Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-06T10:59:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lucia Sanches.pdf: 1701858 bytes, checksum: b09dce1a6fa6b7e22d16d07ea562bb6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-06T10:59:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Lucia Sanches.pdf: 1701858 bytes, checksum: b09dce1a6fa6b7e22d16d07ea562bb6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The thesis describes the interconnection between integral education and social protection, traversing the meanings of the Integral term, based on the Freirean view and the legal framework of childhood policies, especially the ECA. The locus of the research is the city of Diadema, recognized for its long tradition of social participation and its social scene, characterized by high demographic density and disordered occupation of the soil. The objective of the research is Diadema’s More Education Program, an Integral Education program developed between 2009 and 2012, based on the federal program More Education and faceted by the city council that brought together political consensus, and provided a political architecture that integrated different subjects in the sphere of strategic management and operational management, based on social participation and occupation of city territories. The general objective of the research is: To analyze the experience of the Diadema More Education Program between 2009 and 2012, in the relation of full-time education and social protection, and the specific objectives are: To establish a relation between dimensions of Integral in the curriculum, from the Freirean reading; To analyze the relation of the Integral concept to the dimensions of social protection; Identify in the experience of Diadema, between 2009 and 2012, the multiple dimensions of Integral Education the implementation of a program of Integral Education in Full-Time. The nature of the research is qualitative, based on a bibliographical survey in the areas of Education and Curriculum, Social Service and Social Sciences and documentary research in the public documents of the Municipal Secretary and especially in the document "The integration of the school with the city by the ways of integral education" where are collected the testimonies of school directors, of coordinating bodies, the community education officers, family members and partner organizations. The thesis is divided into three sections, in which it is presented from the Freirean matrix, the concepts of Integral Education and social Protection, revealing the importance of the expansion of time for the childhood of the peripheries; the importance of the Lula and Dilma governments to include the Integral education agenda, the organization of the Diadema More Education Program, its management structure, curriculum design and training, routine, territories and subjects of the Program, and the analysis of the testimonies of the subjects of Integral Education in Diadema, and its reflexes in the effective intersection between Social Protection and Integral Education, and, as a dismemberment of this action, the guarantee of a curriculum that makes effective the rights of children, present in the legal framework. The research reveals that the experience of Diadema reflects the advances of a public policy for childhood, and points to a new format of the school, recognized from the formative process and corroborates with the fair living of the children of the periphery, which composes access to social goods and local knowledge / A tese descreve a interconexão entre Educação Integral e Proteção Integral, percorrendo os sentidos do termo Integral a partir da visão freireana e do marco legal de políticas da Infância, especialmente o ECA. O lócus da pesquisa é a cidade de Diadema, reconhecida por sua longa tradição de participação social e por seu cenário social, caracterizada por alta densidade demográfica e ocupação desordenada do solo. O objeto da pesquisa é o Programa Diadema Mais Educação, de Educação Integral, desenvolvido entre 2009 e 2012, com base no Programa Federal Mais Educação, e lapidado pela prefeitura que congregou consensos políticos e proporcionou uma arquitetura política para integrar diferentes sujeitos na esfera de gestão estratégica e na gestão operacional, baseado na participação social e na ocupação dos territórios cidade. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar a experiência do Programa Diadema Mais Educação, entre os anos 2009 e 2012, na relação da Educação Integral e Proteção Integral; os objetivos específicos são: estabelecer relação entre as dimensões de Integral no Currículo, a partir da leitura freireana; analisar a relação do conceito de Integral nas dimensões da Proteção Integral; identificar na experiência de Diadema, entre os anos 2009 e 2012, as múltiplas dimensões da Educação Integral na implementação de um Programa de Educação Integral em Tempo Integral. A natureza da pesquisa é qualitativa, realizada a partir de levantamento bibliográfico nas áreas de Educação e Currículo, Serviço Social e Ciências Sociais, e da pesquisa documental nos arquivos públicos da Secretaria Municipal e, especialmente, no documento “A integração da escola com a cidade pelos caminhos da educação integral”, do qual foram extraídos os depoimentos das diretoras escolares, das articuladoras, das agentes de Educação Comunitária, dos familiares e das entidades parceiras. A tese está organizada e dividida em três seções, nas quais são apresentados, a partir da matriz freireana, os conceitos de Educação Integral e Proteção Integral, revelando a importância da ampliação do tempo para a Infância das periferias; a importância dos governos Lula e Dilma para inclusão da pauta da Educação Integral; a organização do Programa Diadema Mais Educação, sua estrutura de gestão, seu desenho curricular e de formação, rotina, territórios e sujeitos do Programa; e a análise dos depoimentos dos sujeitos da Educação Integral em Diadema e os seus reflexos na efetiva intersecção entre Proteção Integral e Educação Integral. Como desmembramento desta ação, a garantia de um Currículo que efetive os direitos das Crianças, presente no marco legal. A pesquisa revela que a experiência de Diadema reflete os avanços de uma política pública para Infância, e aponta um novo formato da Escola, reconhecido a partir do processo formativo e corrobora com o justo viver das Crianças da periferia, que compõem o acesso aos bens sociais e aos conhecimentos locais

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda de Souza.pdf: 1741382 bytes, checksum: 6352c9ed13ae46e1a67a8e9ff7877343 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The full-time education has been the focus of intense debats and government strategies for its implementation in the Brazilian public school. In view of the More Education Program, created in 2007 as a strategy for inducing the expansion of the school time, we analyze the curricular settings in a public school, linked to the program, belonging to the municipality's education of São João, PR. The research aimed to analyze and to understand the curriculum designs that materialize, the organization of time, space and curriculum in the extended school day, as well as identify obstacles and advances for building an full-time school in a democratic and emancipatory perspective. The research of qualitative nature was performed by a case study. It was developed through analysis of official documents that guides the proposal of the More Education Program as well as the São João public education (Project of Integral Education and Pedagogic Curriculum Proposal for Integral Education and for the nine years elementary school) and the Municipal Countryside School Imaculada Conceição - EIEF (Politicalpedagogical Project and Plan of Action), scenery of this study. Questionnaires were administered to the managers of schools that offer the early years of elementary school to contextualize the full-time education and conducted semi-structured interviews with teachers and administrators who work in the researched school and in the Municipal Department of Education. The results show that the school time expansion reproduces the same elements of the partial shift, especially in view of the social demands and socialization, with little progress towards propitiating a new meaning to an emancipatory and implicated curricular project in full development of children and adolescents. We have not identified the question of curriculum and knowledge already laid and in the same way the effort to think new ways to socialize knowledge, in a transforming perspective. We found some key trends in training and curricular practices of the studied school: focus on the complement of the formal curriculum, the curriculum focused on the development of behaviors that promote learning of the common curriculum and, with less emphasis, the curriculum that targeted the learning of several languages and areas (dance, music, sport, recreation). Some weaknesses were found in the turn/reverse turn parallelism, in the difficulty of promoting curricular integration, in the juxtaposition of activities, in the absence of discussion and consensus on the conception about the Integral education longed, as well as on the school's social function in the Integral education perspective. The full-time school has sought to expand the formative opportunities and to improve the quality of public education, however, there are many challenges to overcome, among them emerges the necessity of continuing education, investments in infrastructure, improvements in the working conditions of the teachers, aiming that they have theoretical and material support to reorganize the curriculum and reframe their practices. / A educação em tempo integral tem sido foco de intensos debates e estratégias governamentais para sua implementação no âmbito da escola pública brasileira. Tendo em vista o Programa Mais Educação, criado em 2007 como estratégia para a indução da ampliação do tempo escolar, buscamos analisar as configurações curriculares em curso em uma escola pública, vinculada ao Programa, pertencente à rede municipal de educação de São João, PR. A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar e compreender os delineamentos curriculares que se materializam, a organização dos tempos, espaços e do currículo na jornada ampliada, bem como identificar entraves e avanços para a construção de uma escola em tempo integral numa perspectiva democrática e emancipadora. A pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, foi realizada por meio de um estudo de caso. Desenvolveu-se mediante análise de documentos oficiais que orientam a proposta do Programa Mais Educação, bem como da rede municipal de educação de São João (Projeto de Educação Integral e Proposta Pedagógicas Curriculares para a Educação Integral e para o Ensino Fundamental de nove anos) e da Escola Municipal do Campo Imaculada Conceição - EIEF (Projeto Político-pedagógico e Plano de Ação), cenário deste estudo. Foram aplicados questionários aos gestores das escolas que ofertam os anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental para a contextualização da educação em tempo integral na rede e realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com docentes e gestores que atuam na escola pesquisada e na Secretaria Municipal de Educação. Os resultados demonstram que a expansão do tempo reproduz elementos da escola em turno parcial, atendendo principalmente às demandas sociais e de socialização, com poucos avanços no sentido de propiciar uma nova significação a um projeto curricular emancipador e implicado na formação completa das crianças e adolescentes. Não identificamos o questionamento da matriz curricular e dos conhecimentos já postos, e, do mesmo modo, o esforço em pensar novas formas para socializar o conhecimento, numa perspectiva transformadora. Verificamos algumas tendências centrais nas práticas formativas e curriculares da escola pesquisada: foco no complemento do currículo formal, o currículo voltado para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos que favoreçam aprendizagens do currículo comum e com menor ênfase, o currículo voltado para aprendizagens de diversas linguagens e áreas (dança, música, arte, esporte, recreação). Algumas fragilidades foram evidenciadas no paralelismo turno/contraturno, na dificuldade em promover a integração curricular, na justaposição das atividades, na ausência de discussão e consenso sobre a concepção de educação integral almejada, bem como sobre a função social da escola na perspectiva da educação integral. A escola em tempo integral tem buscado ampliar as possibilidades formativas e melhorar a qualidade da educação pública, no entanto, são muitos os desafios a serem superados, dentre eles, emerge a necessidade de formação continuada, investimentos na estrutura física, melhorias nas condições de trabalho dos docentes, para que tenham suporte material e teórico para reorganizar o currículo e ressignificar suas práticas.

This diploma thesis is aimed primarily at the analysis and specification of the management specifics at schools with more grades in one class. Due to the proportionally lower number of those type of schools in the school system, these specifics have a general tendency to be neglected or at least only peripherally mentioned in literature, even though its management undoubtly differs from the one applied at fully organized primary schools. The theoretical part specifies the term school with more grades in one class and pursue to describe its specific features and particularities. A description of the general school management follows, aiming at its most important spheres. In this thesis, school management is being described primarily from the point of view of a headteacher. The research part of this thesis is realized through the method of questionnaire survey aimed at fully-organized schools headteachers and at schools with more grades in one class headteachers in Středočeský region, in order to discover their management specifics. This thesis is not framed as a qualitative comparison of those two school types. The specifies of fully-organized schools management are being elicited only as a default source of inrormation, from which the specifcs of school with more grades in one class management are...

Orientador: Eliana Goldfarb Cyrino / Resumo: Introdução: A Organização Mundial de Saúde recomenda uma razão de um médico para cada mil habitantes para que a população tenha um adequado acesso à saúde. Apesar de o Brasil possuir um número absoluto satisfatório de médicos, há no país uma distribuição desigual destes profissionais, com carência de médicos em comunidades remotas e vulneráveis, causando um grande impacto no bem-estar da população que ali se encontra e dificultando a universalização da saúde, como prevê os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde. Diante disso, o Governo Federal criou, em 2013, o Programa Mais Médicos (PMM), com o intuito de suprir de forma emergencial a carência de médicos em regiões de difícil fixação dos mesmos. A literatura considera que o principal fator que leva um trabalhador a deixar uma organização é seu nível de insatisfação com a função que desempenha, o que também se faz verdadeiro na área da saúde. Sendo assim, podemos inferir que a insatisfação laboral do médico da Atenção Básica é um dos motivos da dificuldade de recrutá-los e fixá-los por um período mais longo. Objetivo: Este estudo se propõe a avaliar as satisfações e insatisfações no trabalho de médicos integrantes do PMM no município de Botucatu – SP, cidade universitária com elevado IDH e com razão médico-paciente de 6,25. Metodologia: Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, na qual foram feitas oito entrevistas semiestruturadas com médicos do PMM e uma entrevista com gestores da AB no município, as quais foram analisadas e categori... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: The World Health Organization recommends a ratio of one doctor per thousand inhabitants so that the population has adequate access to health. Although Brazil has a satisfactory absolute number of doctors, there is an unequal distribution of these professionals in the country, with a shortage of physicians in remote and vulnerable communities, causing a great impact on the well-being of the population that lives there and making it difficult to make health accessible for everyone, as foreseen by the principles of the Sistema Único de Saúde. Due to that, the Federal Government created in 2013 the More Doctors Program (PMM), with the aim of urgently supplying the shortage of doctors in regions that are difficult to set them down. The literature considers that the main factor that leads a worker to leave an organization is their level of dissatisfaction with the role they play, which is also true in the health field. Thus, we can infer that the dissatisfaction at work of the primary care physician is one of the reasons for the difficulty of recruiting them and fixing them for a longer period. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the satisfactions and dissatisfactions in the work of physicians of the PMM in the city of Botucatu - SP, a city with a renowned University, a high HDI and a physician-patient ratio of 6.25. Methodology: This is a qualitative research, in which eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with PMM physicians and one interview with healt... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>Companies in the western world can no longer compete by using traditional means such as product and price since the commerce of services continually grows. To avoid similarity and increase competitive advantages modern companies have to be more specified. The competition between companies has increased and customers are harder to reach. Customers of today can afford luxury but trend indicates that originality, identity, and status are more important than factual needs. Products created and consumed at the same time within the service market are often very homogenous (similar). The small differences between companies make it hard to find the grounds of the consumer’s choice also making it imperative for companies to inter-pret the needs, habits, and expectancies of the consumer. A winning con-cept is hard to identify – individualism makes it harder to predict trends, product cycles becomes shorter, and the market becomes more casual, changeable, agile, lively, and impulsive. The purpose of this paper is to examine through quantitative survey which design factors create value for the consumer and how this affects the consumer choice. With prospective on the time of service the relation between consumer and company is evaluated in the moment of truth.</p> / <p>Företag i västvärlden kan inte längre vara med och konkurrera med traditionella medel som produkt och pris. Handeln med tjänster växer, för att undvika likriktning och öka konkurrensfördelarna ligger det i tiden för företag att nischa in sig. Konkurrensen om nya kunder hårdnar, och de blir allt svårare att nå. Kunder har idag råd med lyxvaror men trenden pekar på att originalitet, identitet och status är viktigare än faktiska behov. Inom tjänstemarknaden är produkterna som skapas och konsumeras vid samma tillfälle ofta mycket homogena. Det är svårt att veta på vilka grunder konsumenten väljer leverantör eftersom det ofta finns små skillnader mellan företagen. Det är viktigt för företag att förstå och tolka kunders behov, vanor och förväntningar. Det blir allt svårare att identifiera ett vinnande koncept – individualism bryter ner förmågan att förutse trender, produktlivscyklerna blir kortare, detta tillsammans med en mer flyktig, ombytlig, rörlig, livlig, impulsiv marknad. I uppsatsen undersöks vilka designfaktorer som skapar mervärde för kunden och påverkar valet av tjänsteföretag. Syftet med uppsatsen är att med hjälp av kvantitativ undersökning analysera vad det är som gör att kunderna väljer ett visst tjänsteföretag. Samt utvärdera om det går att uppfylla kundernas olika behov genom att addera nya faktorer till en tjänst för att skapa mervärde för kunden. Med perspektiv på servicetillfället utvärderas relationen mellan kund och företag i sanningens ögonblick.</p>

Companies in the western world can no longer compete by using traditional means such as product and price since the commerce of services continually grows. To avoid similarity and increase competitive advantages modern companies have to be more specified. The competition between companies has increased and customers are harder to reach. Customers of today can afford luxury but trend indicates that originality, identity, and status are more important than factual needs. Products created and consumed at the same time within the service market are often very homogenous (similar). The small differences between companies make it hard to find the grounds of the consumer’s choice also making it imperative for companies to inter-pret the needs, habits, and expectancies of the consumer. A winning con-cept is hard to identify – individualism makes it harder to predict trends, product cycles becomes shorter, and the market becomes more casual, changeable, agile, lively, and impulsive. The purpose of this paper is to examine through quantitative survey which design factors create value for the consumer and how this affects the consumer choice. With prospective on the time of service the relation between consumer and company is evaluated in the moment of truth. / Företag i västvärlden kan inte längre vara med och konkurrera med traditionella medel som produkt och pris. Handeln med tjänster växer, för att undvika likriktning och öka konkurrensfördelarna ligger det i tiden för företag att nischa in sig. Konkurrensen om nya kunder hårdnar, och de blir allt svårare att nå. Kunder har idag råd med lyxvaror men trenden pekar på att originalitet, identitet och status är viktigare än faktiska behov. Inom tjänstemarknaden är produkterna som skapas och konsumeras vid samma tillfälle ofta mycket homogena. Det är svårt att veta på vilka grunder konsumenten väljer leverantör eftersom det ofta finns små skillnader mellan företagen. Det är viktigt för företag att förstå och tolka kunders behov, vanor och förväntningar. Det blir allt svårare att identifiera ett vinnande koncept – individualism bryter ner förmågan att förutse trender, produktlivscyklerna blir kortare, detta tillsammans med en mer flyktig, ombytlig, rörlig, livlig, impulsiv marknad. I uppsatsen undersöks vilka designfaktorer som skapar mervärde för kunden och påverkar valet av tjänsteföretag. Syftet med uppsatsen är att med hjälp av kvantitativ undersökning analysera vad det är som gör att kunderna väljer ett visst tjänsteföretag. Samt utvärdera om det går att uppfylla kundernas olika behov genom att addera nya faktorer till en tjänst för att skapa mervärde för kunden. Med perspektiv på servicetillfället utvärderas relationen mellan kund och företag i sanningens ögonblick.

Aircraft design is an example of complex engineering where dimensioning tools can be valuable for the designers and decision makers in the early stage of the development process. These tools can be in form of a database over key numbers for different components or technologies. One of the critical parts of an aircraft is the actuator system. Conventional hydraulic actuators are demanding regarding maintenance which implies high operation costs. Therefore in recent years the focus has been set on electro-hydrostatic and electro-mechanical actuators. The aim of this work is to build a platform which can make it easier for designers and decision makers to analyze, compare and optimize different technologies regarding the actuator system. For this reason a simplified quasi-static actuator model, including reactive power consumption has been developed. This model makes it possible to reduce the complexity of the actuator models to such extent that the resulting computional tool can be used for studies of the system performance during entire flight missions and/or for optimization. Power density, cost and weight of the actuator systems are some of the important key numbers for comparing purpose and as a platform for the dimensioning of the aircraft. The ambition is then to build up a database of different actuator solutions with the key technical parameters mentioned above, that can be used in modeling and dimensioning of an aircraft. In order to avoid time consuming finite element calculations when analyzing an electrical machine a reluctance network model can be used. The basic idea of the proposed network model is to divide the rotor and the stator into a grid of small reluctance elements and provide those that correspond to the permanent magnet and the air gap between the magnets with time varying reluctances. The suggested computationally approach constitute a fast way to evaluate permanent magnet electrical machines with the respect to their performance. A preferred electrical machine provided with balance teeth and concentrated windings showed good electromechanical and thermal behavior. A balance tooth is a tooth without winding between each adjacent phases that has a cooling effect on the nearest windings, resulting in less copper losses. The balance teeth increases the voltage-time area, leading to higher induced voltage and higher torque production. Another advantage of the chosen design is its redundancy and fault tolerance capabilities. The machine comprises two independent half machines that also offers a high level of redundancy with two separate power channels. / QC 20100914

More electric aircraft systems, high power avionics, and a reduction in heat sink capacity have placed a larger emphasis on correctly satisfying aircraft thermal management requirements during conceptual design. Thermal management systems must be capable of dealing with these rising heat loads, while simultaneously meeting mission performance. Since all subsystem power and cooling requirements are ultimately traced back to the engine, the growing interactions between the propulsion and thermal management systems are becoming more significant. As a result, it is necessary to consider their integrated performance during the conceptual design of the aircraft gas turbine engine cycle to ensure that thermal requirements are met. This can be accomplished by using thermodynamic modeling and simulation to investigate the subsystem interactions while conducting the necessary design trades to establish the engine cycle. As the foundation for this research, a parsimonious, transparent thermodynamic model of propulsion and thermal management systems performance was created with a focus on capturing the physics that have the largest impact on propulsion design choices. A key aspect of this approach is the incorporation of physics-based formulations involving the concurrent usage of the first and second laws of thermodynamics to achieve a clearer view of the component-level losses. This is facilitated by the direct prediction of the exergy destruction distribution throughout the integrated system and the resulting quantification of available work losses over the time history of the mission. The characterization of the thermodynamic irreversibility distribution helps give the designer an absolute and consistent view of the tradeoffs associated with the design of the system. Consequently, this leads directly to the question of the optimal allocation of irreversibility across each of the components. An irreversibility allocation approach based on the economic concept of resource allocation is demonstrated for a canonical propulsion and thermal management systems architecture. By posing the problem in economic terms, exergy destruction is treated as a true common currency to barter for improved efficiency, cost, and performance. This then enables the propulsion systems designer to better fulfill system-level requirements and to create a system more robust to future requirements.

Due to the sheer volume of data involved, video coding is an important application of lossy source coding, and has received wide industrial interest and support as evidenced by the development and success of a series of video coding standards. All MPEG-series and H-series video coding standards proposed so far are based upon a video coding paradigm called predictive video coding, where video source frames Xᵢ,i=1,2,...,N, are encoded in a frame by frame manner, the encoder and decoder for each frame Xᵢ, i =1, 2, ..., N, enlist help only from all previous encoded frames Sj, j=1, 2, ..., i-1. In this thesis, we will look further beyond all existing and proposed video coding standards, and introduce a new coding paradigm called causal video coding, in which the encoder for each frame Xᵢ can use all previous original frames Xj, j=1, 2, ..., i-1, and all previous encoded frames Sj, while the corresponding decoder can use only all previous encoded frames. We consider all studies, comparisons, and designs on causal video coding from an information theoretic point of view. Let R*c(D₁,...,D_N) (R*p(D₁,...,D_N), respectively) denote the minimum total rate required to achieve a given distortion level D₁,...,D_N > 0 in causal video coding (predictive video coding, respectively). A novel computation approach is proposed to analytically characterize, numerically compute, and compare the minimum total rate of causal video coding R*c(D₁,...,D_N) required to achieve a given distortion (quality) level D₁,...,D_N > 0. Specifically, we first show that for jointly stationary and ergodic sources X₁, ..., X_N, R*c(D₁,...,D_N) is equal to the infimum of the n-th order total rate distortion function R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) over all n, where R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) itself is given by the minimum of an information quantity over a set of auxiliary random variables. We then present an iterative algorithm for computing R_{c,n}(D₁,...,D_N) and demonstrate the convergence of the algorithm to the global minimum. The global convergence of the algorithm further enables us to not only establish a single-letter characterization of R*c(D₁,...,D_N) in a novel way when the N sources are an independent and identically distributed (IID) vector source, but also demonstrate a somewhat surprising result (dubbed the more and less coding theorem)---under some conditions on source frames and distortion, the more frames need to be encoded and transmitted, the less amount of data after encoding has to be actually sent. With the help of the algorithm, it is also shown by example that R*c(D₁,...,D_N) is in general much smaller than the total rate offered by the traditional greedy coding method by which each frame is encoded in a local optimum manner based on all information available to the encoder of the frame. As a by-product, an extended Markov lemma is established for correlated ergodic sources. From an information theoretic point of view, it is interesting to compare causal video coding and predictive video coding, which all existing video coding standards proposed so far are based upon. In this thesis, by fixing N=3, we first derive a single-letter characterization of R*p(D₁,D₂,D₃) for an IID vector source (X₁,X₂,X₃) where X₁ and X₂ are independent, and then demonstrate the existence of such X₁,X₂,X₃ for which R*p(D₁,D₂,D₃)>R*c(D₁,D₂,D₃) under some conditions on source frames and distortion. This result makes causal video coding an attractive framework for future video coding systems and standards. The design of causal video coding is also considered in the thesis from an information theoretic perspective by modeling each frame as a stationary information source. We first put forth a concept called causal scalar quantization, and then propose an algorithm for designing optimum fixed-rate causal scalar quantizers for causal video coding to minimize the total distortion among all sources. Simulation results show that in comparison with fixed-rate predictive scalar quantization, fixed-rate causal scalar quantization offers as large as 16% quality improvement (distortion reduction).

With the current increased emphasis on the development of energy optimized vehicle systems architectures during the early phases in aircraft conceptual design, accurate predictions of these off-nominal requirements are needed to justify architecture concept selection. A process was developed for capturing architecture specific performance degradation strategies and optimally imposing their associated requirements. This process is enabled by analog extensions to traditional safety design and assessment tools and consists of six phases: Continuous Functional Hazard Assessment, Architecture Definition, Load Shedding Optimization, Analog System Safety Assessment, Architecture Optimization, and Architecture Augmentation. Systematic off-nominal analysis of requirements was performed for dissimilar architecture concepts. It was shown that traditional discrete application of safety and reliability requirements have adverse effects on the prediction of requirements. This design bias was illustrated by cumulative unit importance metrics. Low fidelity representations of the loss/hazard relationship place undue importance on some units and yield under or over-predictions of system performance.