Neste trabalho estudamos um pouco de Teoria dos Grafos, abordando diversas definições e teoremas interessantes. Apresentamos o Teorema das Quatro Cores, desde o surgimento do problema com Francis Guthrie. Analisamos a demonstração do teorema realizada por Alfred Bray Kempe e sua refutação através do contraexemplo de Percy John Heawood. Analisamos também a demonstração do Teorema das Cinco Cores de Percy John Heawood. Porém, apresentamos a primeira demonstração válida do Teorema das Quatro Cores, como sua particularidade de ter sido feita com o auxílio de um computador. O trabalho é concluído com uma análise sobre os benefícios que o conhecimento de Teoria dos Grafos pode render aos alunos do Ensino Básico, e como professor o pode trabalhar este assunto em sala de aula, inclusive abordando o problema de coloração de mapas. / In this paper we study Graph Theory, addressing various definitions and interesting theorems. We present the Four Color Theorem, since the origin of the problem with Francis Guthrie. We analyze the proof of the theorem presented by Alfred Bray Kempe, and its refutation by Percy John Heawood counter-example. We also analyze the Percy John Heawood demonstration of the Five Color Theorem. Finally, we present the first valid proof of the Four Colors Theorem, with its peculiarity of having been done with the aid of a computer. We conclude with an analysis of the beneficial that the knowledge of Graph Theory can render students of Basic Education, and how a teacher can work this topic in the classroom, including addressing the problem of map coloring.

Thesis advisor: Pamela J. Grace / Nurses working in newborn intensive care units (NICU) report experiencing ethical dilemmas related to treatment decisions for infants in their care. The opportunity for nurses to contribute to the formulation of treatment plans for these infants is increasing, but often nurses are required to implement treatment plans with which they may not agree. This causes conflict for the nurse and has been shown to have implications for the nurse and, ultimately, nursing and healthcare practice. Not taking action to resolve the perceived dilemma is especially problematic on several counts (Raines, 1996). Nurse Activism, the outcome variable, is defined as the range of likely actions nurses may take to resolve ethical dilemmas in practice (Penticuff & Walden, 1987). This cross-sectional study investigated the range of likely actions that nurses would take in response to a hypothetical ethical dilemma. The web-based survey was completed by 224 NICU nurses from seven Massachusetts hospitals. Subjects responded to the Nurses Ethical Involvement Survey (Penticuff & Walden, 1987) and demographic questions. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis found that NICU nurses with greater concern for the ethical aspects of clinical practice (p = .001) and an increased perception of their ability to influence ethical decision-making (p = .018) were more likely to exhibit nurse activism to resolve an ethical dilemma and these findings explained just 8.5 percent of the variance. Future research is necessary to determine other factors contributing to, and inhibiting the actions of, nurses to resolve ethical dilemmas encountered in the NICU. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Connell School of Nursing. / Discipline: Nursing.

Com o intuito de responder a diversas indagações, esta tese objetiva traçar em um plano cronológico os caminhos percorridos pela marimba desde os primórdios na história até as primeiras composições brasileiras na década de setenta. Apresentamos para isso um panorama deste processo, procurando elucidar aspectos do desenvolvimento da técnica de quatro baquetas em obras solistas ou em grupo de câmara, bem como os desdobramentos da escrita para o instrumento. Ao Divertimento para Marimba e Orquestra de Cordas de Radamés Gnattali, por se tratar do primeiro concerto brasileiro para marimba, são aplicados procedimentos quanto ao uso desta técnica. / This thesis aims to answer chronologically many questions regarding the marimba history, since its origins through the first Brazilian compositions during the 70´s. This process is presented to clarify aspects of the development of four mallets marimba technique in pieces for chamber music or soloist as well as to analyze its writing. Considerations regarding this technique are applied to the Divertimento for Marimba and String Orchestra, the first Brazilian concert for marimba.

Dans la pratique de la planification urbaine, la prévision de la demande de transport fait en général appel au modèle à quatre étapes (génération, distribution, répartition modale et affectation), malgré des avancées théoriques considérables dans le domaine. Cette persistance s’explique par une facilité relative de mise en oeuvre, liée notamment à la forme des données disponibles et susceptibles d’alimenter les modèles. Cependant, la nature statique de l’approche pose des interrogations quant à sa pertinence pour faire des prévisions de moyen-long terme. Cette thèse étudie, la validité de l’hypothèse de stabilité temporelle des trois premières étapes du modèle de prévision. Pour ce faire, en prenant l’agglomération lyonnaise comme terrain d’étude, nous avons codifié des réseaux routiers et de transports en commun à différentes dates (1985, 1995 et 2006). Cette donne, généralement indisponible, combinée aux enquêtes ménages déplacements correspondantes, nous permet de calibrer les trois premières étapes du modèle traditionnel et de tester leur capacité prédictive. Pour les modèles de génération, on note des prévisions acceptables à un horizon de 10 ans. À 20 ans, certaines évolutions dans les styles de vie se sont traduites par une baisse du nombre moyen de sorties pour le motif travail, que les modèles traditionnels ne permettent pas de prévoir complètement. Au niveau de la distribution, l’allongement des distances entre lieux de réalisation de certaines activités et le lieu de domicile peut être relativement bien reproduit par des modèles gravitaires avec des paramètres stables dans le temps. Au niveau de la répartition modale, les paramètres ne sont pas stables et les modèles estimés n’auraient pas permis de prévoir le regain de parts de marché des transports en commun observé ces dernières années. / In the practice of urban planning, travel demand forecasts are generally obtained by using the four-step model (generation, distribution, modal split and assignment), despite considerable theoretical advances in the field. This persistence can be explained by the relative ease of implementation of the four-step modelling sequence, which is related, in particular, to the kind of data available that could be used as an input in a model. However, the static nature of the approach raises questions as it pertains to its relevance in producing medium and long range forecasts. This thesis investigates the validity of the hypothesis of temporal stability of the parameters of the first three stages of the traditional forecasting sequence. To do this, taking the Lyon conurbation as our case study, we coded the road and transit networks at different points in time (1985, 1995 and 2006). We then combine this temporal data, which is generally unavailable, with the corresponding household travel surveys in order to calibrate the first three steps of the traditional model and test their predictive ability. For the generation models tested, we note acceptable performance for a 10-year forecast. For a 20-year forecast, some changes in lifestyles have resulted in a decrease in the average number of work trips that traditional models do not predict accurately. Regarding trip distribution, the increase in travel distances observed for certain purposes is reproduced fairly well by the gravity model. At the modal split level, the parameters are not stable and the estimated models would be unable to predict accurately the recent increase in the market share of public transport.

O presente estudo visa comparar biomecanicamente, por meio do ensaio de flexão em quatro pontos, a resistência de segmentos de rádios de cães autoclavados e desvitalizados em nitrogênio líquido. Foram utilizados 20 cadáveres de cães de mais de dois anos de idade e massa corporal superior a 20 kg, portanto 40 rádios, que foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo autoclave (GA), grupo controle autoclave (GCA), grupo nitrogênio (GN) e grupo controle nitrogênio (GCN). Os corpos de prova dos grupos GCA e GCN pertenciam ao lado contralateral dos grupos GA e GN, respectivamente. Os ossos foram autoclavados a 121ºC, por 20 min a 2 atm. A desvitalização em nitrogênio foi realizada por meio da imersão em nitrogênio líquido, por 20 min, seguida de descongelamento à temperatura ambiente, sendo finalizada por imersão em solução de NaCL a 0,9%, por mais 15 min. A avaliação da resistência biomecânica foi realizada pelo ensaio de flexão em quatro pontos. Foi utilizado o programa de computador PMI para calcular o momento de inércia após o ensaio biomecânico destrutivo. Foram comparadas as variáveis força máxima, rigidez, altura máxima à secção transversa do corpo de prova, deslocamento do baricentro em relação ao eixo x, flecha, tensão-tração, tensão compressão e tensão máxima. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos GN e GCN. Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos GA e GCA somente na comparação da variável força máxima. A análise das variáveis tensão-tração, tensão-compressão e tensão máxima evidenciou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos GA e GN, sendo os valores maiores para o grupo GA. Também foi realizada comparação entre os deltas (GN menos GCN e GA menos GCA) em que não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas. / The present study aim to, biomechanically compare through the four points bending test, the strenght of autoclaved and devitalized in liquid nitrogen radius segments. 20 corpses of dogs (>2 years of age and >20 kg of weight) were used. 40 radius were collected and divided into 4 groups, Autoclave Group (GA), Control Autoclave Group (GCA), Nitrogen Group (NG) and Control Nitrogen Group (GCN). Bone segments from groups GCA and GCN were contralateral to GA and NG. The segments were autoclaved at 121ºC and 2 atm for 20 minutes. Nitrogen devitalization of the bone segments was obtained by 20 minutes immersion, followed by thawing at room temperature and 15 minutes immersion in 0,9% NaCL solution. The biomechanical strenght evaluation was performed in the four points bending test; afterwards, PMI computer program calculated the moment of inertia after the destructive biomechanical assay. Variables compared were maximum strength, stiffness, maximum high trough the transverse section of the bone segment, centers of mass dislocation in relation to x axe, arrow, stress-tension, stress-compression and maximum stress. No statistically significant differences between the GN and GCN groups were found. Statistically significant differences were found between groups GA and GCA only in the comparison of the maximum force variable. The analysis of variable stress-tension, stress-compression and maximum stress showed statistically significant differences between the GA and GN groups, with higher values for the GA group. Comparison of the deltas (GN least GCN and GA least GCA) that no statistical differences were observed was also performed.

Técnicas de Mistura de 4 Ondas foram utilizadas para se estabelecer e observar redes de difração dinâmicas formadas pela população de íons Cr+3 e através disto estudamos os efeitos de saturação em Conjugação de Fase por Mistura Degenerada de 4 Ondas (CFMD40) em cristais de GdAlO3 : Cr+3 (Aluminato de Gadolínio dopado com Cr+3) e Al2O3 : Cr+3 (Rubi). Foi utilizado um laser de Argonio CW em &lambda = 514nm para investigar experimentalmente o comportamento estacionário e transiente da eficiência (ou refletividade) na CFMD40, onde obtivemos um bom acordo com os modelos teóricos utilizados. Pela primeira vez foi registrada a resposta temporal transiente do campo conjugado em CFMD40 para cristais de GdAlO3 : Cr+3, onde foi desenvolvida e utilizada uma nova técnica de medida. Nossos resultados de eficiência estacionaria para o cristal de GdAlO3 : Cr+3 são, segundo nosso conhecimento, os mais altos obtidos neste tipo de material utilizando-se lasers contínuos neste comprimento de onda. Realizamos também um experimento onde podemos comprovar a participação de ambas as redes absorptiva e dispersiva induzida nestes materiais fato este considerado em nosso modelo teórico. / Four Wave Mixing techniques were used to establish and probe dynamic gratings generated by Cr+3 ions population. By this method this we have studied the saturation effects in phase conjugation by Degenerate Four- wave Mixing (DFWM) in GdAlO3 : Cr+3 (Cr+3 doped Gadolineum Aluminatum) and Al2O3 : Cr+3 (Ruby). An Argon ion laser at &lambda = 514nm was used to investigate the stationary and transient behavior of efficiency in DFWM, where we have obtained good agreement with the theoretical models. For the first time the transient response of conjugated field by DFWM was measured in a GdAlO3 : Cr+3 crystal, using a new experimental technique. In the GdAlO3 : Cr+3 sample we obtained a maximum DFWM stationary efficiency of approximately 10%, which as far as we know, is the highest value achieved in this kind of material using a CW laser at this wavelength. We have also performed an experiment to probe the both contribution of absorptive and dispersive induced gratings in these materials, as we have considered in our theoretical model.

Kreativitet har blivit en allt viktigare del i vårt samhälle och vissa forskare går så långt som att säga att vi är på väg in i den kreativa tidsåldern. Företag har uppmärksammat fenomenet mer och mer och det finns många fördelar att vinna genom att arbeta med ett kreativt fokus. Event management har kommit att växa rejält som yrke de senaste tio åren. Trots sin framväxt ses det fortfarande som en ny och ganska outvecklad disciplin men har blivit beskrivet som ett växande yrke. Evenemangsföretag verkar i en bransch med hög konkurrens där kreativitet kan ses som en nödvändighet för att uppnå en konkurrensfördel. Kreativitet har trots detta inte fått någon given plats när eventprojektets faser beskrivs i akademiska studier. Projekt i allmänhet brukar beskrivas med fyra faser: konceptualisering, planering, implementering och avslutning, där kreativiteten är framträdande inom konceptualiseringsfasen. Vi anser att konceptualiseringsfasen borde ha en given roll inom eventprojekt, vilket kommer ligga som utgångspunkt för denna uppsats.Syftet med uppsatsen är att utforska ämnet kreativitet. Huvudfokus ligger på den kreativa processen, hur den går till och vad som påverkar den inom evenemangsföretag. Genom att belysa ämnet hoppas vi kunna bidra till att kreativitet uppmärksammas som en viktig faktor inom evenemangsföretag. Med grund i denna undersökning tar vi fram en modell som ska leda till reflektion för företag om de arbetar aktivt med kreativitet och bidra som en inspirationskälla. För att få en djupare förståelse för hur den kreativa processen verkar i sitt sociala sammanhang inom evenemangsföretag har vi utfört sju semi-strukturerade intervjuer och en deltagande observation. Det övergripande målet med forskningsmetoderna var att få en större kännedom om hur en idé uppstår och vägen till ett färdigt koncept för ett evenemang, med den kreativa processen som en central faktor. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats efter fördjupade teoretiska studier inom området kreativitet.Kreativitet har många olika betydelser, och för att få en helhetsbild har vi undersökt dess innebörd från fyra olika perspektiv: produkt, process, person och påverkan. Den kreativa personen är någon som har en kreativ självinsikt, är modig, mottaglig för inspiration samt har en strukturerad sida med ett öga för detaljer. Den kreativa processen inom evenemangsföretag sker både i grupp och individuellt. De faser vi har identifierat är förberedelse-, idégenererings-, inkubations-, illuminations- och verifikationsfasen. Det har framkommit att det först sker en kreativ förprocess för att få fram ett projektförslag som ska leda till ett avtal innan den kreativa huvudprocessen tar sin start. Denna process utgår från grundidén som är en del av projektförslaget. Den innehåller samma faser som förprocessen men är av mer omfattande karaktär. Den kreativa processen är linjär, men vid behov kan personerna gå tillbaka till en tidigare fas. Dessutom kan faserna ske parallellt med varandra när flera idéer behandlas samtidigt. Processen resulterar i den kreativa produkten, eller den kreativa utkomsten som vi har valt att namnge det, vilket är konceptet för evenemanget. Den kreativa påverkan består av olika faktorer som kan påverka kreativiteten. Dessa faktorer är: organisationskulturen, organisationsstrukturen, organisationsklimatet, arbetsdesignen, uppdragsgivaren, praktiska faktorer samt ledaren och teamet.

Au printemps 68, les provinces occidentales se révoltèrent contre Néron. Elles choisirent pour le remplacer Servius Sulpicius Galba, un sénateur d’une antique noblesse qui avait connu une brillante carrière politique et qui était légat d’Auguste propréteur de l’Hispanie Citérieure au moment de l’insurrection. Galba dut alors organiser la révolte et lever les troupes qui seraient nécessaires à cette entreprise. Proclamé empereur par les prétoriens et le Sénat après le suicide de Néron au mois de juin 68, il quitta sa province et se mit en route vers Rome. Parvenu dans la capitale de l’Empire, le nouveau prince fut confronté à des difficultés de taille : les finances de l’État romain se trouvaient dans une situation très préoccupante à cause des largesses de Néron. Par ailleurs, puisque Galba était le premier empereur qui ne faisait pas partie de la famille julio-claudienne, il dut trouver les moyens d’assurer la légitimité de son élévation au sommet de l’Empire. Les sources littéraires concernant l’année 69 sont nombreuses ; moins bien connue, l’année 68 nous a semblé pouvoir être étudiée grâce au recours aux sources numismatiques, car elles permettent d’appréhender les principales caractéristiques du principat de Galba : financement d’une révolte contre le pouvoir central, paiement de la solde des légionnaires, redressement des finances de l’État et légitimation de la position du nouveau prince. L’étude des monnaies, s’appuyant sur la constitution d’un corpus de quelque 7.300 exemplaires à l’effigie de Galba, permet à la fois de combler les manques des sources littéraires relatives à l’année 68 et de confronter divers types de sources pour améliorer la connaissance de son principat. / In the spring of AD 68, the Western Provinces rebelled against Nero. To replace him, they chose Servius Sulpicius Galba, a senator of ancient nobility who had known a brilliant political career, and who – at the time of the insurrection – was legatus Augusti pro praetore of Hispania Citerior. Galba then had to organise the revolt, and raise the troops required for this enterprise. Acclaimed Emperor by the praetorians and the Senate after Nero’s suicide in June 68, he left his province and went to Rome. Once in the Empire’s capital city, the new prince was faced with major difficulties: the State’s finances were in a very worrying shape because of Nero’s largesse. Furthermore, Galba being the first emperor not to belong to the Julio-Claudian family, had to find ways to ensure the legitimacy of his elevation to the throne. Literary sources regarding the year 69 are numerous; the year 68, meanwhile, is less well known, but is possible to study in the light of numismatic sources, as they allow us to apprehend the main characteristics of Galba’s Principate: financing a revolt against the central power, paying the legionaries, rectifying the State’s finances, and legitimising the new prince’s position. The study of coinage, based on the establishment of a corpus of some 7300 specimens with Galba’s effigy, allows us to fill the gaps of literary sources concerning the year 68, and to approach various types of sources in order to improve our knowledge of his Principate.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude et la réalisation d’une cellule d’allumage laser pour turbomoteurs. Une étude bibliographique nous a permis d’identifier les caractéristiques nécessaires : des impulsions nanosecondes d’au moins 10mJ. La spécificité de l’application impose de nombreuses contraintes qui ont influencé le choix d’une architecture avec deux étages amplificateurs : un amplificateur fibré suivi d’un amplificateur à base de fibre cristalline. Nous avons développé un code permettant de simuler l’amplification d’une impulsion nanoseconde dans ces milieux et ainsi déterminé les caractéristiques techniquesoptimales de chaque étage amplificateur. Ces résultats ont permis la réalisation d’une chaîne d’allumage et sa caractérisation. Une étude particulière del’amplificateur fibré a permis de maîtriser l’apparition d’effets non-linéaires limitants. Finalement, nous démontrons le potentiel de notre solution laserpar plusieurs campagnes d’allumage sur différents bancs moteurs. / This work deals with the design and the construction of a laser ignitionsystem for turbine engines. A review of the dedicated literature allowed us toidentify the required characteristics : nanosecond pulses with at least 10 mJ ofenergy. Our specific application imposes numerous constraints which directlyinfluenced our choice of two amplifier stages : a fiber amplifier followed by acrystalline-fiber based amplifier. We developped a simulation describing theamplification of nanosecond pulses through these two medias and thus de-termined the optimal technical characteristics of each amplifier stage. Theseresults lead to the realization of an laser ignition system that we completelycharacterised. A specific study of the fiber amplifier allowed us to understandand control the appearance of non-linear limiting phenomena. Eventually, wedemonstrate the capabilities of our solution by several laser-ignition field stu-dies.

The task was to show on an example of Slovakia, which has accepted the euro, in comparison with V4 countries, which have kept their own currencies, that common currency does not necessarily bring only negatives. Current EMU problems don't come from the nature of euro but the key problem comes from the public finance and irresponsibility of politicians. On the base of this knowledge, the work suggests an alternative approach to solve debt crisis on the example of Greece, meaning a fiscal rent of Greek touristic islands. The work also deals with the vision of EMU in future to avoid this kind of problems and to change the overall approach to fiscal policy. I see a solution in monetary-fiscal union, which is based on the new fiscal rule derived from Okun's law and also on common supervision institution over national government budgets with the right to arbitrarily intervene in case of need.