The construction area is one of the sectors that are most important in the development of a country, so we measure the growth rate being the same jobs and increases in other sectors. Despite being a great source of a country do not get to understand the reasons why, especially in Latin America is not generated as much expected development in Europe, Asia or North America. The construction industry has unique characteristics that fail to justify analyzed the degree of development in which there are: weather conditions, work under pressure, little training and above all existing schedule. In the thesis analyzes were taken in as a building project "Building Raygada" which was scheduled execution in 06 months however the lack of planning, organization and control culminated in 09 months, which not only affected the project but time economically in the profits of which were under S/686, 913.00 and finally got S/222, 527.00 equivalent to 67.60% less than the estimated This is why developing a Project Management to improve planning, scheduling and control work is the objective of this study demonstrate that the main problem of the construction is not knowing how to manage resources which should be available when required as otherwise generate unwanted delays for that reason is that we will apply the planning tools such as the theories of Lean Construction,Restrictions, Last Planner and thus develop a detailed analysis of the work and contribute to increased productivity sector construction dare the "Procedure for the planning, execution and control of organized work processes” , which is the contribution to young engineers and professionals who do not consider the benefits of working with Project Management in construction work.

The remnant montane forests of southern Lebanon provide habitat to a rich diversity of endemic, rare and threatened plant and animal species. Prior to the intensification of human activity during the mid-Holocene period these forests covered most of the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon Mountain ranges. What is not known is how the dynamics of these forests changed in response to major shifts in climate. The aim of this DPhil thesis was to document changes in vegetation composition in southern Lebanon during the last glacial period (~112 to 35 ka BP). To achieve this aim, a palynological study was conducted on a sedimentary sequence recovered from Aammiq Wetland located in the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon. Fossil pollen was analysed to reconstruct variability in vegetation composition and abundance. Energy dispersive spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility and loss-on-ignition were used to reconstruct the geomorphological and hydrological processes acting within the wetland and its watershed. Macro and microcharcoal were analysed to reconstruct local and regional fire histories respectively. A chronology was established for this sequence using a combination of radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL) techniques. The results indicate significant variability in the composition and abundance of vegetation through the time interval ~ 112 to ~ 35 ka BP closely aligned in time to global and regional climatic events. Changes in the chemical and physical properties of the sediments indicate significant variability in landscape erosion processes and hydrological conditions in the watershed and within the wetland over the similar interval in time. Peaks in local and regional fire activity were concurrent with periods of precession minima and Dansgaard-Oeschger warming events and had a significant impact on the composition of vegetation within the Aammiq region. These findings provide the first account of environmental change in the southern Bekaa Valley and adjacent slopes of the Lebanon Mountains during the last glacial period.

Dagens flygfarkoster innehåller avancerad elektronik som ställer högre krav på elförsörjningen när de står parkerad på mark. För att kunna testa elförsörjningen(GPU) behövs AC-laster som är mer varierbara än en enkel resistiv last. I denna rapport undersöks möjligheten att köpa eller konstruera sådana AC-laster. En marknadsundersökning genomfördes för att undersöka om det finns lösningar på marknaden idag. Det visade sig att det finns flera företag som erbjuder olika lösningar för detta, men att specifikationerna för dem är svåra att tolka och dessa lösningar är också väldigt dyra. En egen konstruktion togs även fram för att kunna använda en befintlig enkel resistiv last på ett smartare sätt. Genom att kontrollera lasten med halvledarreläer kan snabba återkommande förlopp simuleras. Kontrol-len av reläerna kontrollerades med hjälp av en mikrokontroller, som på ett enkelt sätt kan uppdateras med nya program för att erhålla olika testcykler. / Today's aircraft contain advanced electronics that place higher demands on power supply when parked on land. In order to test the power supply (GPU), AC loads are more varied than a single resistive load. This report examines the possibility of purchasing or constructing such AC loads. A market investigation was conducted to investigate whether there are solutions on the market today. It turned out that there are several companies offering different solutions for this, but the specifications for them are difficult to interpret and these solutions are also very expensive. An own design was also constructed to use an existing single resistive load in a smarter manner. By controlling the load with semiconductor relays, rapid progress can be simulated. The relays are controlled by a microcontroller, which can easily be updated with new programs to obtain different test cycles.

Requiem for the Last Kaiser by the Cameroonian playwright Bate Besong, is a play characterised by singular translational challenges. These challenges range from the presence of many different languages in the text to the use of humour and intratextual references taken from a various range of sources such as the Bible, world history and politics, etc. In our 21st century world, where translation has been described as the language of Europe by Umberto Eco, Africa’s literary treasures should be given a wider readership by means of translation, starting with French, to introduce the writer’s work to French-speaking Cameroonians and from there to other Francophones. The aim of this research was to determine in what way multilingualism in the play could affect its translation and, secondly, how to translate the various multilingual utterances. The focus was put on the rendition of the play’s multilingual elements in a language or languages understandable to a French-speaking readership while keeping the author’s initial intention in mind. This was done firstly by gathering relevant knowledge on theatre as well as literary and theatrical translation, and on the other hand on literary multilingualism and multilingual translation. Subsequently, 28 text segments including multilingual utterances were extracted from the source text, analysed using a combination of the functionalist approach and hermeneutics, and translated. Several translation strategies and procedures were used, among which literalism was particularly successful. It was found that these could not be generalised and that translation choices should be made for each individual utterance. The play impacts on the literary, sociolinguistic, political, and sociological domains, as it dates from the 1990s, a period of Cameroonian history marked by popular uprisings and the struggle for democracy. Attempting a partial translation of Requiem for the Last Kaiser was a means of contributing to the field of multilingual theatre translation, sharing the richness of Bate Besong’s literary work and giving Cameroonian literature in English the port of access it needs since it has not yet attained the recognition it surely deserves. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Modern European Languages / unrestricted

L’analyse des processus de création de l’écrivain américain William Burroughs et de l’artiste brésilien Cildo Meireles construit deux figures exemplaires de l’artiste en tant que sujet politique. Les choix faits par ces deux artistes pendant le processus de réalisation de leurs œuvres déclarent en effet leur position face à la littérature, à l’art et à la réalité. Ils les construisent en tant que sujets-artistes et produisent des rencontres qui (re) configurent l’espace artistique. Ils renouvellent les pratiques de création. Nous étudions ces processus avec pour outils différentes notions théoriques. Outre celle de la politique, qui, selon Jacques Rancière, est le processus de l’égalité ; celle du sujet, définie par Alain Badiou, comme une construction qui se produit quand un événement arrive ; et celle de choix qui, selon Slavoj Zizek, ne laisse pas intacte la subjectivité du sujet. Nous essayons ainsi de définir le caractère politique des choix faits par ces deux artistes et de mettre en évidence l’idée de l’art et de la politique que leurs œuvres mobilisent.Nous étudions le processus de création de Burroughs, de son premier roman jusqu’à la découverte du cut-up et l’écriture de son texte Last Words. Nous analysons le processus de création des œuvres de Meireles : Insertions dans les circuits idéologiques, œuvre qui se constitue dans un processus en marche ; et Le sermon sur la montagne : Fiat lux. Construction d’une situation : transformation d’un espace en une bombe potentielle.Malgré leurs différences, ces œuvres ont une procédure de réalisation similaire, une sorte de travail tabulaire, de collage d’éléments hétérogènes. / The analysis of the creation process of both Americain writer Willam Burroughs and Brazilian artist Cildo Meireles construct two exemplary figures of the artist as political subject. The choices made by these artistes during the process of realization of their works declare indeed their position on literature, art and reality. Their choices construct them as artists-subjects and produce encounters that (re) configure the art space. They renew the creative practices. We study these processes with some theoretical tools: such as the notion of politics which according to Jacques Rancière, is the process of equality; the notion of subject, defined by Alain Badiou as a construction that is produced when an event happens; and the notions of choice which, according to Slavoj Zizek, does not leave intact the subjectivity of the subject. Thus we try to define the political nature of the choices made by these artists and to highlight the idea of art and politics that their works mobilize. We study the process of creation of Burroughs, from his first novel until his discovery of cut-up technique and the writing of his text Last Words. We analyze the process of creation of Meireles’s works: Insertions into Ideological Circuits, a work that is established as a running process and The Sermon on the Mount: Fiat Lux that is the construction of a situation. It is the transformation of a space into a potential bomb. Despite their differences these works have a similar implementations procedures a kind of a tabular work, a collage of heterogeneous elements.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the barriers for and their impact cooperation and coopetition for sustainable distribution of Municipality goods in three selected cities. Design/Methodology/Approach: This thesis is based on a qualitative approach using a multiple case study as data collection strategy. The population building up three cases consists of ten Swedish mid-sized cities with an urban consolidation center. Of these are the three cities Växjö, Kalmar and Borlänge sampled and both the municipality and two locally active freight forwarders (one RFP-winner and one non-RFP-winner) per city are interviewed. These interviews aimed at identifying barriers to cooperation between municipalities and freight forwarders and barriers to coopetition between private freight forwarders for a sustainable distribution of municipality goods. The secondary data is based upon three literature streams: Sustainability, Distribution in Urban Environments and, Cooperation and Coopetition. Findings: The results indicate that the main barriers to cooperation from a freight forwarder perspective are incorrect or missing data in the RFP, price for municipality goods distribution and prohibition of goods consolidation. The main barrier to cooperation, fossil fuel free trucks, is a potential future barrier. The main barriers to coopetition are higher costs, lack of trust and price. These barriers have mainly an impact on the economical sustainability but can, and in some cases, will have effects on the other TBL-aspects. Research Limitations/Implications: The findings of this thesis provide the municipality with knowledge about barriers from the perspective of the freight forwarders which can aid construction of future RFPs. It also provides both municipality and freight forwarders with knowledge of the potential future barriers which could affect ongoing cooperation. Lastly it provides involved actors with knowledge of barriers hindering a coopetition approach in distribution, enabling the next step of solving the barriers. The value of this thesis is the knowledge of the implications as well as the combination of the three chosen literature streams which have not been researched in this context previously

Condemned prisoners in Texas and most other states are given an opportunity to make a final statement in the last moments before death. An anecdotal review by the author of this study over the last 15 years indicates that condemned prisoners use the opportunity for a variety of purposes. They ask forgiveness, explain themselves, lash out at accusers, rail at the system, read poems, say goodbyes to friends and family, praise God, curse fate - and assert their innocence with their last breaths. The final words also are typically heard by a select group of witnesses, which may include a prisoner's family and friends, victim's relatives, and one or more journalists. What the public knows about a particular condemned person's statement largely depends on what the journalists who witness the executions chose to include in their accounts of executions, the accuracy of their notes, and the completeness of the statements that are recorded on departments of correction websites or records. This paper will examine, through rhetorical and content analyses, the final words of the 355 prisoners who were executed in Texas between 1976 and 2005, identify those who made unequivocal claims of innocence in their final statements, and analyze news coverage of their executions by the Associated Press.

Os sistemas de comunicação óptica por espaço livre, comumente denominados sistemas FSO (Free Space Optics), servem para estabelecer enlaces de comunicação do tipo wireless, ponto-a-ponto, a uma elevada taxa de dados e com alcances que podem variar de algumas centenas de metros a alguns quilômetros. O interesse pela tecnologia FSO tem sido estimulado pela necessidade de se fornecer soluções complementares às tradicionais (e.g. fibra óptica e RF) visando a atender à crescente demanda por conexões de banda larga. Algumas de suas aplicações mais importantes são a conexão de redes locais de computadores, a conexão de estações rádio base de telefonia móvel às centrais e o acesso de última milha. Embora a tecnologia FSO venha sendo empregada em pequena escala no Brasil, vislumbra-se o potencial de maior aplicação desta tecnologia em um futuro próximo, razão pela qual se propõe este estudo, focado no projeto de sistemas FSO. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é demonstrar uma possível solução para a realização de um enlace óptico operando em espaço livre, destinado a conectar duas redes locais de computadores Ethernet Rápida (100 Mbps). As seguintes atividades foram desenvolvidas: estudo das questões mais relevantes pertinentes ao projeto de sistemas FSO; projeto, construção e caracterização eletro-óptica de circuitos; montagem e demonstração do funcionamento de uma versão de testes do sistema, realizadas em laboratório; estudo de características associadas à transferência de radiação óptica de transmissor para receptor, envolvendo o balanço de potência para estimativa do alcance do enlace, sob condições atmosféricas ideais. Como resultado, obtivemos um sistema de comunicação do tipo full-duplex, operando no comprimento de onda de 850 nm em formato de modulação OOK, a uma taxa de dados efetiva de 125 Mbps. Com base na experiência obtida, melhoras ao sistema são sugeridas no final do trabalho. / Free space optical communication systems (FSO systems) provide wireless, point-to-point communication links at high data rates, at maximum distances ranging from hundreds of meters to several kilometers. The growing interest in FSO technology arises from the necessity of providing complementary and alternative solutions to those already adopted (eg. fiber optics and RF), aiming to satisfy the increasing demand for broadband connections. Some of its most important applications are connecting local area networks (LANs), backhauling wireless networks and providing last mile access. Although today FSO is not widely adopted in Brazil, the technology has the potential for being adopted in a greater scale in the near future, which is the reason we propose a study focused on issues related to the design of FSO systems. This work\'s main contribution is to demonstrate a possible solution for the construction of a FSO system intended to connect two Fast Ethernet LANs (100 Mbps). For this purpose, the following activities were developed: study of the main aspects related to FSO system design; design, construction and electrooptical characterization of circuits; mounting and demonstration, in the lab, of a test version of the system; study of characteristics related to radiation transfer from transmitter to receiver, involving the use of the link power budget for an estimation of the maximum distance achievable under ideal atmospheric conditions. The result is a full-duplex communication system that employs the 850 nm wavelength in OOK modulation format, operating at an effective bit rate of 125 Mbps. Based on the knowledge achieved, improvements to the system are suggested at the end of this work.

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Detta kandidatarbete har haft som mål att ta fram en exkursionsguide för naturvetenskapsstudenter som är i ett tidigt stadie i deras utbildning och för den intresserade allmänheten. Syftet har varit att exkursionsguiden ska ge en översiktlig version av Uppsala läns kvartärgeologiska landskapsutvecklingsom är lätt för potentiella läsare att ta till sig. Kandidatarbetet är uppdelat i två delar, med en första del som introducerar läsarna till de geologiska och hydrologiska processer som ägt rum under perioden kvartär. Dessa är nödvändiga för att förstå den andra delen, som består av själva exkursionsguiden. Eftersom exkursionsguidens fokusär geologiska strukturer som bildats under och efter den senaste istiden, så består den första delen huvudsakligen av inlandsisens mekanismer och processer, olika typer av jordavlagringar samt hur de strukturer som inlandsisen bildat kan identifieras i fält. I första delen ingår även en tidslinje över landskapsutvecklingen i Uppsala län med början i inlandsisens tillbakadragande. Den andra delen av arbetet består som nämnt ovan av exkursionsguiden. Denna innehåller 10 lokaler som visar på de mest vanligt förekommande strukturer från kvartär. Fotografier har använts för att visa de mest intressanta strukturerna från varje lokal, dessa har även tillhörande informationsrutor som ger läsarna nödvändig information om den specifika landformen eller strukturen. Båda delar av arbetet innehåller kartor gjorda i programmet ArcGIS. Dessa kartor har tagits framför att visa istäckets utbredning vid olika tidpunkter och jordarter vid och omkring lokalerna. Vägbeskrivningskartor finns även för varje lokal samt en virtuell guide i Google Earth, passande för tider med pandemi-restriktioner. Detta kandidatarbete har inte kommit fram till traditionella resultat, utan exkursionsguiden utgör resultatet. Arbetet med detta projekt visade sig vara mer utmanande än förväntat. Det stora perspektivet var isynnerhet en aspekt som var hindrande. För att ta fram en mer detaljerad exkursionsguide skulle någotav följande behövts: en begränsning av ämnesområdet, mer tid, alternativt mer kunskap om ämnet av författarna. / This bachelor’s thesis has been about creating an excursion guide for natural sciences students in theearly stages of their education, as well as for the interested public. The aim has been to give the students a condensed, easy to grasp version of the quaternary landscape development in Uppsala län, Sweden. The thesis is made up of two parts, where the first part introduces the students to quaternary processes and terms necessary to understand the second part, which is the excursion itself. Since the excursion is centered around the geological structures left by the last glaciation, the first part contains information mostly about the glacier's mechanisms and processes, different types of soil and how the structures left by the glacier is recognizable in the field. Featured in part one is also a timeline of the landscape development in Sweden since the last glaciations regression. The second part features 10 localities that show off landforms and geological structures of interest from the quaternary period. Photographs are used to illustrate what parts are important for each locality and infographics have been used to give students easy access to the most crucial knowledge for that specific landform, structure or mechanism. Both parts of this thesis contain maps made in ArcGIS. These maps show off a few different things, like the ice-sheets extent at different points in time, the types of soil in and around each locality aswell as an overview map that shows the localities whereabouts. In addition to the maps, a virtual guide was created in Google Earth suitable for a time with travel restrictions. Because of the nature of this thesis, no results of the traditional kind were arrived at. The result is the excursion guide itself. This project proved to be more difficult than anticipated, the scope of it in particular made it challenging. In order to make a detailed excursion guide, one would need to either be more knowledgeable within the field, have more time or need to restrict the scope of the project.