In this paper I delve into the connection between trade policy and labour rights as probably one of the most controversial issues, which the international trading system is faced with today. Labour laws differ from country to country and of course it is a cause for concern where some countries have higher standards than others, it becomes problematic for these countries with high standards to compete with countries with lower standards. Even though there is a definite link between trade and labour, my argument is that incorporating labour standards into the international trading system is not the best way forward to deal with the problem of abuse of labour standards.<br /> <br /> I further investigate the two organizations at the forefront of this debate, being the WTO and the ILO. In an attempt to ascertain which of the two is the best forum to deal with the issue I further look at the relationship between these two organizations. Compliance with international labour standards is a growing concern as worldwide standards are deteriorating and nothing is being done to alleviate the problem. Accordingly, I explore the causes for the abuse of labour standards and seek to find the better alternative, by looking at the respective positions of the parties who are for and against the linkage of trade with labour standards. Here the views and concerns of the developed world are weighed up against those of the developing world and looking at possible alternatives concludes the paper.

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it will examine employer techniques used to thwart the rights of newly certified unions. Second, this study will attempt to determine the effectiveness of the Act's remedies. Some statistical characteristics of cases and firms involved in violations of the duty to bargain collectively will be evaluated. Statistics from the Board's annual reports as well as from a recent study by Philip Ross will be used. The increase of Board cases dealing with violations of refusal to bargain, the average number of violations per case, and the prevalence of other unfair labor practices will be examined. The size of firms committing the majority of violations of collective bargaining will be compared with the size of firms involved in the majority of Board certification elections. National Labor Relations Board, circuit court of appeals, and Supreme Court cases will be used to investigate the effectiveness of three of the most prevalent violations of the duty to bargain collectively used by employers to circumvent the purposes of the Act. They are (1) refusal to meet with the newly certified union, (2) engaging in unilateral activity, and (3) refusal to bargain in good faith. This study will also examine the effectiveness of the remedies of the Labor Management Relations Act in protecting the worker's right to bargain collectively with his employer through representatives of his own choosing. Four of the standard Board remedies will be examined---(1) posting of notices, (2) reinstatement of employees discriminated against, (3) payment of back pay, and (4) a Board order to bargain in good faith.

This diploma thesis concerns legal relations in the modeling sector, particularly between models and their agencies. Its aim is to analyze present contracts, rights and duties and to discuss them from the perspective of labor law. A hypothesis is presented which assumes that those relations are de facto relations between workers and their employers despite the form and name of the agreement between contract parties, which refers to it as a business deal. The thesis consists of two main chapters. The first of them introduces the concept of "dependent work," which is used by the Czech legislation to determine which relations should be regulated by the labor law. It covers the reasons for such a concept, argues with the present legal criteria of dependent work and offers other approaches for identifying it. The second chapter deals with the practical problems present in the professional modeling branch. It shows the display of standard modeling work in the Czech Republic and the poor legal standing of models. By exploring the contracts and content of practical modeling work and judging whether they meet the criteria of dependent work, the thesis proves its hypothesis, namely that modeling in the context of the Czech legal system should be considered an employer-employee relationship. At the end of the...

My thesis is focused on the prohibition of discrimination in labor relations. This topic is very large and in future its content will continue to expand. Discrimination occurs in all areas of human life, dangerous a frequently occurring is in the area of labor relations. The aim of this thesis is to analyze legislation of anti-discrimination law in area of labor relations. I will also deal with analyzes of important judgments of the Court of justice of the EU and of the Czech courts. The first chapter defines the basic concepts, which related to the topic of thesis. The second chapter deals with issue of discrimination in labor relations in international law. International legislation is divided on the basis of international organizations that issued these rules. It's mainly United Nations, the Council of Europe and from the area of international organizations which related with labor law, it is International Labour Organization. The third chapter presents anti-discrimination law and case law in the European Union and its impact on the law of the Czech Republic. The fourth chapter deals with the prohibition of discrimination in labor relations in the framework of the legislation in the Czech Republic. There is also described the development of the prohibition of discrimination in Czech legislation. I will...

The theme of this thesis is to find the elements of flexicurity occurring in the various institutes of the Czech labor law and to study their interactions. The phrase flexicurity arises from the combination of two English words of opposite meaning, flexibility and security (safety, protection). Flexicurity is a certain concept of the labor market and may intervene in larger sense to the social security law and employment policy. The concept of flexicurity in the context of an employment relationship is an attempt to create a relationship between the employee and the employer, which will be flexible enough to contractual arrangements between employer and employee, while maintaining a sufficient level of protection for employees. This thesis is divided into several parts. It consists of an introduction, four chapters further divided into the subchapters and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with a general introduction to the labor law, its historical development and relationship to European Union's legislation. In the second chapter are mentioned the basic principles of labor law, the definition of labor law as a relatively independent branch of the law including the relationship to other branches of the law. The third chapter is devoted to the explanation of the concept of flexicurity, to the...

Longtemps « seul maître à bord après Dieu», le capitaine n’exerce plus aujourd’hui son autorité de la même manière, ce qui ne signifie d’ailleurs pas que cette dernière soit remise en question. Le particularisme de sa fonction en fait un personnage tout à fait spécifique à bord. Ce dernier caractère le place dans une certaine mesure, sur un même plan que le marin âgé de moins de dix-huit ans, personnage indispensable tant pour son rôle traditionnel que pour son activité à bord du navire.Sa position à bord en fait un marin différent des autres membres de l’équipage. Il a autorité sur l’ensemble de l’équipage. Même si cette autorité, comme c’est d’ailleurs le cas pour les chefs d’entreprise à terre ne s’exerce plus avec la même rigueur que dans le passé, elle n’en demeure pas moins. Marin, responsable de l’expédition maritime, mandataire commercial de l’armateur, préposé nautique, le capitaine a vu son rôle évoluer au fil du temps. D’un point de vue réglementaire, ses fonctions à bord, et sa position font qu’il conserve une situation originale, l’ensemble de la réglementation du travail maritime ne pouvant, de ce fait, lui être appliquée / Long "only master after God," the captain's authority is no longer present in the same way, which does not, moreover, that the latter is questionable. The specificity of its function is a very specific character on board. This last character is placed in a certain extent, on the same plane as the sailor who is under eighteen years of age, character essential for both its traditional role for its activity on the ship. Its position on board is a marine different from other crew members. He has authority over all of the crew. Although this authority, as is also true for business leaders on the ground no longer exercised with the same rigor as in the past, it nonetheless. Marin, head of maritime shipping, commercial agent of the owner, attendant water, the captain has seen its role evolve over time. From a regulatory point of view, his duties on board, and its position makes it retains a unique situation, the entire maritime labor regulations can not, therefore, be applied to him

Thesis advisor: Mark Gelfand / Labor in the United States has been commonly associated with images of industrialism, factories, and skilled craftsmen. This narrow vision of labor ignores the millions of Americans employed by the federal, state, and local governments. As early national labor law failed to define the rights of government employees, each state was forced to create their own public labor law through judicial rulings and state legislation. This study is framed around the struggles of Rhode Island public employees, specifically public school teachers, to obtain the right to organize and employ labor's greatest weapon, the strike. An in-depth examination of the 1975 Woonsocket Teachers' Guild strike incorporating the experiences of union officers, labor lawyers, and other participants provides a concrete example of the difficulties encountered by government employees against the courts, legislature, and public opinion. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2005. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Esta dissertação é dedicada à análise da proteção à maternidade no Brasil e à expansão legal desta garantia social nos últimos anos. Em tese, este direito constitucional permite uma condição melhor da mulher no mercado de trabalho e uma maior proteção à criança recém-nascida, além de possibilitar a conciliação entre as responsabilidades do trabalho e da família, adequando-se às exigências da sociedade moderna. Neste sentido, parte-se da hipótese de que a expansão desta garantia legal propicia o aperfeiçoamento da eficácia da proteção social. O objetivo do presente estudo é examinar como a garantia legal de proteção à maternidade evoluiu no cenário normativo nacional e como o avanço obtido em 1988 assegurou a ampliação da eficácia da proteção referida. Através de um balanço jurídicohistórico, a dissertação comprova que, a despeito dos discursos à época da Constituinte, a ampliação do instituto não resultou na queda do emprego feminino, nem mesmo em prejuízo para a atividade empresarial. Mais especificamente, procura-se demonstrar que a expansão da garantia legal pode constituir ferramenta para o aperfeiçoamento da eficácia da proteção (ao contrário do que os conservadores afirmaram e ainda afirmam de modo ideológico e contrafactual). Para isso, a dissertação revê a trajetória do instituto da proteção à maternidade, em perspectiva de balanço, analisando seus avanços no tempo. O que se evita afirmar (e aí se impõe o limite desta argumentação) é que toda expansão da garantia legal necessariamente promova o aperfeiçoamento da eficácia da proteção; também, por outro lado, que somente pela expansão da garantia legal seja possível aperfeiçoar a eficácia da proteção. Procedimentos metodológicos: 1) revisão bibliográfica dos textos constitucionais e das obras que comentam o assunto para a organização do quadro teórico; 2) realização de pesquisa documental para examinar o debate ocorrido na época da Constituinte e da aprovação da atual Lei 11.770/2008; 3) produção de tabelas sobre a evolução do emprego feminino a partir de dados do MTE, assim como quadros comparativos da licençamaternidade com base em publicações do PNUD e da OIT. O tema é extremamente relevante e capaz de provocar uma reflexão acerca do papel decisivo da inserção da proteção social nas Constituições, o que garantiu sua eficácia ao longo do tempo. Além disso, é relevante para criticar a falta de consistência de discursos contrários à ampliação de direitos trabalhistas (em particular, da classe empregadora), bem como indicar a necessidade de aprimoramento da legislação do trabalho acerca da proteção à maternidade, em especial pelos direitos de conciliação entre trabalho e família. Em suma, a dissertação propõe um estudo inédito sobre o tema e apresenta um enfoque alinhado com as tendências internacionais neste campo. Além disso, aponta, por meio da avaliação dos processos jurídico-históricos, diferentes caminhos para aprimorar a eficácia da proteção à maternidade por meio do instrumental normativo. / This dissertation is addressed to the analysis of maternity protection in Brazil and the expansion of social insurance law in recent years. In theory, this constitutional right allows a better condition of women in the labor market and greater protection to the newborn child, besides facilitating the conciliation between work responsibilities and family, adjusting to the demands of modern society. In this sense, it is normally assumed that the expansion gives legal guarantee of improving the effectiveness of social protection. The aim of this study is to examine how the legal guarantee of maternity protection in the regulatory landscape has evolved and how the national progress made in 1988 ensured the increased efficacy of such protection. Through a balance of legal and historical vision, the dissertation shows that, despite the speeches at the time of the new Constitutions Congress, not the expansion of the Institute resulted in the decline of female employment, even in injury to the business activity. More specifically, it seeks to demonstrate that the expansion of the legal guarantees can be a tool for enhancing the effectiveness of protection (contrary to what conservatives have said and still say so ideological and counterfactual). For this, the paper reviews the history of the institute of protection of motherhood, analyzing their progress over time. The study avoids stating that any expansion of the legal guarantee necessarily promotes the improvement of the effectiveness of protection. And on the other hand, one cannot think that only the expansion of the legal guarantee to be able to improve the effectiveness of protection. Methodological procedures: 1) literature review of constitutional texts and works that comment on the matter to the organization of the of the theoretical framework; 2) conducting archival research to examine the debate occurred at the time of the Constitutions Congress and the approval of the current law (Lei 11.770/2008); 3) production of tables on the evolution of female employment data from the Labor Ministry, as well as comparative tables of maternity leave based on publications of UNDP and ILO. The theme is extremely relevant and able to cause a reflection on the crucial role of the insertion of social protection in the Federal Constitution, which guaranteed its effectiveness over time. Moreover, it is important to criticize the lack of consistency of the arguments against the extension of labor rights (in particular, by employers) and indicate the need for improvement of labor legislation on the protection of motherhood, especially for the rights of reconciling work and family. In short, the paper proposes a new study about the topic and presents an approach in line with international trends in this field. In addition, he noted, by evaluating the legal and historical processes, different ways to enhance the effectiveness of maternity protection through legal instruments.

A pesquisa está relacionada ao estudo do Direito do Trabalho no contexto da chamada modernidade líquida, conceito proposto pelo sociólogo Zygmunt Bauman, partindo da perspectiva dos Direitos Humanos. Assim, a investigação indaga a influência que a modernidade líquida exerce sobre o Direito do Trabalho como um todo, envolvendo desde as relações de trabalho até a atuação do Poder Judiciário, atingindo inclusive o problema da plena eficácia das garantias conferidas aos trabalhadores pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro como consequência do referido contexto. Relativamente à perspectiva dos Direitos Humanos, o ponto de partida é a solidariedade como fundamento axiológico de tal seara de direitos, uma vez que o princípio influenciou o surgimento dos direitos sociais e, como o Direito do Trabalho integra aquele gênero, tal perspectiva será de grande valia. Ademais, a questão dos direitos humanos também estará voltada à teoria sociológica de Bauman, observando seu olhar sobre tal gênero de direitos com consequente análise crítica do posicionamento por ele adotado. Por fim, analisam-se os reflexos da modernidade líquida materializados no Direito do Trabalho, no âmbito da jurisprudência e em face da política conciliatória, de maneira que emerge a constatação da existência de um processo de desregulamentação da proteção aos trabalhadores com o auxílio do próprio Estado. / This work is related to the Labor Law study in the context of called liquid modernity. This concept was proposed by the sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, from the perspective of Human Rights. Thus, the purpose of this work is to investigate the influence of liquid modernity on Labor Law as a whole, from labor relations to the Judicial Power approaches. The study also includes the problem of rights full effectiveness guaranteed to workers by Brazilian law as a result of this context. Regarding the perspective of Human Rights, the starting point is solidarity as the basis of such axiological harvest rights, since the principle has influenced the emergence of social rights and labor law as part of the genre, this perspective will be of great value. Moreover, the issue of human rights will also be focused on the sociological theory of Bauman, investigating its point of view at this kind of rights with subsequent review of the position adopted. Finally, we analyze the consequences of liquid modernity embodied in Labor Law, in the jurisprudence scope and facing the conciliatory politic, so giving rise to the finding of a deregulation of worker protection with their own State agreement.

A presente dissertação intitulada O princípio de proteção em face da flexibilização dos direitos trabalhistas tem o objetivo de analisar a proteção do trabalhador no atual contexto brasileiro, através do método apresentado pela teoria de direito como integridade, formulada por Ronald Dworkin. O diferencial desta teoria é a adoção do novo paradigma de objetividade, em oposição ao conceito moderno de objetividade científica, em que o objeto deve ser conhecido necessariamente desvinculado da perspectiva do sujeito cognoscente. Conforme o novo paradigma de objetividade, nenhum conceito pode ser determinado a priori, mas somente dentro de um contexto determinado. O mesmo acontece com o conceito de direito. Não é possível a priori descrevê-lo por completo. O conceito se constrói na própria resolução dos casos concretos, ainda que reconheçamos casos paradigmáticos. Dessa forma, diante de um caso difícil, ou seja, sobre o qual há controvérsia, o juiz utilizará sempre padrões jurídicos interpretados com base na teoria que melhor justifica a prática jurídica como um todo. Assim, não há discricionariedade no sentido de ausência de padrão para julgamento. O direito determina a decisão correta, a qual constitui direito subjetivo do cidadão, e obrigação jurídica do juiz. A discussão sobre o princípio da proteção do trabalhador presente no direito brasileiro na atualidade é bem compreendida como um caso difícil conforme o modelo descrito por Ronald Dworkin. É reconhecida a desigualdade entre as partes da relação de emprego, entretanto, diverge-se sobre a melhor forma de equilibrar esse contrato. A corrente que defende a proteção do trabalhador pela via da negociação coletiva entende que o protecionismo estatal não mais atente à finalidade do direito de trabalho de equilibrar a relação de emprego, sendo necessária a flexibilização dos direitos trabalhistas. Enquanto a corrente oposta entende que a finalidade do direito do trabalho é melhor alcançada justamente pela proteção do empregado pelo Estado. A divergência é sobre qual a melhor concepção de proteção do trabalhador, ou seja, o que é a igualdade no campo das relações de emprego. A análise dos argumentos das duas correntes demonstra que a argumentação da corrente que defende a proteção estatal é mais forte, pois não faz sentido atribuir aos sindicatos a função de proteger os trabalhadores no momento em que essas entidades estão mais frágeis. Essa fragilidade é causada justamente pelos mesmos fatores que os juristas apontam como motivo para flexibilização dos direitos trabalhistas. São exatamente o atual modelo de produção e o desemprego as maiores causas da fragilidade do sindicato. Essa disputa doutrinária ressoa na jurisprudência. A análise de acórdãos do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho mostra que o Tribunal resguarda direitos mínimos do trabalhador e direitos que representam normas de ordem pública, os quais não podem ser negociados. Além disso, exige concessões recíprocas para a validade da negociação coletiva. Por outro lado, permite a flexibilização dos direitos trabalhistas nos casos previstos na Constituição e nos casos de direitos disponíveis. / The purpose of this paper, entitled Principle of protection under labor rights flexibility, is to analyze the protection of employees in the current Brazilian context, by means of the method presented by the theory of law as integrity, formulated by Ronald Dworkin. This theorys differential factor is the adoption of a new objectivity standard, as opposed to the modern scientific objectivity concept, in which the object must be necessarily known as detached from the cognoscent subject perspective. According to the new objectivity standard, no concept may be determined a priori, but only within a determined context. The same happens with the law concept. It is not possible to completely describe it a priori, the concept is created to the extent concrete cases are resolved, although we recognize paradigmatic cases. Thus, in face of a difficult case, that is, which presents controversies, the judge will always use legal standards interpreted based on the theory that best justifies the legal practice as a whole. In this way, there is no discretion in regards to the lack of standard for judgment. The law determines the correct decision, which constitutes the citizens subjective right, and the judges legal obligation. The discussion on the employees protection principle present in the Brazilian law nowadays is understood as a difficult case, according to the model described by Ronald Dworkin. The unequal character between the parties in an employment relationship is recognized, however, there are divergences in regards to the best way to achieve balance threrein. The stream defending the protection of employees by collective negotiation understands that the state protectionism no longer meets the purpose of labor law to provide balance to employment relationships, being necessary to turn labor rights flexible. The opposed stream, at its turn, understands that the purpose of labor law is better achieved exactly by the protection of the employee by the State. The divergence arises when it comes to decide which is the best employee protection concept, that is, what does equality mean within the scope of employment relationships. Upon analysis of the arguments of both streams, it is found to be stronger the stream defending state protection, because it does not make much sense to give unions the function to protect employees at the moment such entities are more fragile. Such fragility is specially caused by the same factors described by jurists as the reason to turn labor rights flexible. The current production model and unemployment are the greatest causes of union fragility. This doctrinaire dispute has an influence upon the case law. The analysis of the decisions rendered by the Labor Supreme Court demonstrates that the Court protects the minimum rights of employees and the rights representing public order rules, which may not be negotiated. In addition, it requires reciprocal concessions to make the collective negotiation valid. On the other hand, it allows the flexibility of labor rights in the cases se forth in the Constitution and available case law.