submitted shortly; the status of article V was: Manuscript in preparation.

La sclérose systémique est une maladie autoimmune dont l’une des complications majeures est la fibrose. La DNA topoisomérase I (topo) est l’un des principaux autoantigènes associés à cette maladie. Toutefois, aucun lien n’a encore pu être établi entre la présence des anti-topo et le développement de la fibrose. Les travaux antérieurs du laboratoire d’accueil ont montré une interaction directe de la topo avec la surface des fibroblastes et la matrice extracellulaire. Nous avons voulu caractériser ces interactions du point de vue moléculaire. La topo a donc été exprimée sous forme de 5 fragments, déterminés à partir de ses principaux domaines structuraux et de ses épitopes majeurs, chez E. coli. Les fragments purifiés ont été analysés pour leur interaction avec l’héparine, représentant les héparane sulfates de la surface des fibroblastes, et avec des protéines purifiées de la matrice extracellulaire. Nous avons montré que le fragment topo-N est le principal responsable de l’interaction avec l’héparine, ce qui suggère donc l’implication potentielle de ce domaine dans l’interaction de la topo avec la surface des fibroblastes. Le fragment topo-DIDII est responsable de l’interaction avec la plupart des protéines de la matrice extracellulaire étudiées, alors que le fragment topo-H15 n’interagit qu’avec la vitronectine. Aucune interaction des fragments topo-DIII et topo-C n’a été décelée. Ces résultats pourront maintenant servir à mieux comprendre le rôle potentiel de la topo et des autoanticorps circulants anti-topo dans la fibrose présente chez les personnes atteintes de sclérose systémique en contribuant à l’identification de la cible de la topo sur les fibroblastes. / Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which one of the major complications is fibrosis. DNA topoisomerase I (topo) is a major autoantigen associated with this disease. However, no link has yet been established between the presence of anti-topo and the development of fibrosis. Previous work of the host laboratory showed a direct interaction of the topo with the surface of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. We wanted to characterize these interactions at the molecular level. Topo was expressed in 5 fragments, determined from its main structural domains and its major epitopes, in E. coli. The purified fragments were analyzed for their interaction with heparin, representing heparan sulfates on the surface of fibroblasts, and with purified proteins of the extracellular matrix. We have shown that the topo-N fragment is responsible for interaction with heparin, suggesting hence, potential involvement of this domain in the interaction of topo with the surface of fibroblasts. The topo-DIDII fragment is responsible for the interaction with most proteins of the extracellular matrix studied, whereas the topo-H15 fragment only binds to vitronectin. No interaction of fragments topo-DIII and topo-C was found. These results can now be used to better understand the potential role of topo and circulating anti-topo autoantibodies in the fibrosis present in patients with systemic sclerosis in helping to identify the target of topo on fibroblasts.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production, which can eventually lead to immune complex (IC)-mediated organ damage. Due to the stimulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) by nucleic acid-containing ICs (DNA- or RNA-IC), patients with SLE have an ongoing interferon (IFN)-α production. IFN-α induces a general activation of the immune system that may initiate or propagate an autoimmune process if not properly regulated. Previous studies have shown that natural killer (NK) cells potently enhance the IFN-α production by pDCs. In study I, the mechanisms behind the NK cell-mediated increased IFN-α production by RNA-IC-stimulated pDCs were investigated. ICs triggered CD56dim NK cells via FcγRIIIA to the secretion of cytokines (e.g. MIP-1β) that promoted IFN-α production. Additionally, an LFA-1-dependent cell-cell interaction between pDCs and NK cells strongly contributed to the increased production of IFN-α. In study II, the RNA-IC-induced regulation of surface molecules on pDCs and NK cells was investigated. The expression of CD319 and CD229, which are two SLAM family receptors genetically associated with SLE, was induced on pDCs and NK cells by RNA-IC. IFN-α-producing pDCs displayed an increased expression of CD319 and CD229, whereas pDCs from patients with SLE had a decreased expression of CD319. In study III, we serendipitously identified an SLE patient harboring autoantibodies to the NK cell receptor CD94/NKG2A. In study IV, sera from 203 patients with SLE were analyzed for autoantibodies to the CD94/NKG2A, CD94/NKG2C and NKG2D receptors. Seven patients harbored anti-CD94/NKG2A autoantibodies, and two of these patient’s autoantibodies also reacted with CD94/NKG2C. Anti-CD94/NKG2A and anti-CD94/NKG2C autoantibodies both interfered with the HLA-E-mediated regulation of NK cell cytotoxicity, and facilitated the elimination of target cells expressing these receptors. Furthermore, these autoantibodies were found in a group of severely diseased SLE patients and their titers closely followed disease activity. In conclusion, this thesis provides insights to molecular mechanisms whereby NK cells regulate the IFN-α production, it further links the SLAM receptors to SLE, and it describes novel autoantibodies to receptors regulating NK cell cytotoxicity. Together these findings strengthen the assumption that NK cells are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE.

La sclérose systémique (ScS) est une maladie auto-immune dévastatrice d'étiologie inconnue. Le dysfonctionnement immunitaire, la fibrose et la vasculopathie sont les trois principales caractéristiques de cette maladie. Une récente étude a révélé un nouveau lien entre l'auto-immunité et la fibrose, par la présence d'auto-anticorps stimulant le récepteur du facteur de croissance dérivé des plaquettes (PDGFR) des fibroblastes. Ces auto-anticorps sont capables de stimuler les espèces réactives de l'oxygène et d’activer la kinase régulée par un signal extracellulaire (ERK1/2). L’hypothèse que nous formulons est que les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (VSMCs) exprimant conjointement les PDGFR, répondront elles aussi aux autoanticorps anti-PDGF-R. Le travail présenté ici vise à valider la présence d'auto-anticorps PDGFR dans les sérums de patients ScS, et à caractériser ensuite la réponse de VSMCs exposées à de l'immunoglobuline G (IgG) de ces sérums, en mesurant l’activation des cascades de signalisation spécifiques, ainsi que l'induction des gènes impliqués dans la réponse fibrotique. Nos résultats démontrent la présence d'une fraction IgG stimulant une réponse phénotypique dans les cultures de VSMCs. Notamment, d’importantes régulations positive et négative des gènes pro-fibrotiques tgfb1 et tgfb2 respectivement, ont été observées dans les VSMCs exposées à des fractions de ScS-IgG. Les fractions de IgG positives pour l'activation de ERK étaient présentes dans la plupart, mais pas dans tous les échantillons de SSc (68%, 19/28), et moins présentes dans les contrôles 27% (11/3). Bien que, les fractions de SSc-IgG ont pu considérablement immunoprécipiter le PDGFR, l'utilisation d'un inhibiteur spécifique des récepteurs au PDGF (AG1296), n'a pas inhibé l'activation de ERK médiée par les fractions de SSc-IgG. Globalement, nos résultats indiquent la présence d'autoanticorps stimulants avec activité pro-fibrotique dans les sérums des patients ScS. Des travaux sont en cours pour identifier l'entité moléculaire responsable de la réponse d’IgG observée dans les cultures de VSMCs. / Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a devastating autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Immune dysfunction, fibrosis and vasculopathy are the three major features of the disease; however, the interactions between these components are poorly understood. A novel link between autoimmunity and fibrosis has been proposed by the presence of stimulatory autoantibodies to the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on fibroblasts. These autoantibodies were capable of stimulating reactive oxygen species and subsequent activation of ERK1/2. If the anti-PDGFR autoantibodies are present in the systemic circulation of SSc patients, they will most certainly encounter vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The latter are known to express the PDGFR and response to PDGF, which is a known phenotypic modulator of VSMCs. The work presented here seeks to readdress the presence of stimulatory anti-PDGFR autoantibodies in serum derived from SSc-patients and to characterize the effects of SSc-IgG on VSMCs by measuring the activation of specific signaling cascades and the induction of genes involved in fibrotic responses. Our results demonstrate the presence of an IgG fraction stimulating a phenotypic response in cultured VSMCs. Notably, a significant up-regulation of the pro-fibrotic gene tgfb1 and a significant down-regulation of the anti-fibrotic gene tgfb2 were observed in VSMC exposed to SSc-IgG fractions. Positive IgG fractions for ERK activation were present in most, but not all, SSc samples (68%, 19/28), and they were less present in controls (27%) (3/11). Although, the SSc-IgG fractions were able to significantly immunoprecipitate the PDGFR, the use of a selective PDGFR inhibitor, AG1296, did not inhibit the activation of ERK mediated by SSc-IgG fractions. Altogether, our findings suggest the presence of stimulatory autoantibodies with profibrotic activity in serum derived form SSc patients. Work is in progress to identify the molecular entity responsible for the IgG response observed in cultured VSMCs.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a rare but fatal primary liver cancer and accounts for an estimated 15% of primary liver cancer worldwide. It is associated with high mortality due to the lack of established diagnostic approaches. Autoantibodies can be used clinically as diagnostic markers for early cancer detection of cholangiocarcinoma. Studies, indicating the presence of auto-antibodies (AAbs) in CC have not been reported yet. No immunological biomarker, correlated to the disease, has been identified. The objective of our study was to identify cellular proteins from liver tissues (tumoral and non tumoral) and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines which could be recognized by antibody of CC patients. We used serological proteome analysis (SERPA) technique which leads us to suggest some molecules as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CC. Proteins from different origins were 2DE separated: CCSW1 and CCLP1 tumor cell lines, five different samples of hepatectomies for CC with respect to their tumoral and non-tumoral counterparts and a normal liver from amyloid neuropathy. Sera from 13 CC patients and a pool of 10 healthy subjects were probed on immunoblot performed with these different separations. Comparison of immunoblotting patterns given by patient's sera compared to patterns given by controls allowed to define immunoreactive spots of interest and those reacting with more than one-third of sera were identified by orbitrap type mass spectrometry. In this way we identified 10, 11, 9, 14 and 16 proteins from CCSW1, CCLP1, tumor part, non-tumor counterpart and normal liver antigenic extracts respectively. Different patterns of reactivity were observed according to sera on the same antigenic extract, and for a same serum, according to the antigenic extract, even though few common patterns were also observed. This widespread of reactivity is not unusual and reported earlier in several studies of this sort. It is indicated that a single AAb have an ability to identify only a small proportion of patient. For this reason, several antibodies in combination must be used to ensure sensitivity and specificity of assays used in the daily clinic.Identified proteins were then categorized by gene ontology analysis by which they fall into three main groups; biological process and molecular functions, protein class and molecular pathway and cellular component, according to the Panther classification. By Gene Ontology classification, two different patterns of targeted antigens were observed. The vast majority of targeted-proteins with catalytic activity were found in normal liver or non-tumor specimens. The second pattern was mainly represented by targeted proteins categorized as structural proteins extracted from CC cell lines and tumor tissues. Proteins identified with catalytic activity were: alpha-enolase, fructose biphosphate aldolase B and glyceraldedyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; which were reactive with more than 50% of CC sera. Proteins identified with structural activity, and detected with high rates by using cell lines and tumor tissues, were: vimentin, prelamine A/C, annexin A2 and actin; reactivity of each protein was higher than 62% with CC sera. Serotranferrin, identified under the category of transfer/carrier proteins, recognized by 100% of CC sera by using tumor tissues.High sensitivity and specificity is a prime requisite of AAbs that might be used as CC biomarkers for CC diagnosis. Most of the AAbs detected in this study had previously been reported in other cancers and auto-immune disorders. Hence it is essential to prove the specificity of antigenic proteins, a combination of various antigens therefore needs to be tested to enable the development of new biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of CC.In conclusion, the proposed potential biomarkers need to be tested in a variety of different combinations with a panel of significant number of patients and using the most appropriate substrate defined during this study.