Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-07-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fonseca_bpa_me_botfmvz.pdf: 1645881 bytes, checksum: 5494279cff3cd7b3c6176cf87571445f (MD5) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da termografia e ultra-sonografia no diagnóstico das lesões toracolombares em eqüinos atletas da raça Quarto de Milha e associar os diferentes tipos de lesões à modalidade atlética desenvolvida. Foram utilizados 24 animais admitidos no Serviço de Cirurgia de Grandes Animais da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP - Botucatu com queixa de lombalgia. Estes animais foram submetidos a exame físico para confirmar a existência de alteração toracolombar e então aos exames termográfico e ultra-sonográfico. O exame termográfico foi utilizado para o mapeamento das áreas lesadas da região e a ultra-sonografia para a caracterização das lesões. As lesões encontradas foram a desmite supraespinhosa, desmite interespinhosa, osteoartrite intervertebral dorsal e síndrome dos processos espinhosos (kissing spines). Foi constatada a existência de relação entre o tipo de atividade exercida pelo animal com o tipo de lesão encontrado. Nos animais que desempenhavam prova dos três tambores houve um predomínio de lesões na região torácica caudal, toracolombar e lombar cranial, sendo a osteoartrite intervertebral e a desmite interespinhosa as afecções mais encontradas. Nos animais de apartação observou-se a maioria das lesões na região lombar caudal, sendo predominantes a osteoartrite intervertebral e a desmite supraespinhosa. Já nos animais de rédeas o local preferencial de lesão foi a região média lombar, com predomínio de osteoartrites intervertebrais, desmites supraespinhosas e miosites. A termografia associada à ultra-sonografia se mostraram eficientes no diagnóstico das lesões toracolombares destes eqüinos. / The objective of this study was to appreciate the efficacy of thermography and ultrassonography for toracolombar lesions diagnostic in athletic American Quarter Horse and associate this to the different kinds of athletic modalities. Was used 24 animals accepted in Cirurgia de Grandes Animais service of the Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP - Botucatu with lombalgy report. Those animals was submitted to a physical exam to confirm the toracolombar pain existence and so, to the thermographic and ultrassonographic exams. The thermographic exam was performed for mapping the lesioned areas and the ultrassonographic exam, for the characterization of this lesions. After the exams, supraspinal desmitis, interspinal desmitis, dorsal invertebral osteoarthritis and spinous processes impingement (kissing spines) was found. The relation between the modality of athletic activity performed by the animal and the type of lesion ranged was verify. The barrel race horses presents prevalence of lesions in thoracic caudal, toracolombar and lumbar cranial regions and the invertebral osteoarthritis and interspinal desmitis was the prevalence on affections. In cutting horses, was verify that the major part of lesions was localized on caudal lumbar region with the prevalence of invertebral osteoartrite and supraspinal desmitis. In reining animals the prevalence of lesions was in medial lombar region, where invertebral osteoartrite, supraspinal desmitis and miositis was verify with constancy. The thermography in association with ultrassonography shows efficacy in toracolombar injuries diagnoses for this horses.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a caracterização das alterações radiográficas na articulação metacarpofalângica de cavalos que desenvolvem a modalidade de Três Tambores. Foram utilizados 30 animais oriundos dos Estados de São Paulo e Paraná, que participam desta modalidade e ao exame clínico apresentaram claudicação pós-flexão. Ao exame clínico foi observado que 13,3% (n=4) apresentaram claudicação espontânea (CE) e os demais somente após a flexão forçada. Entre os animais considerados foi constatada predominância de claudicação de grau II no membro anterior direito (MAD) e de grau I no membro anterior esquerdo (MAE). Ao exame radiográfico constatouse que 3,3% (n=1) não apresentaram anormalidades radiográficas. Dentre os demais animais observou-se incidência de: sesamoidite (S) (70%), havendo predominância de apresentação nos sesamóides laterais dos MAD; sinovite vilonodular (SV) (53,3%), com prevalência de apresentação dorsal de grau leve no MAE; osteoartrite (OA) (36%) prevalecendo formação de osteófito na face medial da falange proximal em MAD/MAE; osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) (13,3%) com predomínio de apresentação de fragmentos oriundos da porção dorsal proximal da crista sagital mediana em ambos os membros; capsulite (C) (13,3%) prevalente no MAE e edema de tecidos moles (ETM) (6,6%) distribuídos igualmente em ambos os membros. Esta modalidade de diagnóstico por imagem, apesar de bastante estabelecida, necessita de complementos do exame ultrasonográfico, no entanto proporcionou a criação de referências para Veterinários que trabalhem com claudicação em cavalos de Três Tambores. / Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the characterization of radiographic abnormalities at the metacarpophalangeal joint of Barrel Race horses. Thirty barrel race horses presenting lameness after joint forced flexion, originated from the states of São Paulo and Paraná were submitted into this study. At the clinical examination it was observed that 13,3% (n=4) exhibited spontaneous lameness (CE) and the other horses only after forced flexion. It was observed prevalence of grade II lameness from the right forelimb (MAD) and grade I lameness from the left forelimb (MAE). By the radiographic examination it was observed that 3,3% (n=1) did not show radiographic changes. Among the other horses, it was observed the following incidence: sesamoiditis (S) (70%), with predominance of presentation in the lateral sesamoid bones of the MAD; vilonodular synovitis (VS) (53,3%), with presentation prevalence at the proximal dorsal surface in the MAE; osteoarthritis (OA) (36%), exhibiting prevalence of osteophyte formation in the medial surface of the proximal falanx in MAD/MAE; osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) (13,3%) predominating presentation of osteochondral fragments originated of the dorsal proximal surface of the sagital ridge in both forelimbs; capsulitis (C) (13,3%) prevalent in the MAE and soft tissue edema (STE) (6,6%) equally distributed in both forelimbs. The radiographic examination, despite being very established and need complementary data from ultrasonographic examination, promoted the creation of a small database useful as a reference for Barrel Racing horse Veterinarians. / Orientador: Luiz Carlos Vulcano / Coorientador: Vânia M. V. Machado / Banca: Stefano Carlo Filippo Hagen / Banca: Ana Liz Garcia Alves / Mestre

Resumo: Os equinos apresentam predisposição elevada às lesões do sistema locomotor desenvolvendo, em consequência disso, respostas inflamatória e álgica. O anti-inflamatório não esteroidal fenilbutazona é um dos fármacos mais utilizados no tratamento da inflamação e da dor músculo-esquelética nos equinos. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos clínicos da administração em dose única de fenilbutazona nas doses de 2,2, 4,4 ou 16,6 mg/kg por via intravenosa em equinos submetidos à claudicação experimental reversível induzida por dois parafusos fixados à ferradura, ajustados para exercerem pressão solear e, consequentemente, causar desconforto e claudicação controlada. Por meio deste modelo, estudou-se a concentração plasmática da fenilbutazona e da oxifembutazona e a resposta clínica de seis equinos adultos, saudáveis submetidos a três doses de fenilbutazona, em um intervalo de sete dias. Os parafusos foram apertados e ajustados para produzirem compressão solear capaz de induzir claudicação de grau 3 ou 4, segundo escala da AAEP, e foram mantidos por um período de 24h. Avaliou-se grau de claudicação, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial sistólica, sons intestinais, concentração plasmática da fenilbutazona e oxifembutazona, parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos. As três doses demonstraram eficácia clínica, sem produção de efeitos adversos. A concentração plasmática da fenilbutazona e da oxifembutazona foi diretamente proporcional à dose aplicada, entretanto o aumento da dose não aumentou a eficácia, haja vista que não houve diferença entre os tratamentos com fenilbutazona na redução do grau de claudicação / Abstract: Horses present high predisposition to lesions in the locomotor system and consequent development of inflammatory and pain responses. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory phenylbutazone is one of the most used drugs in the treatment of inflammation and musculoskeletal pain in horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effects of single intravenous administration of phenylbutazone in doses of 2.2, 4.4 or 16.6 mg/kg in horses submitted to experimental reversible lameness induced by two screws attached to horseshoe and adjusted to exert solar pressure and cause discomfort and controlled lameness. By this model, we studied plasma concentration of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone and clinical response of six adult healthy horses submitted to three doses of phenylbutazone in an interval of seven days. Screws were tightened and adjusted to produce compression of the sole and induce lameness of third or fourth degree, according to the AAEP scale, staying in place for 24 hours. We have assessed lameness degree, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, bowel sounds, plasma concentration of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone, and hematological and biochemical parameters. All three doses of phenylbutazone demonstrated clinical efficacy without producing adverse effects. Plasma concentration of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone was directly proportional to the applied dose, however the increase of dose did not increase its efficiency, since there was no difference between treatments with phenylbutazone in the reduction of the degree of lameness. / Orientador: Carlos Augusto Araújo Valadão / Coorientador: Cláudio Corrêa Natalini / Banca: José Corrêa de Lacerda Neto / Banca: Rita de Cássia Campbell Machado Botteon / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Patto dos Santos / Banca: José Antonio Marques / Doutor

A claudicação é a expressão clínica de dor ou desconforto e é uma das principais, se não a principal limitação à questão de bem estar animal em pecuária leiteira, mundialmente. Este trabalho objetivou verificar se o tratamento de doenças digitais de vacas com claudicação severa melhora, em curto prazo, a locomoção e o comportamento. Foram utilizadas 34 vacas leiteiras com claudicação severa. Escores de locomoção foram conferidos às vacas, no dia anterior e no 6º dia após o tratamento. As observações comportamentais foram realizadas no dia anterior e um, seis e oito dias após o tratamento de doenças digitais. As vacas foram observadas durante a parte diurna do dia para estimar as proporções de tempo gasto nas atividades ingestivas: ruminação, alimentação, sem atividade mastigatória (descansando) e em atividades posturais: deitadas e em pé. Os dados comportamentais foram submetidos à análise de variância, procedimento Mixed do SAS ®, de acordo com um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, considerando-se no modelo o efeito de dia, raça, tipo de lesão, idade, dias em lactação, posição e número de membros com lesão. O tratamento melhorou o escore de locomoção uma semana após o tratamento, mas não houve alterações nas proporções dos tempos despendidos para as atividades comportamentais observadas. Embora o tratamento tenha melhorado o escore de locomoção, o comportamento animal não foi alterado. / Lameness can cause discomfort and pain which may impair behavior and welfare. This study aimed to verify if the corrective trimming on cows with severe claudication improves the locomotion and behavior. Thirty-four lactating Jersey and Holstein cows with severe lameness problems were used. Cows were scored for lameness on day -1 (previous) and 6 after trimming according to a 5-point scale, while behavior was evaluated on days -1 (previous) and on days 1, 6 and 8 following trimming. Cows were observed during the diurnal part of the day and the proportions of time spent in ingestive behavior: ruminating, feeding and resting (no chewing activity) as well as in posture lying or standing were registered. Behavior data was submitted to variance analysis using the Mixed procedure of SAS® according to a completely randomized design with repeated measurements, considering in the model the effect of day, breed, type of lesion, age, days in milk, number and position of locomotion members with lesion. Lameness score was reduced one week after treatment. The treatment improved the lameness score a week after treatment, but there was no change in the proportions of time spent in the behavioral activities. Despite the improvement on lameness score, trimming did not change expressively the behavior of lactating cows in a short time period.

A claudicação é a expressão clínica de dor ou desconforto e é uma das principais, se não a principal limitação à questão de bem estar animal em pecuária leiteira, mundialmente. Este trabalho objetivou verificar se o tratamento de doenças digitais de vacas com claudicação severa melhora, em curto prazo, a locomoção e o comportamento. Foram utilizadas 34 vacas leiteiras com claudicação severa. Escores de locomoção foram conferidos às vacas, no dia anterior e no 6º dia após o tratamento. As observações comportamentais foram realizadas no dia anterior e um, seis e oito dias após o tratamento de doenças digitais. As vacas foram observadas durante a parte diurna do dia para estimar as proporções de tempo gasto nas atividades ingestivas: ruminação, alimentação, sem atividade mastigatória (descansando) e em atividades posturais: deitadas e em pé. Os dados comportamentais foram submetidos à análise de variância, procedimento Mixed do SAS ®, de acordo com um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, considerando-se no modelo o efeito de dia, raça, tipo de lesão, idade, dias em lactação, posição e número de membros com lesão. O tratamento melhorou o escore de locomoção uma semana após o tratamento, mas não houve alterações nas proporções dos tempos despendidos para as atividades comportamentais observadas. Embora o tratamento tenha melhorado o escore de locomoção, o comportamento animal não foi alterado. / Lameness can cause discomfort and pain which may impair behavior and welfare. This study aimed to verify if the corrective trimming on cows with severe claudication improves the locomotion and behavior. Thirty-four lactating Jersey and Holstein cows with severe lameness problems were used. Cows were scored for lameness on day -1 (previous) and 6 after trimming according to a 5-point scale, while behavior was evaluated on days -1 (previous) and on days 1, 6 and 8 following trimming. Cows were observed during the diurnal part of the day and the proportions of time spent in ingestive behavior: ruminating, feeding and resting (no chewing activity) as well as in posture lying or standing were registered. Behavior data was submitted to variance analysis using the Mixed procedure of SAS® according to a completely randomized design with repeated measurements, considering in the model the effect of day, breed, type of lesion, age, days in milk, number and position of locomotion members with lesion. Lameness score was reduced one week after treatment. The treatment improved the lameness score a week after treatment, but there was no change in the proportions of time spent in the behavioral activities. Despite the improvement on lameness score, trimming did not change expressively the behavior of lactating cows in a short time period.

Le tapis de pression est utilisé depuis 2000 pour analyser la marche chez l’homme mais seulement depuis 2004 chez le chien. Objectif : la codifier l’utilisation du système GAITRite® pour analyser la marche chez les chiens sains et pathologiques ; l’obtenir des bases de données concernant les paramètres spatio-temporels ainsi que cinétique lors de la marche de chiens sains de taille différente ; déterminer des modifications de ces paramètres selon les affections spontanées ou induites ; aider au diagnostic lors de consultation des animaux boiteux et évaluer le suivi de traitements médicaux ou chirurgicaux. Les résultats obtenus montrent que ce système est capable de fournir efficacement les paramètres spatio-temporels, ainsi que la qualification de l’appui des quatre membres en un même cycle, sur plusieurs foulées consécutives. Les conditions expérimentales de l’utilisation du tapis de pression sont les mêmes pour les appuis des quatre membres lors d’un même test, ainsi des comparaisons entre membres peuvent être raisonnablement réalisées alors que les systèmes à un plateau de force ne le permettent pas. Les calculs de ratio antérieur/postérieur et de symétrie gauche/droite facilitent l’interprétation des valeurs des différents paramètres de la marche du chien et permettent de faire rapidement une distinction entre un chien sain et un chien boiteux. Nous avons montré qu’il était possible d’effectuer le suivi de traitements chirurgicaux et d'évaluer l’efficacité de biomatériaux implantables pour la réparation du nerf péronier chez le chien. De ce travail, une approche particulière et unique de l’analyse de la marche chez les quadrupèdes est proposée. Elle offre la possibilité d’obtenir efficacement les paramètres spatio-temporels de l’appui des 4 membres de la marche aussi bien chez le chien sain que chez ceux présentant des affections locomotrices précoces, discrètes ou provoquées / Pressure walkway was used for gait analysis in human since 2000 but only for a few years in dog. This thesis was proposed with the intension: to codify its utilization for walking analysis in healthy and pathological dogs; to obtain databases concerning spatial and temporal parameters as well as pressure parameter for 4 feet during walking in healthy dog of size difference; to define the variations according to the affections; to verify the assistance with the diagnosis during consultation orthopedic and to determine the performances of this material were also used to evaluate the follow-up of medical or surgical treatment.The advantages of this system were to be able to obtain the spatio-temporal parameters as well as qualification the support of 4 feet in the same cycle, on several consecutive strides. Contrary to a force platform, the experimental conditions during the use of the pressure walkway was the same for the supports of 4 feet during the same test, moreover the comparisons between foots can be reasonably realized. Calculations of the ratio fore/hind and the symmetry left/right helped more easily to walking analysis in dog and make it possible to quickly discriminate a healthy or a lame dog. This particular approach of walking analysis in the quadrupeds is unique, it was validated during this work by showing its power for the spatial, temporal characterization of the support of the 4 feet during walking in the large and small healthy dog as well as the dog presenting of the locomotors affections spontaneous or models induced for experimental

Vasiliki Katrinaki Objektive Beurteilung diagnostischer Anästhesien von Hufgelenk, Bursa podotrochlearis und Palmarnerven bei Pferden mit Vorderhandlahmheiten und deren Ursprung in der Hufregion. Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig Eingereicht Dezember 2023 Einleitung: Orthopädische Erkrankungen weisen eine hohe Prävalenz bei Pferden auf und können das Wohlbefinden sowie ihre sportliche Nutzung stark beeinträchtigen. Erkrankungen des Hufrollen-Apparates sind für etwa ein Drittel aller chronischen Lahmheiten der Vordergliedmaße beim Pferd verantwortlich. Perineurale Anästhesien (Leitungsanästhesien) werden genutzt, um den Ursprung der Lahmheit am Pferdebein zu lokalisieren. Um die Lahmheitsursache genauer eingrenzen zu können, werden intra-synoviale Strukturen innerhalb des Hufes (Hufgelenk und/oder Bursa Podotrochlearis) anästhesiert. Die subjektive Beurteilung von Bewegungsstörungen sowie die Interpretation von diagnostischen Anästhesien führt oft zu Unstimmigkeiten zwischen unterschiedlichen Beobachtern. In den letzten Jahren wurden verschiedene Systeme entwickelt, welche eine Quantifizierung der Bewegungsstörung ermöglichen. Hiermit kann die prozentuale Verbesserung der Lahmheit nach der Durchführung diagnostischer Anästhesien über die Zeit erfasst und dokumentiert werden. Eine Anwendung solcher Systeme zur objektiven Beurteilung von Hufgelenkanästhesie (HG-A) und Bursa Podotrochlearis Analgesia (BP-A) wurde bei Pferden mit Vorderhandlahmheit bis heute nicht beschrieben. Ziel: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es: I) Die zeitabhängige Verbesserung natürlich vorkommender Vorderhandlahmheiten mit Ursprung in der Hufregion, nach erfolgter HG-A und BP-A bei Pferden zu beschreiben und II) zu prüfen, ob Schmerzen, die vom Hufgelenk bzw. dem Strahlbeinapparat ausgehen, mittels Leitungsanästhesien (Tiefe Palmarnervenanästhesie (TPA) und Mittlere Palmarnervenanästhesie (MPA)) unterschieden werden können. Unter Anwendung eines auf nicht-invasiven Beschleunigungssensoren basierenden Systems (BMISS, body-mounted inertial sensor system), sollten die Veränderungen des Bewegungsmusters vor und nach Einfluss der oben genannten diagnostischen Anästhesien quantitativ und objektiv erfasst werden. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Es handelt sich um eine prospektive klinische Studie an Patienten, die aufgrund einer Vorderhandlahmeit an der Pferdeklinik, Freie Universität Berlin, zwischen 2012 und 2016 vorstellig wurden. Alle Patienten wurden an drei aufeinander folgenden Tagen subjektiv und objektiv (BMISS) anhand eines standardisierten Protokolls von derselben Person orthopädisch untersucht. Am ersten Tag wurde der Ursprung der Lahmheit mittels Leitungsanästhesie lokalisiert. Bei positiver TPA oder MPA erfolgte anschließend eine HG-A (Tag 2) sowie eine BP-A (Tag 3). Das Gangbild wurde jeweils 10 Minuten (perineurale Anästhesie) bzw. 2, 5 und 10 Minuten (intra-synoviale Anästhesie) nach Injektion des Lokalanästhetikums beurteilt. Entsprechend wurden ausschließlich Pferde in die Studie eingeschlossen, bei denen mindesten eine der perineuralen und eine der intra-synovialen Anästhesien als “deutlich positiv” gewertet wurde. Die diagnostischen Anästhesien wurden als „deutlich positiv“ gewertet, wenn mittels BMISS eine Reduzierung der Lahmheit um mindestens 70% vom Ausgangswert gemessen wurde. Ergebnisse: Das Patientenkollektiv bestand aus 23 Pferden im Alter zwischen 4 und 16 Jahren. Anhand der Ergebnisse der Leitungsanästhesien wurden die Pferde den Gruppen „TPA“ (TPA positiv, n = 16) und „MPA“ (MPA positiv, n = 7) zugeordnet. Es konnte kein signifikanter Zusammengang zwischen einer Verbesserung der Lahmheit nach perineuraler Anästhesie und HG-A bzw. BP-A festgestellt werden (p > 0,05). Innerhalb der Gruppe „TPA“ war 2 Minuten nach intra-synovialer Injektion die Anzahl der Pferde, bei denen sich eine BP-A im Vergleich zur HG-A verbesserte, signifikant höher (p = 0,02). Bei den restlichen Messzeitpunkten konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen BP-A und HG-A innerhalb der Gruppe „TPA“ festgestellt werden (5 Minuten: p = 0,07; 10 Minuten: p = 0,1). Aufgrund der sehr kleinen Stichprobe wurden die Daten innerhalb der Gruppe „MPA“ ausschließlich deskriptiv analysiert. Bei Betrachtung der intra-synovialen Anästhesien (unabhängig von der Leitungsanästhesie), war 2 Minuten (p < 0,001) sowie 5 Minuten (p = 0,04) nach Injektion ein signifikanter Unterschied im durchschnittlichen Grad der Verbesserung der Lahmheit zwischen HG-A und BP-A deutlich. Zehn Minuten nach Injektion wurde für beide intra-synovialen Anästhesien kein bedeutender Unterschied im Bewegungsmuster gemessen (p = 0,06). Bezüglich der zeitabhängigen Verbesserung der Lahmheit unter Einfluss der verschiedenen intra-synovialen Anästhesien zeigten die Pferde nach BP-A eine signifikante Verbesserung der Lahmheit 2 Minuten nach Injektion, welche über die Zeit konstant blieb. Bei Pferden mit positiver HG-A wurde eher eine progressive Reduktion der Lahmheit beobachtet. Der Unterschied in der Verbesserung zwischen den Messzeitpunkten 2 und 10 Minuten (p = 0,04) war signifikant. Schlussfolgerungen: Perineurale Anästhesien der distalen Vordergliedmaße ermöglichen keine Differenzierung der genauen Schmerzlokalisation in der Hufregion. Intra-synoviale Anästhesien sollten in diesem Bereich sowohl 2 als auch 5 Minuten nach Injektion des Lokalanästhetikums evaluiert werden. Während nach PB-A eine schnelle und über den Zeitverlauf konstante Verbesserung der Lahmheit eintritt, ist bei der HG-A mit einer progressiven Verbesserung der Lahmheit über 10 min nach Injektion zu rechnen.:Table of contents I List of illustrations II Abbreviations III 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................1 2. Literature......................................................................................................................3 2.1. Anatomy...................................................................................................................3 2.2. Forelimb lameness...................................................................................................5 2.3. Necessity for objective gait analysis…………………………………………………....6 2.4. Objective lameness evaluation.................................................................................7 2.5. Body-mounted inertial sensor system, Lameness Locator……………………….….8 2.6. Diagnostic analgesia of the distal limb……………….…………………………….…..9 2.7. Diagnostic imaging.................................................................................................11 2.8. Therapy....................................................................................................................12 2.9. Hypotheses.............................................................................................................13 3. Publication.................................................................................................................14 4. Declaration of own portion of work in publication.....................................................23 5. Discussion..................................................................................................................24 6. Zusammenfassung.....................................................................................................34 7. Summary………………………………………………………......…………………..…....36 8. Literature....................................................................................................................38 9. Acknowledgements....................................................................................................46 / Vasiliki Katrinaki Title: Objective evaluation for analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint, the navicular bursa and perineural analgesia in horses with naturally occurring forelimb lameness localised to the foot Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University Submitted in December 2023 Introduction: Lameness is a very common problem in horses, and pathologies of the navicular apparatus constitute up to one-third of all chronic forelimb lameness. Despite its high occurrence, and the fact that it can severely impair the horse’s sporting career and affect their welfare, contradictory results of diagnostic analgesia are documented. The interpretation of perineural analgesia remains confusing regarding the ability of the palmar digital nerve block (PDNB) to differentiate pain coming from pathologies of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) or the navicular syndrome. Thus, the outcome and interpretation of intra-synovial diagnostic analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint and the navicular bursa remain controversial, and no objective live over ground studies have been performed so far to establish the percentage of improvement over time from these two analgesia techniques. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to objectively evaluate with the use of an inertial-sensor based system the qualitative and time-dependent outcome of distal interphalangeal joint analgesia (DIPJ-A) and navicular bursa analgesia (NB-A) in naturally occurring forelimb lameness and to assess if perineural analgesia of the distal limb can differentiate pain coming from the DIPJ or the navicular apparatus. Study design: Prospective clinical trial. Methods: Clinical cases with forelimb lameness were evaluated objectively using a body- mounted inertial sensor system (BMISS) at the Equine Hospital of Freie Universität Berlin, Germany between 2012 and 2016. The ages of the animals varied between four and 16 years. A three-day lameness examination was performed subjectively and objectively. The subjective evaluation was always performed by the same veterinarian during the 3 days and the objective examination was performed using the BMISS. The horses were hospitalised for the three-day lameness examination. Lameness was localised to the foot with a palmar digital nerve block and/or an abaxial sesamoidean nerve block (ASNB) at day 1, and analgesia of the DIPJ (DIPJ-A) and NB (NB-A) were performed at day 2 and 3. Improvement following perineural analgesia was measured after 10 min and intra-synovial blocks after 2, 5 and 10 min, respectively. Horses with at least 70% improvement measured objectively after diagnostic analgesia were included in the study. Results: A total of 23 cases of forelimb lameness were included in this study. The age of the horses varied between four and 16 years. The side and degree of baseline lameness remained stable during the 3 days of lameness examination. The PDNB group included horses with a positive PDNB (n=16) and the ASNB group included horses with a negative PDNB and a positive ASNB (n=7). The majority of the horses had a positive response to PDNB compared with ASNB but there was no significant association between improvement following perineural analgesia and the DIPJ-A and NB-A in the number of horses that improved after DIPJ and NB analgesia (p>0.05). Comparison between the PDNB group and intra-synovial analgesia showed that in 2 min assessments there was a statistically significant difference in the number of horses that improved with an NB-A compared to DIPJ-A (p=0.02). In 5 min and 10 min evaluations, such a result was no longer observed (p=0.07 in 5 min, p=0.1 in 10 min). Comparison of the ASNB group to intra-synovial analgesia was descriptive because the number of horses included in this group was small. The mean improvement in the lameness was different between DIPJ-A and NB-A at 2 min (p<0.001) and at 5 min (p=0.04); however, this difference was no longer observed after 10 min (p=0.06). Evaluation of intra-synovial analgesia over time showed that a positive NB-A revealed a high degree of improvement already after 2 min that remained stable, whereas the DIPJ-A improved over time showing a significant difference in mean improvement between 2 min and 10 min measurements (p=0.04). Conclusions: Our results suggest that perineural analgesia is not reliable enough to differentiate pain originating from DIPJ and NB. The DIPJ-A and the NB-A should be evaluated at 2 and 5 min, since a significant difference of lameness improvement was measured for these points of time, pointing out the necessity to perform both blocks to identify the painful region. An early evaluation of the DIPJ-A and NB-A can determine the origin of the pain. An improvement in NB-A was constant over time, whereas a progressive improvement in lameness over the 10 min after injection is to be excepted in DIPJ-A.:Table of contents I List of illustrations II Abbreviations III 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................1 2. Literature......................................................................................................................3 2.1. Anatomy...................................................................................................................3 2.2. Forelimb lameness...................................................................................................5 2.3. Necessity for objective gait analysis…………………………………………………....6 2.4. Objective lameness evaluation.................................................................................7 2.5. Body-mounted inertial sensor system, Lameness Locator……………………….….8 2.6. Diagnostic analgesia of the distal limb……………….…………………………….…..9 2.7. Diagnostic imaging.................................................................................................11 2.8. Therapy....................................................................................................................12 2.9. Hypotheses.............................................................................................................13 3. Publication.................................................................................................................14 4. Declaration of own portion of work in publication.....................................................23 5. Discussion..................................................................................................................24 6. Zusammenfassung.....................................................................................................34 7. Summary………………………………………………………......…………………..…....36 8. Literature....................................................................................................................38 9. Acknowledgements....................................................................................................46

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_am_dr_botfmvz_parcial.pdf: 86138 bytes, checksum: d515fed4a55e2525dda1d5a656ecfe36 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-02-04T11:39:27Z: carvalho_am_dr_botfmvz_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2015-02-04T11:40:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000712006.pdf: 483818 bytes, checksum: c5b2ca06d97c52e38a0b52ec53856bd6 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A lesão do tendão flexor digital superficial (TFDS) é uma importante causa de claudicação em equinos. Embora existam diversos tratamentos descritos, poucos são eficazes na melhora significativa da qualidade da matriz extracelular. Recentemente, diversos experimentos vêm focando no potencial terapêutico das células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) e do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) em casos de lesões de difícil cicatrização. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi a obtenção, cultivo e caracterização das células tronco mesenquimais derivadas do tecido adiposo (AdCTMS), a adoção de uma nova técnica de indução de lesão tendínea utilizando colagenase em gel e a avaliação da reparação tendínea após terapia com a associação terapêutica de AdCTMs e PRP através da análise clínica, ultrassonográfica, histopatológica, imunoistoquímica (colágeno tipo III e fator VIII) e da expressão gênica (COL1A1, COL3A1, TNC, TNMD, SCX). Foi possível isolar e cultivar as AdCTMs, concluir sua caracterização através da diferenciação adipogênica, osteogênica e condrogênica, além da confirmação da expressão destas células aos marcadores CD44, CD90 e CD105 na citometria de fluxo. A indução da lesão do TFDS foi realizada com sucesso, sendo observado na avaliação clínica e ultrassonográfica o desenvolvimento de tendinite focal similar a lesão de ocorrência natural. O uso das AdCTMs associadas ao PRP demonstrou ser viável e resultou na prevenção da progressão da área da lesão no grupo tratado na avaliação ultrassonográfica, maior fluxo sanguíneo do grupo tratado na avaliação com Power Doppler, e melhora da organização cicatricial, com diminuição do infiltrado inflamatório na avaliação histopatológica. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos... / Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) lesion is an important cause of lameness in horses. Although there are many treatments described, few are effective in maintain the quality of the extracellular matrix. Recently several studies have focused on the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in some damage tissues. The aim of this study was to perform the isolation, cultivation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (AdMSCs), the adoption of a new tendon lesion induction technique using collagenase in gel, and evaluation of tendon repair after treatment with the AdMSCs and PRP association by clinical, ultrasonographic, histopathological, immunohistochemical (collagen type III and factor VIII) and gene expression (COL1A1, COL3A1, TNC, TNMD, SCX) analysis. It was possible to isolate, cultivate and perform the characterization of AdMSCs by adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic differentiation, and to confirm the expression of CD44, CD90 and CD105 cell markers on flow cytometry. The SDFT injury induction was successful observed in clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation, with development of focal lesion similar to naturally occurring. The use of AdMSCs and PRP association proved to be feasible and resulted in preventing the progression of the lesion area in the treated group on ultrasound evaluation, increased blood flow on the Power Doppler evaluation and decreased inflammatory infiltrate and improved the organization on histopathological evaluation. No differences were observed between the groups regarding the immunohistochemistry evaluation and the expression of the tested genes. It can be concluded based on the results observed: (1) that the AdMSCs were properly processed and characterized with the methods employed; (2) tendon.. (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O cloridrato de tramadol é um analgésico de ação central, análogo sintético da codeína e morfina, o qual vem sendo amplamente estudado em equinos, sendo avaliado sua farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica. Em humanos, há relato de que o tramadol é substrato para a Gp-P, o que pode ser fator limitante na absorção do tramadol. A Gp-P funciona como uma bomba de efluxo celular, de maneira que, transporta ativamente xenobióticos do meio intracelular para o extracelular, atuando como um mecanismo de proteção contra xenobióticos. O estudo teve como objetivo a detecção do Gene MDR1 a partir do cDNA, e avaliar as alterações fisiológicas e efeito analgésico do tramadol em equinos submetidos a inibição da Gp-P entérica pela ivermectina. Seis equinos, machos e fêmeas, pesando 448±68Kg, foram distribuídos em três grupos autocontrole, recebendo tramadol por sonda nasogástrica na dose 1 mg/kg (GT1), 4 mg/kg (GT4) e recebendo tramadol 1mg/kg associada a ivermectina 0,2mg/kg VO. Foram avaliados FC, f, motilidade intestinal, temperatura corpórea aos 30 min antes, imediatamente antes da administração de qualquer substância para determinação dos valores basais e aos 30min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min e a cada 60 min até 360 min após o tratamento. A claudicação foi avaliada aos 30 min, 60 min e a cada 60 min até os 360 min. Os parâmetros hemogasométricos foram avaliados no momento 0, 60 min e 120 min. Para as variáveis paramétricas utilizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para amostras pareadas, com posterior teste de Dunnett. Para comparações entre os grupos, realizou-se análise de variância, seguido de teste de Tukey. Para a variável não-paramétrica, motilidade intestinal, utilizou-se teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas. As diferenças foram consideradas significantes quando P<0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças na FC e na avaliação analgésica. Houve hipomotilidade no GT1 e GT4 apenas ao final das avaliações e aumento da f em todos os grupos. Houve aumento do HCO3+ e redução do K+ e Ca++. Conclui-se que a inibição da Gp-P entérica pela ivermectina não alterou os efeitos do tramadol nas doses estudadas, sugerindo que o mesmo não é substrato para Gp-P, mas estudos futuros devem ser realizados a fim de avaliar a interação da ivermectina como inibidor da Gp-P na farmacocinética do tramadol. / Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally acting analgesic, synthetic analogue of codeine and morphine, which has been widely studied in horses, being evaluated its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In humans, there is a report that tramadol is a substrate for P-gp, which can be a limiting factor in the absorption of tramadol. P-gp acts as an efflux pump cell, that actively transports xenobiotics from the intracellular to the extracellular environment, acting as a protective mechanism against xenobiotic. The study aimed the detection of MDR1 Gene from cDNA, and the evaluation of physiological parameters and analgesic effect of tramadol in horses submitted to inhibition of enteric P-gp by ivermectin. Six horses, control of themselves, male and female, weighing 448 ± 68kg, were distributed into three groups, receiving tramadol by nasogastric tube in dose of 1 mg/kg (GT1), 4 mg/kg (GT4) and tramadol 1 mg/kg associated with ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg orally. Were evaluated HR, RR, intestinal motility, body temperature 30 min before, and immediately before the administration of any substance for determination of baseline and posterior at 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min and every 60 min up to 360 min after treatment. The analgesic evaluation occurred at 30 min, 60 min and every 60 min to 360 min. Blood gas parameters were evaluated at 0, 60 min and 120 min. For parametric variables were used analysis of variance (ANOVA) for paired samples, followed by Dunnett's test. For comparisons between groups, ANOVA followed by Tukey test were used. The non-parametric variable, intestinal motility, we used the Wilcoxon test for paired samples. Differences were considered significant when P <0.05. Differences in HR and analgesic evaluation were not observed. Hypomotility occurs in GT1 and GT4 only at the end of evaluation and RR increased in all groups. There was an increase of HCO3- and reduction of K+ and Ca++. We conclude that inhibition of enteric P-gp by ivermectin did not alter the effects of tramadol in the studied doses, suggesting that tramadol it is not a substrate for P-gp, but future studies should be conducted to assess the interaction of ivermectin as inhibitor of P-gp on the pharmacokinetics of tramadol.

Orientador: Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna / Banca: Celso Antonio Rodrigues / Banca: Jean Guilherme Fernandes Joaquim / Banca: Claudio Lopes Correia da Silva / Banca: Pedro Vicente Michelotto Junior / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a reatividade de pontos de acupuntura por pressoalgímetro e a relação da atividade física com lesões ortopédicas em cavalos. Avaliaram-se 116 cavalos de adestramento, corrida, polo, reprodução-repouso, salto, trabalho e western com claudicação e confirmação do diagnóstico por imagem quanto à reatividade dos pontos de acupuntura, atribuindo graus de 0 quando a resposta era normal ou ausente, I, pequena, II, moderada e III, intensa, com resposta evasiva, mordedura ou coice, no qual apenas II e III foram correlacionados com o local da lesão pelo teste de qui quadrado, e a atividade física com o tipo e local de lesão pelo teste de Fisher. Foi realizado teste de Kruskall-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Dunn para avaliar a relação das reatividades I, II e III com o pressolagímetro. Desmites foram maiores em animais de corrida, western, e trabalho, e fraturas em animais de corrida e polo. Lesões de joelho foram maiores em adestramento que trabalho e de ombros maiores em salto que trabalho. Lesões tendíneas pélvicas foram menores em salto que adestramento, western e reprodução/repouso. Foram realizadas 5.336 mensurações em 23 acupontos bilaterais. A média geral dos valores do pressoalgímetro foi de 26 ± 6,43 N e as medianas correspondentes às pressões digitais de graus I, II e III foram de 24, 22 e 20 N respectivamente, com diferença significativa entre as mesmas, o que indica que a palpação apresenta uma boa correspondência com o pressoalgímetro para avaliar a reatividade dos pontos de acupuntura. Conclui-se que há relação entre local e tipo de lesão com atividade física e a avaliação palpatória dos pontos de acupuntura é útil na identificação de lesões de algumas estruturas / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the reactivity of acupuncture points by pressure algometer and the relation between physical activity and orthopedic lesions in horses. It was analyzed 116 horses of dressage, racing, polo pony, reproduction/at rest, jumping, work and western performance with lameness confirmed by image diagnosis for reactivity of acupoints with grade 0 when the answer was normal, I, small, II moderate and III, intense, with evasive response, bite or kick, which only II and III were correlated to site of injury by chi square test, and physical activity with type and site of injury by Fisher test. Kruskall-Wallis test was performed, followed by Dunn's test to evaluate the relation between reactivity I, II and III with the pressure algometer. Desmitis were more prevalent in racehorses, western and work, and fractures in racehorses and polo pony. Stifle injuries were more prevalent in dressage than work, shoulder injuries were more prevalente in jumping than work. Hind tendon injuries were less prevalente in jumping than dressage, western and reproduction/at rest. 5336 measurements were performed in 23 bilateral acupoints. The overall mean values pressure algometer was 26 ± 6.43 N and the median corresponding to fingerprints of grades I, II and III were 24, 22 and 20 N, respectively, with significant difference between them, suggesting that palpation has a good correspondence with the pressure algometer to assess the reactivity of acupuncture points. We conclude that there is a relationship between location and type of injury with physical activity and palpation assessment of acupuncture points is helpful in identifying some structures injuries / Doutor