Cette thèse propose de parcourir l’histoire d’un genre littéraire à travers l’analyse de sa production manuscrite. Notre recherche porte ainsi sur la relation entre le texte et le manuscrit, et la problématique à laquelle nous souhaitions apporter quelques éléments de réponse concerne les rapports que l’on peut établir entre une typologie de textes et une typologie de manuscrits. S’il est possible, dans un ensemble de textes varié, d’ébaucher les traits qui distinguent le ‘roman en vers’ des autres productions, la même démarche est-elle transposable aux manuscrits de cette catégorie générique ? En envisageant l’ensemble de la production manuscrite des romans en vers au Moyen Âge, cette étude met en relief des modèles matériels et des typologies de codex pour ce genre littéraire particulier. Les analyses menées dans ce cadre ont par ailleurs contribué à reparcourir l’histoire du genre romanesque et de sa diffusion sous un angle nouveau, ainsi que de mettre en lumière quelques aspects de sa fortune. Les moments charnières de l’évolution du roman en vers sont d’autant plus riches d’enseignements qu’ils ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives de recherche, en particulier concernant la lecture et le mode de réception de ces textes. Parallèlement à l’examen approfondi de cinq aspects de la relation entre le texte et son contexte manuscrit – production des textes, production des manuscrits, dimensions des codices, mise en page et mise en recueil –, la thèse propose un catalogue des romans retenus et un catalogue des manuscrits (entiers ou fragmentaires) contenant un ou plusieurs romans en vers. / This thesis intends focuses on the history of a literary genre, starting from the study of its manuscript production. The aim of the study is to investigate the relation between the text and the manuscript and the existence of a relation between a typology of text and a typology of manuscript. If it is possible, in a variety of texts can the same be accomplished for the ‘verse romance manuscript’ as well? Research on the entire manuscript production of medieval romans en vers allowed us to trace the material models and codex typologies associated with this genre. It also enabled us to retrace the history of this genre, its diffusion and some aspects of its fortune, also giving us some valuable insights into the copyists’ awareness of their work and their cultural role. The presence of key points is particularly interesting and leads to new research perspectives, especially with respect to the way these texts were read. Together with the study of five aspects of the relationship between the text and its manuscript context (production of texts, production of manuscripts, codices’ dimensions, layout, collection), the thesis includes a catalogue of selected novels and a catalogue of manuscripts – intact or fragmentary – containing novels in verse.

Esta tese oferece um panorama de ideias sobre a tradução do verso livre em inglês para o português com base em uma pesquisa feita com dez tradutores brasileiros, por meio de um questionário com 13 perguntas abordando diferentes aspectos do tema. A pesquisa contextualiza as respostas com um perfil detalhado de cada um dos tradutores que participaram dela e uma análise contrastiva do grupo em conjunto, com base nos conceitos de habitus e campo, desenvolvidos pelo sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, aplicados à area da tradução. A tese conclui que a visão dos entrevistados reflete aspectos do conceito de verso livre, que engloba uma série de estilos poéticos, e enumera os pontos mais relevantes no conjunto das respostas, como a divisão dos poemas em versos livres em categorias, a necessidade de identificar o princípio de organização do poema e considerações a respeito da tradução do ritmo. / This thesis makes an overview of ideas on the translation of free verse from English into Portuguese based on a survey with ten Brazilian translators, who answered a questionnaire with 13 questions about different aspects of the subject. The study contextualizes the answers with a detailed profile of each participant, based on the concepts of field and habitus, developed by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, applied to translation. It concludes that the answers reflect aspects of the concept of free verse and identifies the most important points, like the division of free verse poems into categories, the need to identify the organization principle of the poem, and considerations on translation of rhythm.

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma proposta de tradução, do francês para o português, de partes selecionadas da obra Festin Joyeux, ou, la Cuisine en Musique, de autoria do officier de bouche do rei Luís XV, J. Lebas (1738). Essa obra constitui objeto inusitado de tradução e se distingue de outros livros de cozinha por envolver uma singular justaposição de gêneros, uma vez que se trata de receitas culinárias versificadas que podem ser entoadas segundo melodias populares da época, os airs de cour e os vaudevilles. No primeiro capítulo, é feita uma breve contextualização sócio-histórica e apresentação da obra original. O segundo capítulo consiste em discussão da natureza da obra e levantamento de possíveis dificuldades decorrentes do hibridismo de gêneros, acompanhado de uma delimitação de estratégia para a tradução pretendida. Por fim, o terceiro capítulo contém a tradução em si de composições de Festin Joyeux, acompanhadas de comentários que justificam as decisões pessoais tomadas na empreitada. Como apoio teórico, recorreu-se às abordagens funcionalistas da tradução, que enfatizam a questão da função como guia no processo de transposição de conteúdo e de forma da língua-fonte para a língua-meta. À luz de conceitos elaborados por teóricos funcionalistas como Katharina Reiss e Hans Vermeer, e em especial do modelo proposto por Christiane Nord, procurou-se traçar um plano de ação voltado para uma função pré-estabelecida para o textometa, tendo por base a análise textual e o receptor final da tradução. Em razão da perspectiva adotada, o corpus se compõe exclusivamente de composições que recebem a indicação de melodias cujas partituras estão incluídas na obra, de maneira que a função estabelecida possa ser cumprida integralmente. Todos os termos específicos ao campo semântico da gastronomia foram pesquisados em livros de cozinha contemporâneos a Festin Joyeux e em dicionários históricos, com o intuito de minimizar as possíveis distorções sofridas nesse espaço de quase três séculos entre a publicação de Festin Joyeux, no século XVIII, e sua tradução, no século XXI. / The aim of this study is to present a translation proposal, from French to Portuguese, of selected parts from the book Festin Joyeux, ou, la Cuisine en Musique, written by Louis XVs officier de bouche, J. Lebas (1738). This book appears as an unusual subject for a translation and distinguishes itself from other culinary books due to its text type juxtaposition, in as much as its a compilation of recipes in verse, intended for singing according to popular tunes at the time, the airs de cours and vaudevilles. In the first chapter, we make a brief social-historical contextualisation and an introduction of the original book. In the second chapter we discuss the nature of the text and survey the possible difficulties derived from the text type juxtaposition, determining a strategy for the intended translation. Finally, the third chapter includes the translation itself of Festin Joyeuxs compositions, accompanied by commentaries that justify the personal decisions made in the task. As a theoretical support, we have drawn from the functional approaches of translation which emphasize the question of the function as a guide in the process of transposing the content and form from the source-text to the target-text. In the light of concepts elaborated by funcionalist theorists like Katharina Reiss and Hans Vermeer, and in particular of the model proposed by Christiane Nord, we have strived to set an action plan towards a pre-established function for the target-text, based on text analysis and the final receiver of the translation. Due to the adopted perspective, the corpus is constituted exclusively by compositions that receive the indication of tunes for which there are music scores included in the book, in such a way that the established function can be thoroughly fulfilled. All the words which are specific to the semantic field of gastronomy have been researched in cookbooks contemporary to Festin Joyeux and in historical dictionaries, aiming at minimizing possible distortions caused by the gap of nearly three centuries between the publication of Festin Joyeux, in the 18th century, and its translation, in the 21st century.

This project consists of nineteen poems produced during my undergraduate career at the University of New Orleans. Issues concerning the female body; science (particularly astronomy and evolutionary theory); and theories about the creative process, capitalism, and relationships characterize the themes of this manuscript. Some poems are clearly part of the same narrative, while others are composed in various modes: epistle, address, self-definition, elegy, and lyric. This thesis includes prose and emblematic forms; there are poems styled after other poets and one composed entirely of “found” sentences. The poems consider what it means to be a young poet in 2017—a time when the artist must constantly argue for the importance of art and herself in an increasingly tense political and socioeconomic environment. I plan to submit these poems to literary journals.

Nîmâ Youchîdj, père de la poésie nouvelle en Iran, bénéficie d’apports culturels multiples dans le domaine de lalittérature persane et mondiale. Parmi les facteurs fondamentaux dans la réussite de ce poète novateur, la connaissancede la langue et de la littérature française apparaissent primordiales. C’est à l’école Saint-Louis que le poète s’initie à lalangue française, et que naît alors une véritable passion pour la littérature française, ses écrits en sont un témoignagefidèle. La maîtrise de cette langue lui ouvre de nouvelles perspectives littéraires. Il fréquente avec assiduité les ouvragespoétiques du XIXe siècle.Aussi le présent travail analyse l’influence d’Arthur Rimbaud, figure phare de la poésie française, sur la théorie et lapoésie de ce poète iranien. La méthodologie de base de cette thèse est puisée dans les théories de Carl Gustave Jung etde Gaston Bachelard. Afin de présenter l’importance de Nîmâ Youchîdj dans la révolution littéraire, cette étude traitedes différents styles et mouvements littéraires en Iran et du rôle de quelques poètes novateurs dans la modernisation dela poésie persane. La fréquence des éléments fondamentaux communs entre la poésie de ces deux poètes, la nature, lesconnotations symboliques et politiques et en particulier la notion de la poésie « objective » constituent le corps de cetteétude comparatiste. Celle-ci montre comment et dans quelle mesure le poète persan s’inspire des écrits d’ArthurRimbaud, précurseur de la poésie objective française pour fonder son manifeste et rompre avec la poésie classique, afinde fonder la « poésie libre » en Iran. / Youchîdj Nima, father of the new poetry in Iran, benefits from multiple cultural contributions in the field of Persian andworld literature. Among the fundamental factors in the success of this innovative poet, knowledge of the Frenchlanguage and literature seems to be of paramount importance. The poet started learning French language at the St. Louisschool where his passion for French literature is born; his writings are a true testimony to it. His command of Frenchopened up new literary perspectives for him. He studied diligently the poetic works of the 19th century.Moreover the present work analyses the influence of iconic French poet Arthur Rimbaud on the theory and poetry ofYouchîdj. The basic methodology of this thesis is drawn from the theories of Gustave Carl Jung and Gaston Bachelard.In order to present the importance of Nima Youchîdj in the literary revolution, this study deals with different styles andliterary movements in Iran and the role of several innovative poets in modernizing the Persian poetry. The frequency ofcommon fundamental elements between the poetry of these two poets forms the body of this comparative study whichincludes: nature, symbolic and political connotations, and especially the notion of the “objective” poetry. It shows howand to what extent the Persian poet was inspired to begin free poetry in Iran, following the writings of Arthur Rimbaud,the French pioneer of objective poetry who created his manifesto and broke away from classical poetry.

Les XIIe et XIIIe siècles voient se développer les romans arthuriens, en vers puis en prose, qui connaissent encore un vif succès à la fin du Moyen Âge. Alors qu’une mode arthurienne croît dans certaines cours, le roman arthurien doit se renouveler et les auteurs sont pris entre deux exigences. La cohérence de la matière arthurienne reposant en particulier sur une onomastique (toponymes et anthroponymes) sans cesse reprise, les auteurs doivent à la fois conserver uneonomastique identifiable et renouveler personnages et lieux en introduisant de nouveaux noms propres. Nous étudierons ainsi les modalités et les enjeux de l'onomastique dans les romans arthuriens tardifs. Après avoir dressé un bilan des études onomastiques et mis en évidence l'articulation entre les enjeux anthropologiques, les pratiques attestées et la tradition littéraire, nous établirons une typologie des noms propres dans le corpus qui s'appuiera non seulement sur les éditions, mais prendra aussi en charge les variantes attestées par les manuscrits. Nous analyserons également les noms pour leur réalisme et leur pouvoir de suggestion chez le lecteur, et examinerons leur rôle dans la structure de l’intrigue. À partir de la typologie, de l'analyse sémantique et poétique et de l'étude des rapports à l'onomastique réelle, on situera lapratique des romans tardifs et on cernera la spécificité des noms propres dans le corpus choisi. / Arthurian romance develops during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, in verse and prose, and still has an important success in the late Middle Ages. Despite an Arthurian fashion taking place in some courts, the Arthurian romance has to be renewed and authors are caught between two requirements. As the consistency of Arthurian romances partly remains in theproper names they share (place names and anthroponyms), authors have to both maintain famous and recognizable proper names, and renew characters and places by introducing new ones. We will study the modalities and the stakes in the proper names used in late Arthurian romances. After making an assessment of the onomastics studies, and highlighting the link between anthropological stakes, documented practices and literary tradition, we will establish a typology of the proper names in the corpus which will be based not only on the editions, but will also consider the actual variants in manuscripts. We will also analyze names for their historical dimension and for their power over the reader’s imagination, and examine the role they play in the plot’s structure. The typology, the semantic and poetic analysis, and the study of the associations with historic onomastics will lead us to situate late novels in the Middle Ages literature and identify the specificity of proper names in the selected corpus.

In-depth study reveals that the period 1971 to 1991 is a crucially important period is Sepedi poetry, because in these years the greatest proportion of the volumes of poetry currently available was published. This study discusses the characteristics of modern Sepedi poetry, focusing on selected poems by certain Sepedi poets. The poems examined are shown to be well organized in terms of content, structure, stanza form and rhyme. This study uses two research methodologies, namely definition and description of pertinent aspects of the poems related to the topic of study, modern Sepedi poetry. The model used examines the structure of the texts in terms of the three layers, namely content, plot and style, which provides a useful framework for the study of the structure of this modern poetry. Poetry is discussed in general, and defined, and the types and structure of modern poetry in particular are explored. The stanza forms of modern poetry are analyzed, according to Ntuli’s classification of regular, expanding, diminishing and bulging stanzas (1984: 232-245). Rhyme is known to be an important aspect of Sepedi poetry. Rhyme is defined as the repetition of words with the same or similar sound (homophones) and similar length, at the beginning, middle or end of lines, to form beginning, middle and end rhyme respectively. The function of rhyme is to make the reading of the poems more enjoyable, and to bring coherence to the stanzas of the poem. The sonnet is also discussed, and Spanish and English sonnets analyzed and compared with Sepedi sonnets. Sepedi sonnets are shown by this comparison to be governed to a greater extent by grammatical rules than their European counterparts, which affects the Sepedi poems’ rhyme, tone, poetic meter and length of words. Modern Sepedi poems are thus shown to draw on traditional Sepedi poetic techniques, in which the poetic meter is governed not by length of syllable but by two metrical laws, the law of separation and the law of agreement. The role of the caesura is also discussed, as it functions both to separate and join together metrical parts of the poem. Enjambment is described as the extension of a concept in a poem beyond a single line. That extension of poetical line in this fashion emphasizes the concept and also accelerates the tempo of the poem. Also important in tempo is the poetic meter, which can be altered by tone or pronouncement of particular words. The study is concluded by discussing the repetition of sounds, word stems, whole words or phrases. Various types of repetition are discussed, namely repetition of consonants, repetition of vowels, repetition of initial, middle and final sounds, mixed repetition, linking and refrains. / Dissertation (MA (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / African Languages / unrestricted

Ce travail propose une réflexion comparatiste sur la poésie française et la poésie bulgare au tournant du XIXe siècle. Le point de vue adopté est celui de la versification qui est perçue, dans la lignée des travaux métriques après 1980, non seulement comme résultant de la spécificité de la langue, mais avant tout comme produit culturel et sociopolitique. La période considérée se caractérise, dans les deux pays, par une remise en cause des pratiques des prédécesseurs si bien que, malgré les différences entre le syllabisme français et la syllabotonique bulgare, l'invention métrique et les débats qui l'accompagnent représentent une réalité commune. L'analyse comparatiste de la conception qu'ont les poètes français et bulgares de l'œuvre poétique fait ressortir les différentes connotations esthétiques des deux versifications respectives. Le sens sociopolitique de celles-ci s'éclaire à la lumière de ce que les poètes pensent de la société, du pouvoir en place, et de leurs lecteurs potentiels. Le point de vue métrique révèle ainsi les partis-pris nationaux inhérents aux formes poétiques. / This work offers a comparatist reflection upon the French poetry and the Bulgarian poetry at the turn of the nineteenth century. The view I have adopted is that the versification which is perceived, in the tradition of the metric works after 1980, not only as a result of the language specificity, but above all as a cultural and socio-politicalproduct. The period I examine is characterised, in both countries, by a calling into question of the practices of the predecessors so that, in spite of the differences between the French syllabism and the Bulgarian syllabotonicversification, the metric invention and the debates that follow point out a common reality. My comparatist analysis of the views that are held by the French and Bulgarian poets bring out the different aesthetic connotations of the two respective versifications. The socio-political meaning of the latter is clearer in the light of what the poets think about their society, the power in place, and of their potential readers. The metric view thus reveals the national biases that are inherent to the poetic forms.

The critical literature on George Gascoigne suffers from a serious omission: there has been no attempt to apply Gascoigne's Certayne Notes of Instruction concerning the making of verse or ryme in English, written at the request of Master Edouardo Donati¹ to any extended portion of his poetry, in a thorough way, toward an interpretative end. That a poet's poetics would not be so applied to his poetry is certainly ironic. The irony is intensified in this instance, because in all probability Gascoigne wrote the Notes after most of the poetry was composed.² In consequence, there is a considerable likelihood that the Notes might have been in part formulated through a process of inductive reasoning from patterns found in the poetry, not simply through logical deduction. Therefore, they are naturally applicable to the body of poetry which they follow (The Posies of George Gascoigne Esquire: Corrected, perfected, and augmented by the Author).³ My study is directed toward rectifying this omission in the critical literature on Gascoigne. In the first chapter, I examine the published critiques of Gascoigne which bear upon the relation between Gascoigne's poetic theory and his poetic practice. As I hope to show in that chapter that there has indeed been a failure to examine thoroughly any body of Gascoigne's work in terms of his own stated poetic principles, I should note here that, accordingly, I shall not incorporate critical references in the concluding chapter devoted to my reading of the poems (for there are no. critical references to the poems considered herein that are the products of any method of interpretation that is at all similar to my own). Occasional similarities in the literature on Gascoigne, either of observation or of interpretation with respect to particular poems, are at most representative of parallel methodologies or conclusions. They may sometimes be similar to, but they lie in distinctly different currents from, the new interpretative channel that I hope to establish. In Chapter II, I anatomize the poetic principles enunciated by Gascoigne in his Notes. I also attempt in this chapter to place Gascoigne's theories in the historical mainstream of ideas similar to his own. In the last chapter, which justifies the first two, I apply Gascoigne's principles to a coherent body of his poetry. Since I cannot treat all of Gascoigne's poems within the limits of a thesis, I restrict my selection to the "Flowers" division of the Posies. It makes sense to deal with those which are found in the first set of his poems (as established in the edition that he "Corrected, perfected, and augmented"). As suggested by the titles of these sets, "Flowers" exemplify more fully the application of his beliefs than would poems included as "Herbes," and exemplify that application better than would those classified as "Weedes." The principles that guide my selectivity within this framework will be explained at the beginning of the chapter in which the poems are analyzed. This chapter will conclude my thesis. As interpretative conclusions cannot be generalized, as the critical generalizations that can be made will be made in it, as the test of interpretative application of the Notes is the conclusion of all that precedes it, and as the reader must be the final judge of the method and interpretations contained in it, I shall not follow this chapter with another which, given the nature of this thesis, would be either unwarranted or redundant. I conclude this study, therefore, with this chapter. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

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