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Compilation of two papers, the first of which was accepted for publication in the South African Journal of Philosophy in the second half of 2001. / Why metaphors have no meaning : considering metaphoric meaning in Davidson. -- Bare idea of a conceptual scheme : relativism, intercultural communication and Davidson. / Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: WHY METAPHORS HAVE NO MEANING: CONSIDERING METAPHORIC MEANING IN DAVIDSON Since the publication of Donald Davidson's essay 'What Metaphors Mean' (1984c) - in which he famously asserts that metaphor has no meaning - the views expressed in it have mostly met with criticism: prominently from Mary Hesse and Max Black. This article attempts to explain Davidson's surprise-move regarding metaphor by relating it to elements in the rest of his work in semantics, such as the principle of compositionality, radical interpretation and the principle of charity. I conclude that Davidson's views on metaphor are not only consistent with his semantic theory generally, but that his semantics also depend on these insights. Eventually, the debate regarding Davidson's views on metaphor should be conducted on the level of his views on the nature of semantics, the relationship between language and the world and the possibility of there existing something like conceptual schemes. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: THE BARE IDEA OF A CONCEPTUAL SCHEME: RELATIVISM, INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND DAVIDSON Donald Davidson's paper 'On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme' ('OVICS') has become famous for the refutation accomplished in it of conceptual relativism. Via an argument that, essentially, all languages are intertranslatable, Davidson rejects the notion that different conceptual schemes can inhere in the supposed 'un-translatable' languages said to exist by, for instance, Whorf and Kuhn. Critics of Davidson's position have mainly focussed on practical issues, with many holding that his arguments in 'OVICS' ignore the realities of the real intercultural communication situation. In the present paper, I address criticisms of this sort. Davidson's arguments are reconstructed, with attention being paid to their dependence on the idea of practical application in the real intercommunication situation. With the aid of practical examples, the implications of elements of Davidson's philsophy of interpretation for intercultural communication are evaluated. Finally, radical interpretation is presented as a better model for intercultural dialogue than linguistically relativist ones. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: WHY METAPHORS HAVE NO MEANING: CONSIDERING METAPHORIC MEANING IN DAVIDSON Sedert die publikasie van Donald Davidson se opstel 'What Metaphors Mean' (1984c) - waarin hy die berugte stelling maak dat metafoor geen betekenis het nie - is sy sieninge meestal begroet met kritiek, ook van prominente figure soos Mary Hesse en Max Black. Hierdie artikel poog om 'n verduideliking te vind vir Davidson se verassende skuif aangaande metafoor, deur sy sieninge hieroor te kontekstualiseer teen die agtergrond van elemente uit die res van sy werk in semantiek, soos die beginsel van komposisionaliteit, radikale interpretasie en die beginsel van rasionele akkomodasie ('charity'). Ek kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat Davidson se sieninge aangaande metafoor nie slegs naatloos aansluit by sy algemene sieninge aangaande semantiek nie, maar dat die res van sy semantiese teorie ook afhang van sy sieninge aangaande metafoor. Uiteindelik behoort die debat rakende Davidson se sieninge aangaande metafoor gevoer te word op die vlak van die aard van semantiek, die verhouding tussen taal en die werklikheid en die moontlike bestaan van konseptueie skemas. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: THE BARE IDEA OF A CONCEPTUAL SCHEME: RELATIVISM, INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND DAVIDSON Donald Davidson se artikel 'On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme' het beroemdheid verwerf as teenargument vir die idee van konseptuele relativisme. By wyse van 'n argument dat alle tale in beginsel vertaalbaar is, verwerp Davidson die idee dat verskillende konseptueie skemas kan skuilgaan in die veronderstelde 'onvertaalbare' tale waarvan daar sprake is by byvoorbeeld Whorf en Kuhn. Kritici van Davidson se posisie beperk hul hoofsaaklik tot praktiese besware en 'n vername aanklag teen Davidson is dat hy die realiteite misken van werklike interkulturele gesprek. In hierdie artikel spreek ek sodanige kritiek aan. Ek herkonstrueer Davidson se argumente en voer aan dat dit deurgaans afhanklik is van die idee van toepassing in 'n praktiese situasie van interkulturele dialoog. By wyse van praktiese voorbeelde evalueer ek die implikasies van Davidson se filosofie van interpretasie vir interkulturele kommunikasie. Laastens bied ek radikale interpretasie aan as 'n beter model vir interkulturele dialoog as linguisties relativistiese modelle.

Artistic meaning via visual art and literary fiction is debated in modern aesthetic thought. Language is a cognitive component in postmodernist aesthetic projects. This thesis investigates Maurice Merleau-Ponty's and Paul Ricoeur's writings on painting and language, respectively, whose phenomenological aim is the revelation of being in works of the imagination in tandem with Lambert Zuidervaart's approach to artistic truth which opens the lifeworld to the biotic context of the earth. For him, imaginative disclosure is integral to techno-scientific and art realms. Embodiment, natality, and expression illuminate the problematic of meaning in forms of postmodern visual art. Metaphoric imagination and metaphor are used for metaphor is a principle of articulation, not a figure of speech. Aesthetic projects connect with the lifeworld in a hermeneutic circle of meaning.

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This thesis attempts to clarify a particular epistemological problem which surfaces in Chomsky's attempt to attain an objective psychological distance from the language used in his scientific theorizing, in taking language as an epistemological object. This is accomplished by examining the presumed objectivity underlying the theoretical basis of Chomskyan linguistics in its hermeneutical relation to the theories of language advocated by Quine, Wittgenstein, and other philosophers. / The thesis begins by situating the "metalanguage" in which the argumentation between Chomsky and Quine takes place in the Western philosophical tradition. It continues by outlining an historic-hermeneutic link between classical philosophy, early modernism and some twentieth century philosophies of language, most particularly those articulated by Wittgenstein in his two major works. Finally, the thesis concludes by identifying the hermeneutical nature of the philosophical discourse from which Chomsky's linguistics gains its epistemological force.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Orientador: José Oscar de Almeida Marques / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:12:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_JoseFernando_D.pdf: 1289473 bytes, checksum: 40c25964727e202759d2a1c49063e49f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Neste trabalho buscamos traçar as relações entre o Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, de Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) e as crises culturais da Viena fin-de-siècle. Apesar de o autor não mais viver em Viena durante o período de elaboração do livro, assumimos que o contexto cultural vienense é uma fecunda chave para sua elucidação. O ponto de partida é a caracterização de três crises que marcaram Viena em torno de 1900: i) uma crise dos valores, configurada pelo crescente descrédito de todos os pilares da vida social vienense; ii) uma crise do sujeito, delineada no momento em que a unidade do eu foi colocada em dúvida, ou seja, um instante em que se acreditou que tal noção não remetia a nada que ultrapassasse um feixe de sensações e experiências transitórias; iii) uma crise da linguagem, marcada pelo questionamento dos meios intelectual e artístico vienenses sobre a capacidade de a linguagem expressar a realidade e os sentimentos inerentes ao sujeito. Procuramos mostrar que o Tractatus, de acordo com sua ordem de exposição, pode oferecer uma resposta para cada uma dessas crises, a saber: a demarcação dos limites da linguagem; a afirmação da existência de um sujeito solipsista ou metafísico, cuja existência se manifesta como um ponto sem extensão fora do mundo e cuja vontade instaura a linguagem; a defesa de uma unidade que perpassa a ética e a estética, definidas como atitudes transcendentais que, respectivamente, permitem ao sujeito expandir ou minguar os limites do mundo como um todo e expressar o mundo visto sub specie aeternitatis. / Abstract: This work aims to trace the relations between Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and the cultural crises of fin-de-siècle Vienna. Although the author no longer lived in Vienna at the time of elaboration of his book, we assume that the Viennese cultural context is a fruitful key for its understanding. Our starting point is the characterization of three crises that marked Vienna in 1900: i) a crisis of values, represented by the increasing discredit regarding all Viennese social life pillars; ii) a crisis of the subject, delineated when the unit of the "I" was put in doubt, that is, at the moment such notion was believed not to exceed a beam of sensations and transitory experiences; iii) a crisis of language, marked by the questioning by intellectual and artistic Viennese milieu of language's capacity in express the inherent reality and feelings of the subject. We aim to show that the Tractatus, in accordance with its order of exposition, can offer an answer for each of these crises, that is to say, the demarcation of the limits of language; the affirmation of the solipsist or metaphysical subject's existence, which shows itself as a point without extension out of the world and whose will establishes the language; the defense of a unit across the ethics and the aesthetic domains, defined as transcendental attitudes that allow the subject, respectively, to expand or to decrease the limits of the world as a whole and to express the world seen sub specie aeternitatis. / Doutorado / Doutor em Filosofia