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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Omnis Aetas - Les âges de la vie chez les historiens de l’époque républicaine et chez Tite-Live : définitions, représentations, enjeux

Cimolino, Emmanuelle 10 December 2011 (has links)
Cette thèse consiste en un travail sur la représentation des groupes d’âge et de leurs rapports entre eux, dans le récit de Tite-Live en s’appuyant sur une comparaison avec d’autres écrits à caractère historique datant de l’époque républicaine et du début du principat. Loin d’envisager la question de la définition de ces âges sous l’angle des différents gradus aetatum, il s’agit plutôt de se concentrer sur l’étude comparée de la vision individuelle des âges de la vie chez Tite-Live, Salluste, César, et les historiens de la République. Ce travail propose une définition de ce que nous considérons, selon les critères anthropologiques modernes, comme des catégories d’âge, en tenant compte de la disparité entre termes masculins et termes féminins, de la multiplication des termes pour désigner une même catégorie, et enfin de l’emploi de certains termes à des fins idéologiques. On s’attachera également à dresser une typologie des rapports entre les différents groupes d’âge, et à voir comment ils contribuent à structurer la vie collective en même temps que les rapports interindividuels. La représentation de ces rapports, entre idéal d’obéissance et de concorde et conflits durables, permet également d’envisager les moments d’une réflexion sur ce qui est censé caractériser la société romaine du passé. Car l’intérêt de l’étude repose aussi sur l’époque de bouleversements et de restauration à laquelle sont écrites les œuvres du corpus, où la politique du principat succède aux troubles de la fin de la République, et cherche à renouer avec les anciennes valeurs romaines. Or, ce moment de redéfinition des valeurs implique une réflexion sur ce qui les définit, et de fait une nécessaire innovation dans les définitions. Comparer les différentes représentations des âges de la vie touche alors à l’étude d’une représentation de l’organisation politique et sociale à Rome aussi bien qu’à l’étude des mentalités / The purpose of this work is to investigate the representation of age groups and their relationship in Titus Livius’s Ab Vrbe condita, through a comparison with other historical accounts dating back to the Republican period and the early Principate. This study does not examine how to define age groups by means of the different gradus aetatum, but rather focuses on the comparative study of Livy’s, Sallust’s, Caesar’s and the Roman historians’ own visions of the ages of life. It introduces a definition of what in modern anthropology terms is considered as age category, while taking into account the contrast between grammatical genders, the large number of different words for a same category, as well as the use of lexis for rhetorical purposes. It also presents a typology of the relationship between the different age groups, documenting the part they play in structuring collective life and individual interactions as well. The representation of a relationship ranging from an ideal of obedience and harmony to long-lasting conflicts allows analysing the working of a mind over what supposedly characterizes life in Ancient Rome. As a matter of fact, it is worth noticing that the text corpus of this study is written at a time rife with upheavals and restorations, when the Principate eventually replaces the troubled Roman Republic and attempts to restore its traditional values, which implies working out anew what they actually are. Therefore, comparing the different representations of the ages of life naturally merges into a representation of political and social organisation as well as a survey of mores in Ancient Rome
222

“Tão longe quanto a previsão científica possa alcançar” : experiência do tempo da geração republicana da Faculdade de Direito de São Paulo (1878-1882)

Antoniolli, Juliano Francesco January 2017 (has links)
À geração de 1870, a historiografia imputou a mudança da experiência do tempo no final século 19. Explorando esta hipótese, este trabalho busca compreender de que forma a propaganda republicana, revitalizada com a crise de monarquia no Brasil, ao mobilizar conceitos fundamentais na construção de seus projetos políticos elaborou expectativas para o futuro da nação. A trajetória de Joaquim Francisco de Assis Brasil (1857-1938) é tomada como guia de análise, uma vez que ele foi ativo participante da propaganda realizada no seio da Faculdade de Direito de São Paulo, entre 1878 e 1882. Por meio de jornais, conferências e livros de doutrina, Assis Brasil e seus colegas republicanos não só foram responsáveis por uma intensa atividade de propaganda em defesa de um novo regime político, como, para isso, articularam novas premissas científicas na elaboração de diagnósticos políticos em geral traçados a partir da experiência histórica brasileira. A pesquisa se fundamenta teoricamente nas considerações da história dos conceitos, de Reinhart Koselleck. A partir da análise, podese perceber que, se o vocabulário dos jovens republicanos era moderno, pois os conceitos políticos veiculados eram portadores de expectativas a serem efetivadas no futuro, esse futuro se encontrava, em certa medida, mediado pela trajetória de países que haviam trilhado as etapas previstas do progresso, e indicavam o caminho para a superação do atraso nacional. / Historiography has attributed the change of temporal experience in late 19th century to the 1870’s generation. Exploring this hypothesis, this thesis aims to understand the way in which the republican propaganda, revitalized by the monarchy crisis in Brazil, when mobilizing fundamental concepts to formulate its political projects, elaborated expectations for the nation’s future. Joaquim Francisco de Assis Brasil’s (1857-1938) path is taken as a guide for the analysis, given that he was an active member of the Law School of São Paulo’s propaganda, between 1878 and 1882. Through academic newspapers, public conferences and indoctrination books, Assis Brasil and his colleagues were responsible not only for an intense propaganda activity in support of a new political regime, as they articulated new scientific premises in which they formulated political diagnostics, generally traced from the Brazilian historical experience. This research is based on Reinhart Koselleck’s history of concepts theoretical considerations. The analysis showed that if the vocabulary of the young republicans was modern, since their political concepts carried expectations to be fulfilled in the future, this future was mediated, in some way, by the path of countries that had gone trhough the predicted stages of progress, and indicated the way to surpass the retarded nation’s development.
223

O grupo do Almanaque Literário de São Paulo: paradigmas da sociabilidade republicana nos tempos da propaganda (1876-1885). / The group of the Almanach Litterario of São Paulo: paradigms of the republican sociability in the times of the propaganda (1876-1885).

Menezes, Roni Cleber Dias de 05 May 2006 (has links)
Este trabalho visou a recompor as trajetórias dos integrantes de um determinado grupo sócio-político-cultural, que se formou ao longo da segunda metade do século XIX, na então província de São Paulo, grupo esse que se constituiu pelo entrecruzamento de complexas redes de sociabilidade estruturadas no interior de diversos microclimas que abrigaram sua atuação pública. A percepção da existência de tal grupo, no qual se contavam importantes líderes da propaganda republicana paulista, deu-se por meio tanto da recuperação de itinerários individuais de seus integrantes (em que se misturam as redes responsáveis pela sua socialização), quanto da investigação a respeito do modo como eles se inseriam nesses microclimas, a saber: a Academia de Direito de São Paulo, os jornais Gazeta de Campinas e A Província de São Paulo, o Partido Republicano Paulista e o Almanaque Literário de São Paulo (ALSP). Dentre estes, destacamos sua participação no ALSP, publicação informativa do último quartel do século XIX editada pelo tipógrafo português José Maria Lisboa, um dos membros do grupo. A escolha desse locus como plataforma privilegiada de observação das redes de sociabilidade que dão forma ao grupo de republicanos se justifica em função de dois aspectos: em primeiro lugar, o ALSP se constituiu num verdadeiro campo de batalha em que se digladiavam as díspares correntes político-ideológicas que caracterizavam a sociedade brasileira do período, último quartel do século XIX; em segundo lugar, pois, na medida que o tomamos também enquanto principal fonte documental que embasa a persecução das redes de sociabilidade dos componentes do grupo, o ALSP nesta dimensão de fonte, pouco foi explorado no conjunto das produções acadêmicas em historia da educação no Brasil. O aporte teórico responsável pela fundamentação conceitual dessa dissertação respondeu pela experimentação do conceito de \"estruturas de sociabilidade\", categoria de análise engendrada pelo historiador francês Jean-françois Sirinelli, que se traduz pela conjugação das duas variáveis que mencionamos anteriormente, a noção de redes de socialização a e noção de microclimas. / This work aimed at the recompor the trajectories of the integrants of one determined partner-politician-cultural group, that if it formed to the long one of the second half of century XIX, in the province of São Paulo, group this that if constituted of the inter-crossing of complex structuralized nets of sociability in the microclimate interior diverse that had sheltered its public performance. The perception of the existence of such group, in which if counted important leaders of the São Paulo republican propaganda, was given in such a way for way of the recovery of individual itineraries of its integrant ones (where if they mix the responsible nets for its socialization), how much of the inquiry regarding the way as they they were inserted in these microclimates, to know: the Academy of Law of São Paulo, the periodicals Gazeta de Campinas and Província de São Paulo, the São Paulo Republican Party and the Almanach Litterario de São Paulo (ALSP). Amongst these, the participation of those republican agents in the ALSP, informative publication of the last quarter of century XIX, that, the pair of the propagation of this modality of content was focou particularly, it consisted, over all, in a true battlefield where if they fighting differents current politician-ideological that characterized the São Paulo society of the last quarter of century XIX.
224

The Negro in Texas Politics, 1865-1874

Fennell, Romey 01 1900 (has links)
"The theme of this work centers around the Negro and his association with the Radical Republican party. For eight years this party controlled the state government of Texas and, the Negro's participation during this period cannot be overlooked. The Negro possessed, at this time, two valuable assets, the right of suffrage and a strength in numbers. It was through the careful coordination of these two assets that the Radicals were able to gain and maintain control of Texas politics."--Leaves iii-iv.
225

A escola entre o executivo, o judiciário e a sociedade /

Rodrigues, Aparecido Wilson. January 2003 (has links)
Orientador: Paschoal Quaglio / Banca: Cristiano Amaral Garboggini Di Giorgi / Banca: José Augusto Chaves Guimarães / Banca: José Geraldo Alberto Bertoncini Poker / Banca: Marília Faria de Miranda / Resumo: Esta tese é uma tentativa de contribuir com a organização das escolas públicas no enfrentamento de uma demanda crescentemente mais “necessitada” e uma oferta progressivamente ‘minguada’ pelas imposições dos organismos internacionais. A pretensão desse trabalho é denunciar e dimensionar o problema sem, no entanto, infelizmente, oferecer nesse momento, algum conforto aos aflitos dessa turbulência desumana. A empreitada é analisar o nível de comprometimento da proposição e da ação dos três poderes republicanos, da sociedade política brasileira, na universalização da educação como direito público e subjetivo, nesse contexto globalizado e, anunciar que um outro mundo é possível através da adoção de concepções plurais de justiça que permitam, que as desigualdades sociais e econômicas sejam dispostas de tal forma que beneficiem mais aos menos aquinhoados. Por fim acreditar com mais convicção na orientação da sociologia interacionista para a qual, a sociedade é como uma cena, o indivíduo é como um ator social em comunicação significativa com outros atores e suas significações próprias e, a vida social é a composição dialética dessas ações na construção da personalidade individual e da ordem social. A teoria do currículo, a teoria do conhecimento, a governança democrática, a reflexão crítica e pesquisadora, proporcionam o arcabouço científico para a construção de uma escola sintonizada com a indigência da sociedade civil. / Abstract: This thesis is a temptive of contributing with the reorganization of the public schools in the fight by a more and more urgent necessity and a rare progressive offer by the power of the international institutions. The intention of this work is denounce the existing problem and show how serious it is without giving them in this moment any kind of comfort. The purpose is to analyse the level of dedication of the proposition and of the action of the three Republic powers, of the Brazilian Politics Society making the educational system global as a public and a subjective right in this globalized context, and showing that another world is possible through the adoption of plural conceptions of justice that permit that the economic and social differences among people are reorganized in a good way in order to help more and more the poors. Believing with more convinction in the orientation of the interactionist sociology that says the society is like a scene, the human being is like an actor in an important communication with other actors and their own meanings and, their social life is the dialetic composition of those actions.In the building of the individual personality and of the social order. The theory of the curriculum, the theory of the knowledge, the democractic behaviour, the crictical reflection and the investigating action give us a scientific fortress to the building of a school that are plugged to the civil society. / Doutor
226

O sistema de normas e valores dos Grupos Escolares paulistas: a naturalização da ênclise / The system of norms and values of School Groups of São Paulo: the enclitic naturalization

Fernanda Alvarenga Teles 23 September 2014 (has links)
Grandes transformações sociais, econômicas e políticas ocorriam no Brasil republicano do final do século XIX. Nesse contexto, forças sócio-políticas operavam na proposta de civilização do país que se apoiava na difusão das instituições de ensino como estratégia para se equiparar à modernização e ao progresso dos países europeus. Assim, os Grupos Escolares foram criados em contraposição às escolas isoladas do período monárquico, inovando no cenário brasileiro com a implantação do ensino graduado e com o método intuitivo, servindo de propaganda ao novo governo instaurado. Alguns estudos têm mostrado que, dentro desse panorama da virada do século XIX, uma mudança na colocação pronominal em orações infinitivas preposicionadas se implanta no Português Brasileiro, o qual se distanciava do padrão lusitano e do uso vernacular da época. Considerando o crescimento da próclise do vernáculo brasileiro (OLIVEIRA, 2013) e a ênclise majoritária dos intelectuais republicanos paulistas (SANTOS SILVA, 2012) nesse contexto sintático, este trabalho investigará se os Grupos Escolares Paulistas adotavam um único padrão linguístico quanto à posição do pronome em infinitivas preposicionadas. Para essa análise, serão estudados ofícios e relatórios escritos em 1902 e 1906 por diretores de 34 grupos e inspetores da educação do estado de São Paulo. Para uma boa análise qualitativa dos dados, será adotado o paradigma indiciário de Ginzburg (1989), juntamente a um estudo etnográfico dos grupos e de seu conteúdo programático que permitirá identificar o pano de fundo da difusão desse novo tipo de escola e entender a simbólica importância dessa instituição de ensino para a sociedade republicana. Dessa forma, será possível entrelaçar o ponto de vista linguístico com a sócio-história dos Grupos Escolares paulistas na virada do século XIX para o XX. / Significant social, economic and political changes took place in the Brazilian Republic in the end of 19th century. In this context, socio-political forces operated in the civilization proposal of country supported in the dissemination of educational institutions as a strategy to match the modernization and progress of European countries. So School Groups were created in opposition to distant schools of the monarchy period, innovating in the Brazilian scenario with the implementation of graduate education and the intuitive method, serving as an advertisement of the new government. Some studies have shown that a change was implanted in the clitic placement in prepositional infinitive sentences in Brazilian Portuguese in the turn of 19th century, which distanced from both the standard European Portuguese and the Brazilian vernacular use. Considering the increase of proclisis of Brazilian vernacular (OLIVEIRA, 2013) and the majority enclitic of republican intellectuals of São Paulo (SANTOS SILVA, 2012) in this syntactic context, this study will investigate if the School Groups of São Paulo adopted a single linguistic standard about the clitic placement in prepositional infinitive sentences. For this analysis, formal texts written in 1902 and 1906 by directors of 34 School Groups and education inspectors of São Paulo will be studied. For a satisfactory analysis, the evidential paradigm of Ginzburg (1898) will be adopted, along with an ethnographic study of School Groups and their curriculum that will identify the background of the propagation of this new kind of school and understand the symbolic matter of this educational institution for the republican society. So the linguistic point of view can be interlace with the socio-history of School Groups of São Paulo in the turn of 20th century.
227

Blásfemos e sonhadores: ideologia, utopia e sociabilidades nas campanhas anarquistas em A Lanterna (1909-1916) / Blasphemous and dreamers: ideology, utopia and sociabilities in the anarchists campaigns in A Lanterna (1909-1916)

Andrade, Carlos Eduardo Frankiw de 11 September 2009 (has links)
A presente pesquisa tem por objeto a agitação política e social desenvolvida pela militância anarquista paulistana em torno de duas campanhas em que a mesma tomou parte entre os anos de 1909 e 1916: a campanha contra o Orfelinato de Artes e Ofícios Christóvam Colombo e a campanha em favor da construção das Escolas Modernas em São Paulo. Tendo por fonte documental os registros tecidos pela participação da militância anarquista envolvida na produção coletiva do periódico A Lanterna ao longo destes anos, este estudo teve como objetivo constituir uma leitura acerca dos cernes de sociabilidade desenvolvidos e instigados em meio a suas manifestações diretamente relacionadas à questão educacional no Brasil destes anos. Nos artigos e reportagens coletivamente construídos e disseminados por A Lanterna sobre as duas campanhas, foram encontrados e delineados indícios diversos que apontam para uma multifacetada e singular constelação de aspectos políticos, sociais e culturais de resistência, crítica e transformação da realidade em que viviam. A partir dos registros de uma coletiva construção e difusão de saberes e práticas por meio do incentivo à adoção de sociabilidades especificamente adaptadas às circunstâncias de suas agitações, forjaram-se instrumentos tanto para a denúncia dos aspectos ideológicos do discurso dominante vigente quanto para a experimentação de seus ideários utópicos em meio ao mundo em que viviam. No uso desses instrumentos, esta pesquisa pôde perceber uma clara preocupação com a coerência entre meios e finalidades nos saberes e práticas desenvolvidas por estes militantes. / This research has its core on the political and social stir led by the anarchist militancy of São Paulo around two campaigns that took place between 1909 and 1916: The first, against the Christóvam Colombo Arts and Trades Orphanage and the later in favor of building the so called Modern Schools in São Paulo. Its main documental resource is the records of anarchist militancy participation on the collective forge of the newspaper A Lanterna between 1909 and 1916. This study pursued the constitution of a reading concerning main aspects of sociability developed and incited amidst these flusters and connected directly with educational issues on Brazil over those years. On the articles and briefings collectively made and spread by A Lanterna about both campaigns were found and outlined several signs that point to a singular and yet multifaceted constellation of political, social and cultural aspects of resistance, critique and transformation of the reality they lived. From the records of a collective construction and diffusion of knowledge and practices through the induction of acceptance of sociabilities specific adapted to the circumstances of their agitations were forged instruments for both the denounce of ideological aspects of dominant speech as to the inquiry of their own utopic ideas on their living realities. In the use of these instruments, this research could perceive a clear concern about the coherence between means and goals in the knowledge and practice developed by this militancy.
228

Personagens escritores na narrativa de Max Aub / Characters who are writers in Max Aubs narrative work

Cruz, Karina Arruda 08 July 2016 (has links)
Esta tese consiste no estudo da representação de personagens escritores da obra narrativa de Max Aub (Paris, 1903 Cidade do México, 1972). O corpus está constituído por Campo cerrado (1943), Campo abierto (1951), Campo de sangre (1945), Campo del moro (1963), Campo francés (1965), Campo de los almendros (1968) e Vida y obra de Luis Álvarez Petreña (1971). Propõe-se que os romances citados colocam em movimento um processo de corrosão da imagem de autoridade dos personagens escritores. Tal processo contamina também a figura de Aub, que encena, nos Campos e em Vida y obra..., um debate sobre a diluição de seu poder de narrar. O lócus de enunciação do autor, que escreve a partir do exílio, consciente da derrota dos republicanos na Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), incrusta-se na forma dos romances, fraturando a imagem de potência dos personagens escritores. / This thesis examines the representation of characters who are writers in Max Aubs narrative work (Paris, 1903 Mexico City, 1972). The corpus is composed of Campo cerrado (1943), Campo abierto (1951), Campo de sangre (1945), Campo del moro (1963), Campo francés (1965), Campo de los almendros (1968) and Vida y obra de Luis Álvarez Petreña (1971). The study proposes that the aforementioned novels put in motion a process of corrosion of these characters image of authority. This process also contaminates the figure of Aub, who performs in Campos and Vida y obra..., a debate about the dilution of his power to narrate. The lócus of the authors enunciation, who writes from exile, and is aware of the Republicans defeat in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), embeds in the form of those novels, and fractures the image of potency of the characters who are writers.
229

A Revista da Faculdade Livre de Direito da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro: uma proposta para a identidade jurídica nacional brasileira / The Free Law School of the city of Rio de Janeiros review: a proposal for the brazilian national legal identity

Chaves, André Aparecido Bezerra 03 October 2011 (has links)
O presente estudo procura contribuir para a compreensão das ideias jurídico políticas da elite carioca entre 1899 e 1919, momento da História do Brasil no qual se reconstruía o espaço público através da organização das instituições republicanas. Optou-se por analisar os artigos editados na Revista da Faculdade Livre de Direito da cidade do Rio de Janeiro porque foi a primeira instituição acadêmica a oferecer o curso de Direito no Rio de Janeiro e possuía, desde sua fundação em 1891, um corpo docente composto por juristas de renome nacional como Augusto Olympio Viveiros de Castro, Francisco de Paula Lacerda de Almeida, Abelardo Saraiva da Cunha Lobo, Esmeraldino Olympio de Torres Bandeira, Carlos da Costa Ferreira Porto Carreiro, Benedicto Carneiro de Campos Valladares, entre outros. Esta escolha abriu a possibilidade de observar os motivos sociais que levaram à ampliação da demanda pelo ensino jurídico no Brasil e a legislação que indicou as diretrizes para a criação de instituições que oferecessem cursos jurídicos, acabando com a exclusividade das faculdades de São Paulo e Recife, e as obrigou a confeccionar revistas científicas voltadas para a divulgação da produção científica e debates teóricos da ciência do Direito. Pôde-se fazer um levantamento quantitativo dos temas dos artigos publicados e os organizamos por ramo do Direito, o que nos permitiu observar os temas debatidos e as principais referências teóricas que tinham os juristas que os escreveram (quase todos docentes): os livros A Evolução do Direito e O Espírito do Direito Romano nas Diversas Fases de seu Desenvolvimento, do jurista alemão Rudolf Von Ihering. Ao longo desta pesquisa poderá ser observado que as principais ideias que os juristas brasileiros assimilaram do jurista alemão foram: o direito público (representado pela autoridade e preponderância do Estado sobre a população) tem como finalidade defender o direito privado (especialmente a vida e a propriedade privada); a fonte do conhecimento do Direito e a criação de regras jurídicas (leis) não deveriam estar restritas à Filosofia do Direito e ao Direito Comparado, mas deveriam levar em conta as regras morais da sociedade, a fim de que a população sentisse justiça nas ações do Estado, contribuição essencial do Direito para a formação do Estado Nação. De um modo geral, percebeu-se que os juristas que representavam a elite carioca reunidos na Faculdade de Direito da cidade do Rio de Janeiro entendiam que o Direito não representava o espaço no qual se pensava apenas o conflito entre os indivíduos da sociedade, mas também a solução. Os conflitos sociais que ocorreram durante a República Velha (1889 1930) deveriam ser consequência de regras jurídicas ou leis concebidas de maneira errada, portanto creditavam na primazia do Estado sobre os indivíduos e imaginavam que reformas jurídicas (e não econômicas) poderiam levar à paz social. / The present study seeks to contribute to the understanding of juridical and political ideas of Rio de Janeiros élites between 1899 and 1919, moment in the history of Brazil when the State was reorganized through the articulation of the republican institutions. The choice of analyzing articles published in The Free Law School of the city of Rio de Janeiros review was made based on the fact that the school was the first academic institution to offer a law course in Rio de Janeiro and, since its founding in 1891, its faculty was composed of prominent jurists as Augusto Olympio Viveiros de Castro, Francisco de Paula Lacerda de Almeida, Abelardo Saraiva da Cunha Lobo, Esmeraldino Olympio de Torres Bandeira, Carlos da Costa Ferreira Porto Carreiro, Benedicto Carneiro de Campos Valladares, among others. These circumstances made possible the observation of the social reasons that led to the expansion of the demand for legal education in Brazil, culminating in the end of São Paulo and Recifes law school exclusiveness. The legislation related to the creation of the new law schools determined the foundation of scientific journals focused on the dissemination of scientific literature and theoretical debates of the science of law. A quantitative survey of the published articles subjects organized by area allowed to observe the main debates and theoretical references who wrote (almost all teachers): the books \"Law as a Means to an End\" and \"The Spirit of Roman Law in Different Stages of its Development\", written by the german jurist Rudolf Von Ihering. Through this research may be observed that the brazilian jurists main ideas were assimilated from Ihering: the public law (represented by the authority and prominence of the State population) aims to defend private law (especially the life and private property); the of the knowledge of law and the creation of legal rules (laws) should not be restricted to the Philosophy of Law or Comparative Law, but should accept the society moral rules, so that people feel justice in the States action, essential contribution to the science of law for the formation of the State Nation. In general, it was stated that the jurists, part of Rio de Janeiros elites joined at the Free Law School of the city of Rio de Janeiro, understood that law not only represented the conflict zone between the individuals in a society, but it could offer proper solutions. Consequently, the social conflicts that occurred during the República Velha (1889-1930) should be a consequence of rules or laws badly designed. Therefore this way of thinking was based on the primacy of the State over individuals, so that these jurists imagined that legal reforms (and non-economic reforms) could lead to social peace.
230

Le mouvement Tea Party 2009-2017 : résultat d’une enquête en immersion, à Philadelphie et à Boston / The Tea Party movement, 2009-2017 : results of a field study conducted in Philadelphia and in Boston

Trouillet, Agnès 29 September 2017 (has links)
Le Tea Party entre en scène en février 2009 aux États-Unis. C’est notamment la tirade d’un journaliste qui s’insurge contre les plans de sauvetage de l’économie votés par le Président Barack Obama, en direct sur la chaîne CNBC le 19 février, et invite à organiser une « Tea Party » dans le port de Chicago, qui déclenche ce phénomène sans précédent. S’ensuivent de nombreux rassemblements protestataires de masse à travers le pays, puis la création de dizaines, puis de centaines de groupes Tea Party locaux. La rapidité et l’ampleur de ce mouvement surprennent les spécialistes. D’autant que dès 2010, le Tea Party affirme des objectifs politiques et une volonté d’institutionnalisation, se révélant une menace pour l’establishment républicain. Mais en 2012, la réélection du Président Obama peut être lue comme une défaite colossale pour le mouvement, et des chroniques de mort annoncée sont publiées par la presse libérale (au sens américain). Des résultats peu spectaculaires aux élections de mi-mandat en 2014 semblent confirmer ce pronostic, surtout que le Parti républicain réussit à tenir le mouvement en respect jusqu’aux primaires pour l’investiture présidentielle en 2015. C’est alors qu’on assiste à un retournement de situation ; la radicalisation du Grand Old Party est nette, visible entre autres dans la plate-forme très conservatrice des candidats républicains. En novembre 2016, l’élection de l’outsider Donald Trump à la présidence, conjonction de nombreux facteurs électoraux, est également le résultat d’efforts organisationnels de la Droite auxquels le Tea Party a largement contribué. Pour appréhender ce mouvement, il faut comprendre qu’il combine des forces top-down et bottom-up. Certes, le Tea Party bénéficie depuis son émergence de ressources inestimables de la part de groupes de pression et de think tanks comme FreedomWorks, American Majority, Americans for Prosperity ou Heritage Foundation, ainsi que des médias conservateurs. De nature organisationnelle ou rhétorique, ces ressources sont fondamentales car elles permettent au mouvement de s’organiser et de mener ses actions militantes. Il n’en reste pas moins qu’à la base se trouvent des acteurs bénévoles, qui consacrent leur temps et leur énergie au Tea Party, et revendiquent leur caractère grassroots. Des organisations nationales comme Tea Party Patriots s’imposent pour fédérer les groupes qui leur sont affiliés, cependant certains groupes locaux cherchent à protéger leur indépendance. Autour des groupes Tea Party gravitent des organisations libertariennes et conservatrices, l’ensemble formant une nébuleuse complexe, qui fonctionne par réseaux à différents niveaux et selon diverses configurations. L’objet de cette étude de terrain est donc d’apporter un éclairage de l’intérieur du mouvement Tea Party, par l’observation en immersion de groupes locaux situés dans les régions de Philadelphie en Pennsylvanie, et de Boston dans le Massachusetts. Il s’agit d’abord de comprendre les motivations et l’idéologie des militants, principalement d’orientation conservatrice, libertarienne et populiste. Ce sont les notions de souveraineté individuelle, d’anti-fédéralisme, et de respect de la Constitution qui dictent toute lecture des Tea Partiers. Ensuite, l’analyse des modes opératoires des groupes permet de clarifier le fonctionnement de l’ensemble. Le Tea Party se démarque en tant que mouvement de droite recourant à des stratégies organisationnelles jusqu’ici plutôt réservées aux mouvements progressistes - la façon dont il applique les principes de l’organisation communautaire est l’une de ses forces indéniables, en particulier à l’ère des nouvelles technologies, et des réseaux sociaux. Son utilisation de ressources Web et d’outils concrets pour l’action militante est remarquable. Enfin, il est essentiel de saisir que le Tea Party veut s’implanter dans le tissu décisionnel local. Pour y parvenir, l’une de ses tactiques consiste à infiltrer progressivement le Parti républicain / The Tea Party enters the scene in February 2009 in the United States. On February 19, a CNBC journalist protests on-air against the economic bailout plans voted by President Barack Obama, and invites viewers to organize a « Tea Party » in the Chicago harbor. This contributes to trigger an unprecedented phenomenon, as numerous mass protest rallies soon organize throughout the country, followed by the creation of dozens, then hundreds of local Tea Party groups. Experts are astonished at the swiftness and magnitude of the movement. All the more so in 2010, when the Tea Party starts claiming political objectives and shows intent of institutionalizing, proving a threat to the Republican Establishment. However, President Obama is reelected in 2012 and this is interpreted as a devastating loss for the movement, for which obituaries are published in several liberal media. Lackluster results in the 2014 mid-term elections seem to confirm this forecast, especially since the Republican Party succeeds at keeping the movement at bay until the primaries for the presidential candidate nomination in 2015. But then there is a reversal; the Grand Old Party clearly radicalizes, as the extremely conservative Republican platform notably shows. And the election of outsider Donald Trump to the presidency in November 2016, a conjunction of numerous electoral factors, is also the result of organizational efforts on the right side of the political spectrum, to which the Tea Party largely contributed. To better apprehend this movement, it is necessary to understand that it combines top-down and bottom-up forces. From its appearance, the Tea Party has indisputably benefitted from colossal resources from interest groups and think tanks such as FreedomWorks, American Majority, Americans for Prosperity or The Heritage Foundation, but also from conservative media. Either organizational or rhetorical, these resources are primeval for the movement’s organization and activism. Nevertheless, there are voluntary activists working at the basis of the movement, who devote their time and energy to the Tea Party, and claim its grassroots nature. National organizations such as Tea Party Patriots try to establish themselves as federations for the groups affiliated to them, while some local groups seek to remain independent. Libertarian and conservative organizations gravitate around Tea Party groups, the whole forming a complex cluster that operates at different levels and following diverse configurations. Thus the object of this field study is to shed light on the Tea Party movement from the inside, thanks to the observation of local groups from an embedded position. These groups are located in the Philadelphia and Boston areas, respectively in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. First, it is necessary to understand activists’ motivations and ideologies, which are mainly conservative, libertarian and populist; and that Tea Partiers interpret everything though the lens of individual sovereignty, anti-Federalism, and respect of the Constitution. Then, analyzing the modi operandi of the groups allows to illuminate how the whole system works. The Tea Party distinguishes itself as a right-wing movement that recurs to organizational strategies that were predominantly used by progressive movements until recently – the way the movement applies the principles of community organizing is undeniably one of its strengths, particularly considering the new media revolution, and social networks. Its use of Web resources and concrete tools to encourage activism is impressive. Lastly, it is indispensable to grasp that the Tea Party aims for local decision-making positions. To this end, one of its tactics consists in progressively infiltrating the Republican Party

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