Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-03-15T12:16:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5169144 bytes, checksum: 66d534e3f0c0c59bf5d35a45290fa390 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T12:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5169144 bytes, checksum: 66d534e3f0c0c59bf5d35a45290fa390 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this thesis, we propose an experimental setup for the study of Landau quantization and associated effects in a two-dimensional ultracold atomic gas. Gauge fields can emerge in the equation of motion for the optically addressed ultracold atoms. To this end, spatially dependent dark states are necessary for the internal states of the atoms. A tripod level scheme yields two degenerate dark states which can leads to either an Abelian U(1) U(1) gauge field or a non-Abelian SU(2) gauge field. Using a suitable laser configuration, we obtain a uniform U(1) U(1) magnetic field which causes the atoms organize themselves in Landau levels. The strength of the effective magnetic field depends on the relative intensity of the lasers beams at the atomic cloud. We estimate the degeneracy of the energy levels for an atomic gas formed by atoms of 87Rb. In addition, we establish the experimental conditions to reach the lowest Landau level regime. In the zero-temperature limit, we realize the emergence of magnetic oscillations in the atomic energy and its derivative as function of the inverse of the effective magnetic field (de Haas van Alphen effect). The period of the de Haas van Alphen oscillation allow us to determine area of the Fermi circle for the atomic gas via an Onsager-like relation. We also show that detuning the a laser from the two-photon resonance we generate a parabolic scalar potential that laterally confines the atoms. As a consequence, the Landau levels degeneracy is removed, since the energy spectrum depends explicitly on the transverse atomic momentum. We show that the Landau levels presents a reminiscent degeneracy when the boundaries conditions are considered. The residual degeneracy occurs when different energy levels overlap. We map the residual degeneracy points as a function of the effective magnetic field. Finally, we present an experimental scheme for observing the spin Hall effect for ultracold atoms in a tripod configuration. / Nesta tese, propomos um arranjo experimental para o estudo da quantização de Landau e efeitos associados em um gás atômico ultrafrio bidimensional. Campos de calibre podem surgir na equação de movimento para átomos ultrafrios oticamente vestidos. Para que isto ocorra, estados escuros espacialmente dependentes são necessários a partir dos estados internos dos átomos. Átomos numa configuração de níveis de energia do tipo tripod produzem dois estados escuros degenerados, que podem levar a campos de calibre Abelianos U(1) U(1) ou não-Abelianos SU(2). Utilizando uma configuração adequada de lasers, mostramos que é possível se produzir um campo magnético sintético uniforme U(1) U(1) que atua nos átomos neutros fazendo-os se organizarem em níveis de Landau. A intensidade do campo efetivo depende da intensidade relativa dos feixes de luz na nuvem atômica. Estimamos a degenerescência dos níveis de energia para um gás atômico formado por átomos de 87Rb e estabelecemos as condições experimentais para que seja atingido o regime em que todos os átomos populam unicamente o nível de Landau menos energético. Considerando o limite de temperatura nula, verificamos o surgimento de oscilações magnéticas na energia e em sua derivada como uma função do inverso do campo magnético efetivo (efeito de Haas van Alphen). O período da oscilação magnética nos permite determinar a área do círculo de Fermi para o gás atômico através de uma expressão similar a de Onsager para sistemas eletrônicos. Mostramos também que dessintonizando um dos lasers em relação à ressonância de dois fótons geramos um potencial escalar parabólico que faz com os átomos sejam lateralmente confinados. Isto resulta na remoção da degenerescência dos níveis de Landau, uma vez que a energia depende explicitamente do momento atômico transverso. Demonstramos que, aplicando condições periódicas de contorno ao sistema, temos o surgimento de uma degenerescência residual. A degenerescência remanescente ocorre quando diferentes níveis de energia se superpõem. Mapeamos os pontos de degenerescência como uma função do campo magnético efetivo. Por fim, apresentamos um esquema experimental para a observação do efeito spin Hall para átomos ultrafrios em uma configuração tripod.

Orientadores: Peter A. B. Schulz, John T. Chalker / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T19:00:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_AnaLuizaCardoso_D.pdf: 2880300 bytes, checksum: ffd133973b4bc6e23c91694bc47d8794 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esse trabalho é dedicado ao estudo de dois problemas de interesse atual em sistemas quânticos de baixa dimensionalidade. Ambos são relacionados ao processo de localização eletrônica no regime Hall quântico. O primeiro problema diz respeito ao destino dos estados estendidos no limite de baixos campos magnéticos ou forte desordem, onde ocorre a transição de líquido de Hall para o isolante de Hall. O problema é abordado através de simulações numéricas, com um modelo de rede bidimensional tratado por um Hamiltoniano tight-binding, considerando-se tanto desordem tipo ruído branco quanto desordem correlacionada com perfil Gaussiano. Nós observamos que à medida que o campo magnético tende a zero ou a desordem é suficientemente aumentada no sistema, os estados estendidos sofrem um deslocamento em relação ao centro das bandas de Landau, indo em direção às mais altas energias e, eventualmente, ultrapassando a energia de Fermi. Esse mecanismo é chamado na literatura de levitação de estados estendidos. Nossos resultados permitem uma análise quantitativa. Identificamos os seguintes parâmetros como sendo os relevantes para mapear a levitação: (i) a razão entre escalas de energia ¿ entre a energia de separação dos níveis de Landau e o alargamento do nível devido à desordem; e (ii) a razão entre escalas de comprimento ¿ entre o comprimento magnético e o comprimento de correlação da desordem. Analisando uma vasta gama de parâmetros, uma expressão de escala descrevendo a levitação de estados estendidos é estabelecida neste trabalho. O segundo problema abordado nesta tese é relacionado ao processo de blindagem do potencial de desordem e ao mecanismo de formação dos estados localizados em sistemas Hall quânticos. O trabalho analítico apresentado aqui é motivado por recentes resultados experimentais, que mostram imagens de microscopia com medidas locais do potencial eletrostático e da compressibilidade desses sistemas, evidenciando como se dá o processo de carga de estados localizados por cargas inteiras ou fracionárias (quase-partículas). Em um regime onde o comportamento é dominado por interações Coulombianas, estabelecemos um modelo eletrostático que descreve o estado localizado como sendo uma região compressível (quantum dot ou antidot) envolta por um plano incompressível, usando a aproximação de Thomas-Fermi para tratar as interações. O potencial eletrostático nas vizinhanças da região compressível é calculado, fornecendo o tamanho dos saltos que ocorrem no potencial à medida que cada carga é adicionada ou removida do estado localizado. Além de mostrar como estes saltos se tornam menores com o aumento do índice de Landau, nossos resultados mostram a dependência deles com a altura de observação do potencial (ou seja, a altura da ponta de prova em relação ao gás de elétrons). O modelo apresentado pode ser usado para tratar estados localizados observados nos platôs do efeito Hall quântico inteiro ou fracionário / Abstract: This work is devoted to the study of two problems of current interest in low dimensional quantum systems. Both are related to the process of electron localization in the quantum Hall regime. The first problem refers to the fate of extended states in the limit of low magnetic fields or strong disorder, where the transition from quantum Hall liquid to Hall insulator takes place. A numerical approach to the problem is used, with a 2D lattice model treated in a tight-binding framework, considering both white-noise and Gaussian correlated disorder. We observe that as the magnetic field vanishes or the disorder is sufficiently increased in the system, the extended states are shifted from the Landau band centers, going to higher energies and, eventually, rising above the Fermi energy. This mechanism is referred in the literature as levitation of extended states. Our results allow a quantitative analysis. We identify the following parameters as the relevant ones to map the levitation: (i) the energy scales ratio - between the energy separation of consecutive Landau levels and the level broadening due to disorder; and (ii) the length scales ratio - between the magnetic length and the disorder correlation length. Analyzing a wide range of parameters, a scaling expression describing the levitation of extended states is established. The second problem considered in this thesis is related to the screening of the disorder potential and to the mechanism of formation of localized states in quantum Hall systems. The analytical work we present here is motivated by recent imaging experiments, which probe locally the electrostatic potential and the compressibility of these systems, showing the charging of individual localized states by integer or fractional charges (quasiparticles). For a regime where the behavior is dominated by Coulomb interactions, we set out an electrostatic model describing the localized state as a compressible region (quantum dot or antidot) embebed in an incompressible background, using the Thomas-Fermi approximation to treat the interactions. The electrostatic potential in the vicinity of the compressible region is calculated, providing the size of potential steps as each charge is added or removed from the localized state. Besides from showing how the potential steps get smaller for higher Landau levels, our results show the dependence of these steps with the height of observation (i.e., the distance from the scanning probe to the electron gas). The proposed model can be used to treat localized states observed on integer or fractional quantum Hall plateaus / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Cette thèse porte sur le comportement en temps long de solutions d’équations de type Vlasov, principalement le modèle Vlasov-HMF. On s’intéresse en particulier au phénomène d’amortissement Landau, prouvé mathématiquement dans divers cadres, pour plusieurs équations de type Vlasov, comme l’équation de Vlasov-Poisson ou le modèle Vlasov-HMF, et présentant certaines analogies avec le phénomène d’amortissement non visqueux pour l’équation d’Euler 2D. Les résultats qui y sont décrits sont les suivants. Le premier est un théorème d’amortissement Landau pour des solutions numériques du modèle Vlasov-HMF, obtenues par discrétisation en temps de ce dernier via des méthodes de splitting. Nous prouvons en outre la convergence des schémas numériques. Le second est un théorème d’amortissment Landau pour des solutions du modéle Vlasov-HMF linéarisé autour d’états stationnaires inhomogènes. Ce théorème est accompagné de nombreuses simulations numériques destinées à étudier numériquement le cas non-linéaire, et semblant mettre en lumière de nouveaux phénomènes. Enfin, le dernier résultat porte sur la discrétisation en temps de l’équation d’Euler 2D par un intégrateur de Crouch-Grossman symplectique. Nous prouvons la convergence du schéma. / This thesis concerns the long time behavior of certain Vlasov equations, mainly the Vlasov- HMF model. We are in particular interested in the celebrated phenomenon of Landau damp- ing, proved mathematically in various frameworks, foar several Vlasov equations, such as the Vlasov-Poisson equation or the Vlasov-HMF model, and exhibiting certain analogies with the inviscid damping phenomenon for the 2D Euler equation. The results described in the document are the following.The first one is a Landau damping theorem for numerical solutions of the Vlasov-HMF model, constructed by means of time-discretizations by splitting methods. We prove more- over the convergence of the schemes. The second result is a Landau damping theorem for solutions of the Vlasov-HMF model linearized around inhomogeneous stationary states. We provide moreover a quite large amount of numerical simulations, which are designed to study numerically the nonlinear case, and which seem to show new phenomenons. The last result is the convergence of a scheme that discretizes in time the 2D Euler equation by means of a symplectic Crouch-Grossmann integrator.

Cette thèse porte sur les équations gyro-cinétiques et traite un développement rigoureux deslimites de l'équation de Vlasov avec différents opérateurs de collision dans un champ magnétiquefort, ainsi que du développement de méthodes numériques.On commence par une étude de l'opérateur de moyenne. L'opérateur de moyenne a été développé parM. Bostan dans le cadre général d'une équation pour laquelle une partie du transport estfortement pénalisée. Puis, on applique ces résultats généraux aux deux régimes limites que nousétudions : le régime du rayon de Larmor fini et le régime centre-guide.On s'intéresse au calcul précis et explicite de la moyenne de l'opérateur de Fokker-Planck-Landau. On se place pour cela dans le cas du régime du rayon de Larmor fini. Avant de réaliserles calculs sur l'opérateur de Fokker-Planck-Landau, qui contient des convolutions et des termesde diffusion, il semble raisonnable de calculer la moyenne de l'opérateur de relaxation deBoltzmann, dont l'expression est plus simple.On se place ensuite dans le cas du régime centre-guide et on présente un schéma numérique basésur une décomposition micro-macro de la fonction de distribution des particules qui provientd'un travail en collaboration avec N. Crouseilles et M. Lemou. On obtient un schéma uniformémentconsistant avec le modèle continu, pour tout ordre du champ magnétique. Des simulationsnumériques, basées sur cette approche, ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un code de calcul 2D quel'on a développé durant cette thèse.On présente ensuite un projet réalisé dans le cadre du Cemracs 2012, consacré à la modélisationdes écoulements sanguins dans le réseau veineux cérébral. / The main subject of this thesis is the gyro-kinetic equation. We present a rigourousdeveloppement of the Vlasov equation limits with different collision operator in a strongmagnetic field and numerical methods.We start with a study of the gyro-average operator. The average operator has been introduced byM. Bostan in the case of an equation where part of the transport is highly penalised. Then weapply our results at the two approximation we study : the finite Larmor radius approximation andthe guiding-center approximation.We first focus on the precise and explicit computation of the Fokker-Planck-Landau operatoraverage in the finite Larmor radius approximation. The Fokker-Planck-Landau operator containsconvolution and diffusion terms, it is then reasonable to first compute the average of theBoltzmann relaxation operator.We then focus on the guiding-center approximation and present a numerical scheme based on amicro-macro decomposition of the particles distribution fonction which comes from a joint workwith N. Crouseilles and M. Lemou. We obtain a scheme which is uniformly consistant with thecontinuous model for any order of the magnetic field. Numerical simulation based on thisapproach are presented.The last chapter of this thesis presents a project which was realised during the Cemracs 2012concerning the modelisation of blood flow in cerebral veins.

Ce travail est dédié à l’étude des inégalités de type Landau-Kolmogorov en normes L2. Les mesures utilisées sont celles d’Hermite, de Laguerre-Sonin et de Jacobi. Ces inégalités sont obtenues en utilisant une méthode variationnelle. Elles font intervenir la norme d’un polynômes p et celles de ces dérivées. Dans un premier temps, on s'intéresse aux inégalités en une variable réelle qui font intervenir un nombre quelconque de normes. Les constantes correspondantes sont prises dans le domaine où une certaine forme bilinéaire est définie positive. Ensuite, on généralise ces résultats aux polynômes à plusieurs variables réelles en utilisant le produit tensoriel dans L2 et en faisant intervenir au plus les dérivées partielles secondes. Pour les mesures d'Hermite et de Laguerre-Sonin, ces inégalités sont étendues à toutes les fonctions d'un espace de Sobolev. Pour la mesure de Jacobi on donne des inégalités uniquement pour les polynômes d'un degré fixé par rapport à chaque variable. / This thesis is devoted to Landau-Kolmogorov type inequalities in L2 norm. The measures which are used, are the Hermite, the Laguerre-Sonin and the Jacobi ones. These inequalities are obtained by using a variational method and the involved the square norms of a polynomial p and some of its derivatives. Initially, we focused on inequalities in one real variable that involve any number of norms. The corresponding constants are taken in the domain where a certain biblinear form is positive definite. Then we generalize these results to polynomials in several real variables using the tensor product in L2 and involving at most the second partial derivatives. For the Hermite and Laguerrre-Sonin cases, these inequalities are extended to all functions of a Sobolev space. For the Jacobi case inequalities are given only for polynomials of degree fixed with respect to each variable.

Cette thèse se compose de deux projets. Le premier concerne la structure des fonctions multiplicatives dont les moyennes sont petites. En particulier, dans ce projet, nous établissons le comportement moyen des valeurs \(f(p)\) de \(f\) aux nombres premiers pour des fonctions \(f\) multiplicatives appropriées lorsque leurs sommes partielles \(\sum_{n\leqslant x}f(n)\) sont plus petites que leur borne supérieure triviale par un facteur d′une puissance de \(\log x\). Ce résultat poursuit un travail antérieur de Koukoulopoulos et Soundararajan et il est construit sur des idées provenant du traitement plus soigné de Koukoulopoulos sur le cas special des fonctions multiplicatives bornées. Le deuxième projet de la thèse est inspiré par un analogue d’une estimation que Linnik a déduit dans sa tentative de prouver son célèbre théorème concernant la taille du plus petit nombre premier d’une progression arithmétique. Cette estimation fournit une formule asymptotique fortement uniforme pour les sommes de la fonction de von Mangoldt \(\Lambda\) sur les progressions arithmétiques. Dans la littérature, ses preuves existantes utilisent des informations non triviales sur les zéros des fonctions \(L\) de Dirichlet \(L(\cdot,\chi)\) et le but du deuxième projet est de présenter une approche différente, plus élémentaire qui récupère cette estimation en évitant la “langue” de ces zéros. Pour le développement de cette méthode alternative, nous utilisons des idées qui apparaissent dans le grand crible prétentieux (pretentious large sieve) de Granville, Harper et Soundararajan. De plus, comme dans le cas du premier projet, nous empruntons également des idées du travail de Koukoulopoulos sur la structure des fonctions multiplicatives bornées à petites moyennes. / This thesis consists of two projects. The first one is concerned with the structure of multiplicative functions whose averages are small. In particular, in this project, we establish the average behaviour of the prime values \(f(p)\) for suitable multiplicative functions \(f\) when their partial sums \(\sum_{n\leqslant x}f(n)\) admit logarithmic cancellations over their trivial upper bound. This result extends previous related work of Koukoulopoulos and Soundararajan and it is built upon ideas coming from the more careful treatment of Koukoulopoulos on the special case of bounded multiplicative functions. The second project of the dissertation is inspired by an analogue of an estimate that Linnik deduced in his attempt to prove his celebrated theorem regarding the size of the smallest prime number of an arithmetic progression. This estimate provides a strongly uniform asymptotic formula for the sums of the von Mangoldt function \(\Lambda\) on arithmetic progressions. In the literature, its existing proofs involve non-trivial information about the zeroes of Dirichlet \(L\)-functions \(L(\cdot,\chi)\) and the purpose of the second project is to present a different, more elementary approach which recovers this estimate by avoiding the “language” of those zeroes. For the development of this alternative method, we make use of ideas that appear in the pretentious large sieve of Granville, Harper and Soundararajan. Moreover, as in the case of the first project, we also borrow insights from the work of Koukoulopoulos on the structure of bounded multiplicative functions with small averages.

No description available.

Condensed matter systems undergoing phase transitions rarely allow exact solutions. The presence of disorder renders the situation  even worse but collective Monte Carlo methods and parallel algorithms allow numerical descriptions. This thesis considers classical phase transitions in disordered spin systems in general and in effective models of superfluids with disorder and novel interactions in particular. Quantum phase transitions are considered via a quantum to classical mapping. Central questions are if the presence of defects changes universal properties and what qualitative implications follow for experiments. Common to the cases considered is that the disorder maps out correlated structures. All results are obtained using large-scale Monte Carlo simulations of effective models capturing the relevant degrees of freedom at the transition. Considering a model system for superflow aided by a defect network, we find that the onset properties are significantly altered compared to the $\lambda$-transition in $^{4}$He. This has qualitative implications on expected experimental signatures in a defect supersolid scenario. For the Bose glass to superfluid quantum phase transition in 2D we determine the quantum correlation time by an anisotropic finite size scaling approach. Without a priori assumptions on critical parameters, we find the critical exponent $z=1.8 \pm 0.05$ contradicting the long standing result $z=d$. Using a 3D effective model for multi-band type-1.5 superconductors we find that these systems possibly feature a strong first order vortex-driven phase transition. Despite its short-range nature details of the interaction are shown to play an important role. Phase transitions in disordered spin models exposed to correlated defect structures obtained via rapid quenches of critical loop and spin models are investigated. On long length scales the correlations are shown to decay algebraically. The decay exponents are expressed through known critical exponents of the disorder generating models. For cases where the disorder correlations imply the existence of a new long-range-disorder fixed point we determine the critical exponents of the disordered systems via finite size scaling methods of Monte Carlo data and find good agreement with theoretical expectations. / <p>QC 20150306</p>

In this thesis, a numerical study of simulating and computing the magnetocaloric properties of magnetic materials is presented. The main objective was to deduce the optimal procedure to obtain the isothermal change in entropy of magnetic systems, by evaluating two different formulas of entropy extraction, one relying on the magnetization of the material and the other on the magnet's heat capacity. The magnetic systems were simulated using two different Monte Carlo algorithms, the Metropolis and Wang-Landau procedures. The two entropy methods proved to be comparably similar to one another. Both approaches produced reliable and consistent results, though finite size effects could occur if the simulated system became too small. Erroneous fluctuations that invalidated the results did not seem stem from discrepancies between the entropy methods but mainly from the computation of the heat capacity itself. Accurate determination of the heat capacity via an internal energy derivative generated excellent results, while a heat capacity obtained from a variance formula of the internal energy rendered the extracted entropy unusable. The results acquired from the Metropolis algorithm were consistent, accurate and dependable, while all of those produced via the Wang-Landau method exhibited intrinsic fluctuations of varying severity. The Wang-Landau method also proved to be computationally ineffective compared to the Metropolis algorithm, rendering the method not suitable for magnetic simulations of this type.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la modélisation et la simulation de dispositifs nanoélectroniques innovants. Premièrement, nous dérivons formellement un modèle avec masse effective pour décrire le transport quantique des électrons dans des nanostructures très fortement confinées. Des simulations numériques illustrent l'intérêt du modèle obtenu pour un dispositif simplifié mais déjà significatif. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude du transport non ballistique dans ces mêmes structures confinées. Nous analysons rigoureusement un modèle de drift-diffusion et puis nous décrivons et implémentons une approche de couplage spatial classique-quantique. Enfin, nous modélisons et simulons un nanodispositif de spintronique. Plus précisement, nous étudions le renversement d'aimantation dans un matériau ferromagnétique multi-couches sous l'effet d'un courant de spin.