While previous research suggests that risk management influences project success, less is known about the practical application of the risk management concept on projects and its’ influence on development project success. Thus, this thesis investigates the impact of risk management on project success from a development project perspective. Adopting a qualitative case study approach with semi-structured interviews as the main source of data collection and assessing success from a stakeholder perspective as well as the achievements of the project’s intended outcomes and analysing the various risk management strategies adopted in the pursuance of those outcomes, the findings indicate that risk management practice positively influence development project success. To achieve this, the empirical data shows that risk identification need to be approached strategically to provide a clear focus for project delivery leading to the design of strategic actions to respond to identified risks as well as an effective monitoring and evaluation of the risk management process as a whole. Additionally, the different stakeholder objectives and expectations need to be strategically incorporated into the risk management strategy without deviating from the project’s purpose. The study recommends the need for development project managers not to over-rely on academic expertise in their identification of risks but make use of the wider pool of knowledge available to them, technical or not and to also pursue the positive impacts of risk. Furthermore, they should widen their risk management strategies to include donor support missions, without deviating from the project’s purpose, to ensure transparency and efficiency.

This study briefly discusses land restitution in several countries in Europe and the Americas, the history of land deprivation in South Africa, and the legislation introduced to remedy the inequality of land ownership. Differing interpretations of the legislation in respect of the valuation of land to be purchased by the state for restitution purposes and the valuation formulae recommended at various times by the state and its advisors are discussed. Some of the problems encountered in the implementation of the South African restitution program, including the highly emotional expropriation/confiscation issues, are mentioned. Three case studies based on these differing interpretations are given. The case studies illustrate the evolution of the interpretations of the legislation concerning land restitution valuations in South Africa. / School: Management sciences / M. Tech. (Real Estate)

This study is about the gender dimensions of land reform in South Africa. The case study is that of a housing and resettlement project in Daggakraal, Mpumalanga Province. The aim of the study was to describe and analyse empirical realities for rural women, in relation to land, in Daggakraal. The focus was on the research questions for the study namely the nature of land reform practice; whether gender issues were central in land reform at all stages of the project; whether or not participation of women was truly genuine; and the constraints that were faced in the process of land reform delivery. The study was conducted in Daggakraal, a rural town in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Research methods employed were both quantitative and qualitative with more emphasis on the latter. A total of 100 respondents participated in the study. This number included 10 key informants 3 of whom were trained as research assistants. The findings indicate that there was very little gender analysis carried out prior to land reform. For this reason land reform has not benefitted the women and men of Daggakraal. Land reform policies and other legislation put in place were not followed to the letter in Daggakraal and in other areas of the country where land reform was implemented; the first land reform (SLAG) has not benefitted the poor, especially women; the rural terrain is an area of contestation and competing interests between women and men. There is also a lack of institutional arrangements to implement a gendered approach to land reform. This study demonstrates the need to tackle and transform the existing power relations at the household level, if government is serious about the gender dimension of land reform in South Africa. In a small way it is hoped that this study will contribute to the limited writing on land reform and gender and also provide a gendered critique of the land reform programme in South Africa. The Gender Analysis Framework (GAF) and the feminist and gender perspectives have helped the researcher to understand and explain the gender dynamics in Daggakraal. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Section 25(2) of the 1996 Constitution states that property may only be expropriated for a public purpose or in the public interest and compensation must be paid. This dissertation analyses the public purpose and public interest requirement in light of recent court decisions, especially with regard to third party transfer of expropriated property for economic development purposes. The public purpose requirement is explained in terms of pre-constitutional case law to create a context in which to understand the public purpose and public interest in terms of the 1996 Constitution. This leads to a discussion of whether third party transfers for economic development purposes are generally for a public purpose or in the public interest. The legitimacy of the purpose of both the expropriation and the transfer of property to third parties in order to realise the purpose is considered. Conclusions from a discussion of foreign case law dealing with the same question are used to analyse the South African cases where third party transfers for economic development have been addressed. Based on the overview of foreign case law and the critical analysis of South African cases, the dissertation sets out guidelines that should be taken into account when this question comes up again in future. The dissertation also considers whether an expropriation can be set aside if alternative means, other than expropriating the property, are available that would also promote the purpose for which the property was expropriated. Recent decisions suggest that alternative and less invasive measures are irrelevant when the expropriation is clearly for a public purpose. However, the dissertation argues that less invasive means should be considered in cases where it is not immediately clear that the expropriation is for a valid public purpose or in the public interest, such as in the case of a third party transfer for economic development. The role of the public purpose post-expropriation is considered with reference to purposes that are not realised or are abandoned and subsequently changed. In this regard the dissertation considers whether the state is allowed to change the purpose for which the property was expropriated, and also under which circumstances the previous owner would be entitled to reclaim the expropriated property when the public purpose that justifies the expropriation falls away. It is contended that the purpose can be changed, but that the new purpose must also comply with the constitutional requirements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Artikel 25(2) van die Grondwet van 1996 vereis dat `n onteining slegs vir `n openbare doel of in die openbare belang mag plaasvind, en dat vergoeding betaalbaar is. In die proefskrif word die openbare doel en openbare belang geanaliseer in die lig van onlangse regspraak wat veral verband hou met die onteining van grond wat oorgedra word aan derde partye vir doeleindes van ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Die openbare doel vereiste word geanaliseer in die lig van respraak voor die aanvang van die grondwetlike bedeling om beide die openbare doel en openbare belang in terme van die Grondwet van 1996 te verstaan. Op grond van hierdie bespreking word die vraag ondersoek of die onteiening van grond vir ekonomiese ontwikkeling en die oordrag daarvan aan derde partye vir `n openbare doel of in die openbare belang is. Gevolgtrekkings uit `n oorsig van buitelandse respraak waarin dieselfde vraag reeds behandel is dien as maatstaf vir die Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak oor die vraag te evalueer. Op grond van die kritiese analise van die buitelandse regspraak word sekere aanbevelings gemaak wat in ag geneem behoort te word indien so `n vraag weer na vore kom. Die vraag of `n onteiening ter syde gestel kan word omdat daar `n alternatiewe, minder ingrypende manier is om die openbare doel te bereik word ook in die proefskrif aangespreek. In onlangse regspraak word aangedui dat die beskikbaarheid van ander, minder ingrypende maniere irrelevant is as die onteiening vir `n openbare doel of in die openbare belang geskied. Daar word hier aangevoer dat die beskikbaarheid van alternatiewe metodes in ag geneem behoort te word in gevalle waar dit onduidelik is of die onteining vir `n openbare doel of in die openbare belang geskied, soos in die geval van oordrag van grond aan derde partye vir ekonomiese ontwikkelingsdoeleindes. Ter aansluiting by die vraag of die onteining van grond vir oordrag aan derdes vir ekonomiese ontwikkeling geldig is, word die funksie van die openbare doel na onteiening ook ondersoek. Die vraag is of die staat geregtig is om die doel waarvoor die eiendom onteien is na afloop van die onteiening te verander. Die vraag in watter gevalle die vorige eienaar van die grond teruggawe van die grond kan eis word ook aangespreek. Daar word aangevoer dat die staat die doel waarvoor die eiendom benut word kan verander, maar dat die nuwe doel ook moet voldoen aan die grondwetlike vereistes. / South African Research Chair in Property Law, sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology, administered by the National Research Foundation and hosted by Stellenbosch University / Cuicci bursary fund / Faculty of Law Stellenbosch University

A Freedom Charter statement regarding land is highlighted as follows: “The land shall be shared among those who work it, demands a redistribution of the land and state assistance for the peasantry, as well as the abolition of any restrictions on movements of people, access to land, and stock holdings.” The quest for inclusive and participatory governance enshrined in the South Africa’s Land Reform Programme resonates with efforts to develop and strengthen an active and critical rights based citizenship. The need to boost local community awareness of land reform challenges necessitates continuous evaluations of the lived realities of poor communities through participatory and collaborative methodologies in order to articulate their socio-economic problems. Land is regarded as a resource that gives people access to certain basic needs necessary for them to lead a dignified life. This research explores the participation of the Catholic Church on land reform programmes in South Africa between 1994 and 2014. It also looks at the Catholic Church’s land ownership policy and how it has been using its land in two decades of democracy (1994-2014). This research further explores the Catholic vision for land reform in South Africa. It also highlights some key theological criteria which may assist to achieve the intended objectives. In the light of this reality, the research shows that there is lack of meaningful progress in enabling those who are impoverished to assert their right to own land. Even the majority that have benefited from various land reform programmes and have become land owners have not received sufficient support to enable them to use and care for the land in such a way that benefits them. This leads to an unproductive and demeaning lifestyle. More emphasis needs to be placed on proper financial support from the government. Further emphasis needs to be placed on training for skills development as a condition for receiving Church assistance on the part of the beneficiaries. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Church History)

This study briefly discusses land restitution in several countries in Europe and the Americas, the history of land deprivation in South Africa, and the legislation introduced to remedy the inequality of land ownership. Differing interpretations of the legislation in respect of the valuation of land to be purchased by the state for restitution purposes and the valuation formulae recommended at various times by the state and its advisors are discussed. Some of the problems encountered in the implementation of the South African restitution program, including the highly emotional expropriation/confiscation issues, are mentioned. Three case studies based on these differing interpretations are given. The case studies illustrate the evolution of the interpretations of the legislation concerning land restitution valuations in South Africa. / School: Management sciences / M. Tech. (Real Estate)

O Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (Incra) é uma autarquia federal e tem entre suas principais atribuições implantar a reforma agrária, manter o cadastro de imóveis rurais e administrar as terras públicas da União. Através de políticas específicas, objetiva também realizar o acompanhamento e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico-ambiental das famílias camponesas e o acesso destas populações às políticas públicas implantadas pelo Governo Federal, além de ser o responsável pelo gerenciamento da malha fundiária nacional. O objetivo discute sobre qual é o papel do Incra na implementação destas políticas para o real atendimento das demandas desta população. O objetivo geral deste estudo é o realizar uma análise identificativa da conjuntura social, cultural, política e econômica, condicionando-a a geração de entraves para a real contribuição do Incra na efetivação das políticas públicas que contemplem uma distribuição mais justa de terras e renda, descrevendo a estrutura de governança do órgão e a sua evolução na linha do tempo para atendimento e adequação a estas. Para tanto foi levantada através da fundamentação, bibliografia pertinente à Administração Pública, direta e indireta, organização administrativa, políticas públicas e ferramentas de gestão que podem vir a ser utilizadas na gestão do órgão: planejamento e accountability. Utilizou-se neste estudo a metodologia de Pesquisa-ação pela interação entre o pesquisador e o objeto pesquisado. Como resultados foi levantada toda a estrutura de governança do órgão estudado e sua história e evolução administrativa para a realização de sua missão, além de realizado um diagnóstico dos entraves que impedem um maior desenvolvimento das estratégias de governança fundiária e de planejamento territorial rural. Propondo-se através das reflexões geradas pela pesquisa um roteiro para aprimoramento na gestão do órgão através de planejamento e accountability e a consequente apresentação de resultados através dos principais achados da pesquisa, onde a análise abrange desde a criação do Incra até 2015. / The National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra) is a federal agency and has among its main tasks to implement land reform, maintain the register of rural properties and manage the public lands of the Union. Through specific policy objective also follow up and socioeconomic and environmental development of rural households and their access to populations public policies implemented by the Federal Government, and is responsible for managing the national land network. The purpose discusses what is the role of Incra in implementing these policies for real meet the demands of this population. The aim of this study is to perform a distinctive analysis of the social environment, cultural, political and economic, conditioning the generation of obstacles to the actual contribution of Incra in the execution of public policies that address a more equitable distribution of land and income, describing the agency's governance structure and its progress on the timeline for compliance and adaptation to these. For that was raised through the foundation, bibliography relevant to the Public Administration, direct and indirect, administrative organization, public policy and management tools that may be used in the body of management: planning and accountability. It was used in this study the methodology of action research by the interaction between the researcher and the researched object. As a result was raised all the organ governance structure and studied its history and career development for the realization of its mission, and carried a diagnosis of barriers hindering the further development of land governance strategies and rural territorial planning. It is proposing through the reflections generated by search a script for improvement in organ management through planning and accountability and the subsequent presentation of results through the main findings of the survey, which covers the analysis since the creation of Incra 2015.

O Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (Incra) é uma autarquia federal e tem entre suas principais atribuições implantar a reforma agrária, manter o cadastro de imóveis rurais e administrar as terras públicas da União. Através de políticas específicas, objetiva também realizar o acompanhamento e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico-ambiental das famílias camponesas e o acesso destas populações às políticas públicas implantadas pelo Governo Federal, além de ser o responsável pelo gerenciamento da malha fundiária nacional. O objetivo discute sobre qual é o papel do Incra na implementação destas políticas para o real atendimento das demandas desta população. O objetivo geral deste estudo é o realizar uma análise identificativa da conjuntura social, cultural, política e econômica, condicionando-a a geração de entraves para a real contribuição do Incra na efetivação das políticas públicas que contemplem uma distribuição mais justa de terras e renda, descrevendo a estrutura de governança do órgão e a sua evolução na linha do tempo para atendimento e adequação a estas. Para tanto foi levantada através da fundamentação, bibliografia pertinente à Administração Pública, direta e indireta, organização administrativa, políticas públicas e ferramentas de gestão que podem vir a ser utilizadas na gestão do órgão: planejamento e accountability. Utilizou-se neste estudo a metodologia de Pesquisa-ação pela interação entre o pesquisador e o objeto pesquisado. Como resultados foi levantada toda a estrutura de governança do órgão estudado e sua história e evolução administrativa para a realização de sua missão, além de realizado um diagnóstico dos entraves que impedem um maior desenvolvimento das estratégias de governança fundiária e de planejamento territorial rural. Propondo-se através das reflexões geradas pela pesquisa um roteiro para aprimoramento na gestão do órgão através de planejamento e accountability e a consequente apresentação de resultados através dos principais achados da pesquisa, onde a análise abrange desde a criação do Incra até 2015. / The National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra) is a federal agency and has among its main tasks to implement land reform, maintain the register of rural properties and manage the public lands of the Union. Through specific policy objective also follow up and socioeconomic and environmental development of rural households and their access to populations public policies implemented by the Federal Government, and is responsible for managing the national land network. The purpose discusses what is the role of Incra in implementing these policies for real meet the demands of this population. The aim of this study is to perform a distinctive analysis of the social environment, cultural, political and economic, conditioning the generation of obstacles to the actual contribution of Incra in the execution of public policies that address a more equitable distribution of land and income, describing the agency's governance structure and its progress on the timeline for compliance and adaptation to these. For that was raised through the foundation, bibliography relevant to the Public Administration, direct and indirect, administrative organization, public policy and management tools that may be used in the body of management: planning and accountability. It was used in this study the methodology of action research by the interaction between the researcher and the researched object. As a result was raised all the organ governance structure and studied its history and career development for the realization of its mission, and carried a diagnosis of barriers hindering the further development of land governance strategies and rural territorial planning. It is proposing through the reflections generated by search a script for improvement in organ management through planning and accountability and the subsequent presentation of results through the main findings of the survey, which covers the analysis since the creation of Incra 2015.

This thesis examined the evolution and transition of agrarian labour relations in the aftermath of Zimbabwe‘s radical land redistribution, which reconfigured the agrarian structure in terms of landholdings, production practices and labour markets from 2000. Despite the importance of agrarian labour as source of livelihood for the largely countryside based population, insufficient academic attention has been paid to its evolution following the land reforms. Specifically to the mobilisation, organisation and utilisation of wage and non-wage labour against background of the changed land ownership patterns, agrarian policies and macro-economic conditions. Historical-structural approaches rooted in Marxist Political Economy informed the analysis of the new agrarian labour relations since in former Settler colonies such as Zimbabwe these were based were based on a historical context of specific land-labour utilisation relations created by land dispossession and discriminatory agrarian policies during the colonial and immediate independence period. Beyond this, gender issues, intra-household relations, kinship, citizenship and the agency of the workers were taken into account to understand the trajectory of labour relations. Detailed quantitative and qualitative empirical research in Goromonzi and Kwekwe districts, as well as from other sources demonstrated that a new agrarian labour regime had evolved to replace the predominant wage labour in former large-scale commercial farms. There has been a growth in the use of self-employed family farm labour alongside the differentiated use of wage labour in farming and other non-farm activities. Inequitable gender and generational tendencies were evident in the new agrarian labour regime. The new labour relations are marked by the exploitation of farm workers through wages that are below the cost of social reproduction, insecure forms of employment and poor working conditions. While their individual and collective worker agency is yet to reverse their poor socio-economic conditions. Various policy interventions to protect their land and labour rights are thus required. The study shed light on the the conceptual understanding of agrarian labour relations in former Settler economies, including the role of land reforms in the development of employment, and how the peasantry with enlarged land access are reconstituted through repeasantisation and semi-proletarianisation processes. / Public Administration and Management / D. P. A.

This study is about the gender dimensions of land reform in South Africa. The case study is that of a housing and resettlement project in Daggakraal, Mpumalanga Province. The aim of the study was to describe and analyse empirical realities for rural women, in relation to land, in Daggakraal. The focus was on the research questions for the study namely the nature of land reform practice; whether gender issues were central in land reform at all stages of the project; whether or not participation of women was truly genuine; and the constraints that were faced in the process of land reform delivery. The study was conducted in Daggakraal, a rural town in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. Research methods employed were both quantitative and qualitative with more emphasis on the latter. A total of 100 respondents participated in the study. This number included 10 key informants 3 of whom were trained as research assistants. The findings indicate that there was very little gender analysis carried out prior to land reform. For this reason land reform has not benefitted the women and men of Daggakraal. Land reform policies and other legislation put in place were not followed to the letter in Daggakraal and in other areas of the country where land reform was implemented; the first land reform (SLAG) has not benefitted the poor, especially women; the rural terrain is an area of contestation and competing interests between women and men. There is also a lack of institutional arrangements to implement a gendered approach to land reform. This study demonstrates the need to tackle and transform the existing power relations at the household level, if government is serious about the gender dimension of land reform in South Africa. In a small way it is hoped that this study will contribute to the limited writing on land reform and gender and also provide a gendered critique of the land reform programme in South Africa. The Gender Analysis Framework (GAF) and the feminist and gender perspectives have helped the researcher to understand and explain the gender dynamics in Daggakraal. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)