O câncer é responsável por aproximadamente 13% de todas as mortes no mundo, sendo que elas ocorrem principalmente em pessoas que são diagnosticadas tardiamente e em estágios avançados. Devido às suas características devastadoras e à prevalência cada vez maior da doença, é inquestionável a necessidade de investigações e pesquisas constantes na área, no sentido de aprimorar a detecção precoce e auxiliar em sua prevenção e tratamento. Dentre as diversas abordagens existentes, uma alternativa é a criação de técnicas para estimar o período de crescimento \"silencioso\" do câncer, que significa conhecer o momento do início do processo cancerígeno, também chamado de período de latência. A partir da revisão da literatura realizada, foi verificada uma escassez de modelos que estimam a latência do câncer, indicando a necessidade de estudo sobre o tema. Nesse contexto, métodos de análise de sobrevivência surgem como uma ferramenta útil para a construção desses modelos. No presente trabalho, é apresentada uma revisão de um modelo já existente, bem como sua formulação e métodos de estimação. Além disso, apresenta-se uma aplicação em um conjunto de dados reais e uma discussão dos resultados obtidos.Foi identificada a necessidade da formulação de um novo modelo, visto que o método estudado apresenta algumas limitações. Com isso são apresentadas 3 alternativas de modelos que solucionam os pontos apresentados na discussão, com respectivas aplicações. / Cancer is responsible for about 13% of all deaths in the world occuring mainly in people who are late diagnosed and in advanced stages. Due to its devastating characteristics and the growing prevalence of the disease, it is unquestionable the need of constant investigation and research in this area, in order to improve the early detection and to help in its prevention and treatment. Among the existing approaches, one alternative is the creation of techniques to estimate the \"silent\" growth period of cancer, which means to know the beginning moment of the carcinogen period, also known as latency period. In a literature review, it was found an shortage of models that estimate the latency of cancer, indicating the need of study about this theme. In this context, survival analysis methods appear as an useful tool to build these models. In this study, a review of an existing model is presented, as well as its formulation and estimation methods. Furthermore, an application on real data and a discussion of the obtained results are made. As a result, it was identified the need to formulate a new model, because of the limitations of the studied one. We present 3 alternative models that solve the points presented in the discussion, with applications.

O câncer é responsável por aproximadamente 13% de todas as mortes no mundo, sendo que elas ocorrem principalmente em pessoas que são diagnosticadas tardiamente e em estágios avançados. Devido às suas características devastadoras e à prevalência cada vez maior da doença, é inquestionável a necessidade de investigações e pesquisas constantes na área, no sentido de aprimorar a detecção precoce e auxiliar em sua prevenção e tratamento. Dentre as diversas abordagens existentes, uma alternativa é a criação de técnicas para estimar o período de crescimento \"silencioso\" do câncer, que significa conhecer o momento do início do processo cancerígeno, também chamado de período de latência. A partir da revisão da literatura realizada, foi verificada uma escassez de modelos que estimam a latência do câncer, indicando a necessidade de estudo sobre o tema. Nesse contexto, métodos de análise de sobrevivência surgem como uma ferramenta útil para a construção desses modelos. No presente trabalho, é apresentada uma revisão de um modelo já existente, bem como sua formulação e métodos de estimação. Além disso, apresenta-se uma aplicação em um conjunto de dados reais e uma discussão dos resultados obtidos.Foi identificada a necessidade da formulação de um novo modelo, visto que o método estudado apresenta algumas limitações. Com isso são apresentadas 3 alternativas de modelos que solucionam os pontos apresentados na discussão, com respectivas aplicações. / Cancer is responsible for about 13% of all deaths in the world occuring mainly in people who are late diagnosed and in advanced stages. Due to its devastating characteristics and the growing prevalence of the disease, it is unquestionable the need of constant investigation and research in this area, in order to improve the early detection and to help in its prevention and treatment. Among the existing approaches, one alternative is the creation of techniques to estimate the \"silent\" growth period of cancer, which means to know the beginning moment of the carcinogen period, also known as latency period. In a literature review, it was found an shortage of models that estimate the latency of cancer, indicating the need of study about this theme. In this context, survival analysis methods appear as an useful tool to build these models. In this study, a review of an existing model is presented, as well as its formulation and estimation methods. Furthermore, an application on real data and a discussion of the obtained results are made. As a result, it was identified the need to formulate a new model, because of the limitations of the studied one. We present 3 alternative models that solve the points presented in the discussion, with applications.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-09-26T18:18:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBBB.pdf: 1070846 bytes, checksum: a16745b05e48414c17e926ab9fc632b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-29T18:46:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBBB.pdf: 1070846 bytes, checksum: a16745b05e48414c17e926ab9fc632b6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-29T18:46:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBBB.pdf: 1070846 bytes, checksum: a16745b05e48414c17e926ab9fc632b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-29T18:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBBB.pdf: 1070846 bytes, checksum: a16745b05e48414c17e926ab9fc632b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Cancer is responsible for about 13% of all deaths in the world occuring mainly in people who are late diagnosed and in advanced stages. Due to its devastating characteristics and the growing prevalence of the disease, it is unquestionable the need of constant investigation and research in this area, in order to improve the early detection and to help in its prevention and treatment. Among the existing approaches, one alternative is the creation of techniques to estimate the "silent" growth period of cancer, which means to know the beginning moment of the carcinogen period, also known as latency period. In a literature review, it was found an shortage of models that estimate the latency of cancer, indicating the need of study about this theme. In this context, survival analysis methods appear as an useful tool to build these models. In this study, a review of an existing model is presented, as well as its formulation and estimation methods. Furthermore, an application on real data and a discussion of the obtained results are made. As a result, it was identified the need to formulate a new model, because of the limitations of the studied one. We present 3 alternative models that solve the points presented in the discussion, with applications. / O câncer é responsável por aproximadamente 13% de todas as mortes no mundo, sendo que elas ocorrem principalmente em pessoas que são diagnosticadas tardiamente e em estágios avançados. Devido às suas características devastadoras e à prevalência cada vez maior da doença, é inquestionável a necessidade de investigações e pesquisas constantes na área, no sentido de aprimorar a detecção precoce e auxiliar em sua prevenção e tratamento. Dentre as diversas abordagens existentes, uma alternativa é a criação de técnicas para estimar o período de crescimento "silencioso" do câncer, que significa conhecer o momento do início do processo cancerígeno, também chamado de período de latência. A partir da revisão da literatura realizada, foi verificada uma escassez de modelos que estimam a latência do câncer, indicando a necessidade de estudo sobre o tema. Nesse contexto, métodos de análise de sobrevivência surgem como uma ferramenta útil para a construção desses modelos. No presente trabalho, é apresentada uma revisão de um modelo já existente, bem como sua formulação e métodos de estimação. Além disso, apresenta-se uma aplicação em um conjunto de dados reais e uma discussão dos resultados obtidos.Foi identificada a necessidade da formulação de um novo modelo, visto que o método estudado apresenta algumas limitações. Com isso são apresentadas 3 alternativas de modelos que solucionam os pontos apresentados na discussão, com respectivas aplicações.

White Crappie (Pomoxis annularis) and Black Crappie (P. nigromaculatus) are popular North American gamefish; however, frequent fluctuations in year class strength present a management challenge for recreational fisheries. Intensive aquaculture production has the potential to address this challenge through controlled hatchery reproduction for supplemental stocking, but further study is needed to refine and optimize techniques. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of hormone injection timing on latency period and spawning success, examined effective cryopreservation techniques for black-stripe Black Crappie sperm (a preferred hatchery phenotype), and compared simulated spring duration on out-of-season spawning success. Latency period for White Crappie did not depend on the diel time of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone injection. Cryopreservation of black-stripe Black Crappie sperm and subsequent fertilization of White Crappie eggs was more effective using 5% dimethyl-sulfoxide than 10% methanol. A longer duration at final spring spawning conditions (3 vs. 2 weeks) increased egg fertilization in out-of-season spawning experiments.

Notre recherche porte sur l'identité narrative chez des enfants âgés de 6 à 12 ans accueillis en ITEP. Psychologue auprès d'«enfants violents» durant cinq ans, notre thèse est le fruit d'une démarche originale, qui s'appuie à la fois sur la psychopathologie, la psychanalyse, la philosophie et différentes sources culturelles. Pour Paul Ricœur, philosophe, l'homme est un être résolument narratif, un être pour qui l'impérieuse nécessité de raconter le monde et de se raconter fonde son essence même. Il s'agit de considérer ce qui demeure de la singularité d'un être au fil du temps, la façon dont il se vit et se raconte. Au travers de ce concept se fait jour une dialectique entre soi et l'autre, entre soi et l'étranger en soi (la mêmeté et l'ipséité). L'identité narrative, c'est la possibilité d'un écart réflexif face à l'évènement, c'est la fondation de l'expérience au regard de la temporalité. C'est donc un aspect de la conscience de soi, une expérience de l'intime, l'expression de la subjectivité telle qu'elle peut être partagée et transformée. Or, dans la clinique des enfants violents, nous observons que tous ont en commun d'échouer à se constituer un récit de vie, à se forger une expérience. Tout se passe comme si le sentiment de continuité dans l'existence (Winnicott) était un canevas troué, sans cesse remis sur le métier. La psychopathologie des enfants dits « violents » est complexe, elle se compose d'une symptomatologie très hétérogène, ancrée bien que possiblement labile, qui s'origine dans les liens précoces. On note la prévalence des difficultés d'apprentissage en lecture et écriture, des agirs violents plutôt qu'une mise en mots, un vécu émaillé de ruptures et d'évènements traumatiques, un difficile ancrage identitaire et filial et des identifications en souffrance. Au début de notre recherche, notre travail s'est orienté par ce que nous avons repéré comme les difficultés éprouvées par l'enfant violent à raconter une histoire et a fortiori à mettre en récit la sienne propre. Mais cette démarche se prolonge en ce qu'il s'agit de se demander en quoi l'identité narrative est un concept clé pour apporter une contribution à la compréhension des processus psychiques en jeu. Nous suivons ainsi la piste des processus de pensée obérés sur un fond temporel non constitué en tant que période de latence. En outre, il s'agit d'interroger la pertinence et les limites d'un tel abord psychothérapeutique, questions que nous posons à partir de 12 vignettes et de 8 cas d'enfants suivis en psychothérapie analytique 1 à 3 fois par semaine durant 1 à 4 années. Notre méthodologie de recherche repose sur des retranscriptions de séances de psychothérapie par le jeu, le dessin, les dialogues imaginaires et la parole. Nous avons pensé notre pratique clinique comme un espace pour mettre en mouvement les processus de subjectivation, choisissant ainsi de faire feu de tout bois à partir du matériau apporté par l'enfant. Nous portons notre attention sur les processus de symbolisation et leurs entraves, perceptibles dans le transfert. Le maniement de celui-ci permet de rejouer des enjeux présents, trop présents mais non psychisés, dans le lien aux objets premiers de ces enfants. Nous nous écartons résolument d'une logique évaluative et comportementale pour affirmer la valeur et l'actualité de la clinique du transfert dans ce champ, que l'on peut dénommer clinique de l'extrême. Nous nous appuyons principalement, à partir de la métapsychologie freudienne, sur les apports de Winnicott, de Ferenczi et de l'École lyonnaise. Nous précisons en quoi la philosophie ricœurienne constitue une figure d'altérité pour la psychanalyse et dégageons les lignes de tension épistémologiques entre l'un et l'autre champ. Enfin, notre recherche est animée par une visée politique : nous souhaitons témoigner de l'urgence humanitaire que constitue la situation de ces enfants en même temps que la nécessité, l'intérêt et la fécondité du travail thérapeutique auprès d'eux. / Our research focuses on the narrative identity of children aged 6 to 12 who are living with ITEP. Psychologist with "violent children" for five years, our thesis is the fruit of an original approach, which is based on both psychopathology, psychoanalysis, philosophy and different cultural sources. For Paul Ricoeur, philosopher, the man is a resolutely narrative being, a being for whom the imperious need to tell the world and to tell stories is the basis of its very essence. It is a question of considering what remains of the singularity of a being over time, the way he lives and tells himself. Through this concept comes a dialectic between oneself and the other, between oneself and the stranger in oneself (sameness and ipseity). The narrative identity is the possibility of a reflexive difference with the event, it is the foundation of the experience with regard to temporality. It is therefore an aspect of self-awareness, an experience of intimacy, the expression of subjectivity as it can be shared and transformed. However, in the clinic of violent children, we observe that all have in common to fail to constitute a story of life, to forge an experience. Everything happens as if the sense of continuity in existence (Winnicott) was a perforated canvas, constantly put back on the job. The psychopathology of so-called "violent" children is complex, it is composed of a very heterogeneous symptomatology, anchored although possibly labile, which originates in the early links. We note the prevalence of learning difficulties in reading and writing, violent acts rather than a putting into words, a lived enamelled ruptures and traumatic events, a difficult identity and filial anchorage and identifications in pain. At the beginning of our research, our work was guided by what we saw as the difficulties experienced by the abusive child in telling a story, let alone in narrating his own story. But this approach is prolonged in that it is a question of wondering why the narrative identity is a key concept to make a contribution to the understanding of the psychic processes at stake. We thus follow the path of the processes of thought obsessed on an unincorporated timebase as a latency period. In addition, it is questioning the relevance and the limits of such a psychotherapeutic approach, questions that we ask from 12 vignettes and 8 cases of children followed in analytical psychotherapy 1 to 3 times per week during 1 at 4 years old. Our research methodology is based on retranscriptions of psychotherapy sessions through play, drawing, imaginary dialogues and speech. We have thought of our clinical practice as a space to set in motion the processes of subjectivation, thus choosing to fire any wood from the material brought by the child. We focus our attention on symbolization processes and their hindrances, perceptible in the transfer. The handling of this one allows to replay present issues, too present but not psychised, in the link to the first objects of these children. We deviate resolutely from an evaluative and behavioral logic to assert the value and timeliness of the transfer clinic in this field, which can be called clinical extreme. We mainly rely, from Freudian metapsychology, on the contributions of Winnicott, Ferenczi and the Lyons school. We specify in what Ricerc philosophy constitutes a figure of otherness for the psychoanalysis and release the epistemological lines of tension between the one and the other field. Finally, our research is driven by a political aim: we wish to testify to the humanitarian urgency that is the situation of these children at the same time as the necessity, the interest and the fertility of the therapeutic work with them. / La nostra ricerca si concentra sull'identità narrativa dei bambini dai 6 ai 12 anni che vivono con ITEP. Psicologa con "bambini violenti" per cinque anni, la nostra tesi è il frutto di un approccio originale, che si basa sia su psicopatologia, psicoanalisi, filosofia e diverse fonti culturali. Per Paul Ricoeur, filosofo, l'uomo è un essere risolutamente narrativo, un essere per il quale l'imperioso bisogno di dire al mondo e di raccontare storie è la base della sua stessa essenza. Si tratta di considerare ciò che rimane della singolarità di un essere nel tempo, il modo in cui vive e si racconta. Attraverso questo concetto nasce una dialettica tra sé e l'altro, tra se stessi e lo straniero in se stessi (identità e ipseità). L'identità narrativa è la possibilità di una differenza riflessiva con l'evento, è il fondamento dell'esperienza in relazione alla temporalità. È quindi un aspetto dell'auto-consapevolezza, un'esperienza di intimità, l'espressione della soggettività come può essere condivisa e trasformata. Tuttavia, nella clinica dei bambini violenti, osserviamo che tutti hanno in comune il non riuscire a costituire una storia di vita, a forgiare un'esperienza. Tutto accade come se il senso di continuità dell'esistenza (Winnicott) fosse una tela perforata, costantemente rimessa sul lavoro. La psicopatologia dei cosiddetti bambini "violenti" è complessa, è composta da una sintomatologia molto eterogenea, ancorata sebbene possibilmente labili, che ha origine nei primi legami. Notiamo la prevalenza di difficoltà di apprendimento nella lettura e nella scrittura, atti violenti piuttosto che una messa in parole, una rottura smaltata vissuta e eventi traumatici, un'identità difficile e ancoraggio filiale e identificazioni nel dolore. All'inizio della nostra ricerca, il nostro lavoro è stato guidato da quelle che abbiamo visto come le difficoltà incontrate dal bambino violento nel raccontare una storia, per non parlare della sua storia. Ma questo approccio si prolunga nel fatto che si tratta di chiedersi perché l'identità narrativa sia un concetto chiave per dare un contributo alla comprensione dei processi psichici in gioco, quindi seguiamo il percorso dei processi di pensiero ossessionati da una base dei tempi non incorporata come periodo di latenza. Inoltre, mette in discussione la rilevanza e i limiti di un tale approccio psicoterapeutico, domande che chiediamo da 12 vignette e 8 casi di bambini seguiti in psicoterapia analitica 1-3 volte a settimana durante 1 a 4 anni. La nostra metodologia di ricerca si basa sulla ritrasmissione di sedute di psicoterapia attraverso il gioco, il disegno, i dialoghi immaginari e il parlato. Abbiamo pensato alla nostra pratica clinica come a uno spazio per mettere in moto i processi di soggettivazione, scegliendo così di licenziare qualsiasi legno dal materiale portato dal bambino. Concentriamo la nostra attenzione sui processi di simbolizzazione e sui loro ostacoli, percepibili nel trasferimento. La gestione di questo permette di riprodurre i problemi presenti, troppo presenti ma non psicizzati, nel collegamento ai primi oggetti di questi bambini. Ci scostiamo risolutamente da una logica valutativa e comportamentale per affermare il valore e la tempestività della clinica di trasferimento in questo campo, che può essere definito clinicamente estremo. Principalmente ci affidiamo, dalla metapsicologia freudiana, ai contributi di Winnicott, di Ferenczi e della scuola di Lione. Specifichiamo in che cosa la filosofia Ricœuriana costituisce una figura di alterità per la psicoanalisi e libera le linee di tensione epistemologica tra l'una e l'altra materia. Infine, la nostra ricerca è guidata da un obiettivo politico: desideriamo testimoniare l'urgenza umanitaria che è la situazione di questi bambini nello stesso momento della necessità, l'interesse e la fertilità del lavoro terapeutico con loro.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude du comportement d’un acier inoxydable (matériau passivable) en situation de tribocorrosion. L’accent a été mis sur l’effet de synergie existant entre la sollicitation mécanique et l’électrochimie du milieu, conduisant à une usure significative. Dans un premier temps, une méthodologie a été mise en place, sur une microstructure ferritique, pour quantifier cette synergie et ses deux composantes que sont l’électrochimie accélérée par l’usure (E.A.U.) et l’usure accélérée par l’électrochimie (U.A.E.). La première représente la dissolution du matériau consécutive à l’action mécanique du pion sur la surface. La seconde rend compte des modifications des propriétés mécaniques de la surface induites par l’électrochimie. Les paramètres de la sollicitation mécanique étant tout d’abord fixés, l’évolution des composantes de l’effet de synergie a été étudiée en fonction du caractère oxydant d’un milieu acide, modifié à l’aide d’un potentiostat. Un minimum d’usure, déterminé sous polarisation cathodique est considéré comme l’usure mécanique de référence. Dans le domaine passif, pour des potentiels passifs croissants, l’U.A.E. diminue suite à un épaississement de la partie oxyde du film passif, renforçant les propriétés mécaniques de la surface. A l’inverse, l’augmentation de l’E.A.U. s’explique par une intensité supérieure des réactions d’oxydation sur la surface mise à nu au cours du frottement. Ceci conduit à une usure maximale pour un potentiel passif intermédiaire. L’évolution des composantes de l’effet de synergie a ensuite été investiguée en potentiel libre sous les influences croisées de l’acidité du milieu et du temps de latence. L’E.A.U. augmente avec l’acidité en lien avec une dissolution plus prononcée mais diminue pour un temps de latence plus court suite à la diminution du couplage galvanique entre la trace d’usure partiellement repassivée et la zone cathodique. La diminution du temps de latence limite la maturation du film passif. En milieu acide, l’U.A.E. ne diminue pas car le film passif, majoritairement constitué d’oxyde, conserve son caractère abrasif. A l’inverse en milieu neutre, la proportion d’hydroxyde étant alors majoritaire, l’U.A.E. diminue. Dans un second temps, l’influence de la microstructure sur le comportement à la tribocorrosion a été mise en évidence en fonction des paramètres étudiés précédemment. Après traitement thermique, l’acier inoxydable présente une microstructure ferrito martensitique. En considérant l’usure totale, l’effet de la microstructure apparait négligeable sur la tenue à la tribocorrosion en potentiel libre, dans les conditions étudiées. Le biphasage est par contre bénéfique lorsque le frottement se déroule sous potentiels cathodiques ou passifs grâce à un transfert d’effort de la martensite à la ferrite sous-jacente. De même, l’effet délétère du film passif sur les propriétés mécaniques de la surface est réduit lorsque la microstructure comporte une phase dure (U.A.E.). / This study deals with the behaviour of a stainless steel (passive material) undergoing tribocorrosion. Focus has been put on the synergistic effect existing between mechanical action and medium electrochemistry, leading to significant wear. In a first step, a methodology has been set up, on a ferritic microstructure, to quantify this synergy as well as its two compounds that are the wear-accelerated electrochemistry (W.A.E.) electrochemistry-accelerated wear (E.A.W.). The former stands for the material dissolution following the mechanical action of the pin on the surface. The latter accounts for the modifications of the surface mechanical properties induced by electrochemistry. The parameters of the mechanical action being set, the evolution of the synergistic effect compounds has been studied as a function of the oxidizing feature of an acidic medium, modified by using a potentiostat. A minimum of wear, determined under cathodic polarisation is considered as the reference mechanical wear. In the passive domain, for higher passive potentials, E.A.W. decreases due to the thickening of the oxide part of the passive film, enhancing the mechanical properties of the surface. On the contrary, the W.A.E. increase is explained by more intense oxidising reactions occurring on the bare material revealed to the electrolyte by sliding. This leads to a maximum wear obtained at an intermediate passive potential. The evolution of the synergistic effect compounds has then been investigated under free potential condition with crossed influences of the medium acidity and the latency period. The more acidic the medium, the greater the W.A.E. because dissolution is enhanced. However, it decreases with a shorter latency period because of a weaker galvanic coupling between the partially repassivated wear track and the cathodic surface. The latency period decrease limits the passive film maturation. In acidic medium, E.A.W. does not decrease because the passive film, mainly composed of oxide, keeps its abrasive feature. To the opposite, in neutral medium, the hydroxide proportion being majority, E.A.W. decreases. In a second step, the microstructure influence on the tribocorrosion behaviour has been evidenced as a function of the previously studied parameters. After a thermal treatment, the stainless steel shows a ferrite-martensite microstructure. Considering global wear, the microstructure effect appears to be negligible on the tribocorrosion resistance in free potential situation, under the studied conditions. On the contrary, a two-phase microstructure is beneficial when sliding is performed under cathodic or passive potentials thanks to a mechanical transfer occurring from the martensite to the underlying ferrite. Moreover, the detrimental effect of the passive film on the surface mechanical properties is reduced when the microstructure involves an hard phase (E.A.W.).

Text in Afrikaans / Divorce is a prominent phenomenon that affects thousands of children in South Africa. The point of departure for this research is that children in divorce situations require therapeutic guidance in order to manage their experience of loss. The research problem formulated was concerned with the lack of guidelines for Gestalt play therapists to address those losses experienced by children during the latency period. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to provide a guideline in order to ensure a meaningful therapeutic experience for children in the latency period. In order to reach this goal, the research process was guided by qualitative research. Triangulation was used as a data collection technique, in order to achieve this goal of investigating children who experience loss and behavioural responses. The value and suitability of Gestalt therapy during the therapeutic management process was examined. Stemming from the process and integration of results obtained in the empirical investigation, guidelines consisting of six diverse phases were developed and explicated. The goal of the research was therefor achieved with the application of: A guideline for Gestalt play therapists in addressing loss through divorce in children in the latency period. / Social work / M. Diac. (Spelterapie)

Text in Afrikaans / Divorce is a prominent phenomenon that affects thousands of children in South Africa. The point of departure for this research is that children in divorce situations require therapeutic guidance in order to manage their experience of loss. The research problem formulated was concerned with the lack of guidelines for Gestalt play therapists to address those losses experienced by children during the latency period. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to provide a guideline in order to ensure a meaningful therapeutic experience for children in the latency period. In order to reach this goal, the research process was guided by qualitative research. Triangulation was used as a data collection technique, in order to achieve this goal of investigating children who experience loss and behavioural responses. The value and suitability of Gestalt therapy during the therapeutic management process was examined. Stemming from the process and integration of results obtained in the empirical investigation, guidelines consisting of six diverse phases were developed and explicated. The goal of the research was therefor achieved with the application of: A guideline for Gestalt play therapists in addressing loss through divorce in children in the latency period. / Social work / M. Diac. (Spelterapie)

Aiming to make an intervention in both emerging Slow Cinema and classical Trauma Cinema scholarship, this thesis demonstrates the ways in which the post-trauma cinema of Filipino filmmaker Lav Diaz merges aesthetics of cinematic slowness with narratives of post-trauma in his films Melancholia (2008), Death in the Land of Encantos (2007) and Florentina Hubaldo, CTE (2012). Diaz has been repeatedly considered as representative of what Jonathan Romney termed in 2004 “Slow Cinema”. The director uses cinematic slowness for an alternative approach to an on-screen representation of post-trauma. Contrary to popular trauma cinema, Diaz’s portrait of individual and collective trauma focuses not on the instantenaeity but on the duration of trauma. In considering trauma as a condition and not as an event, Diaz challenges the standard aesthetical techniques used in contemporary Trauma Cinema, as highlighted by Janet Walker (2001, 2005), Susannah Radstone (2001), Roger Luckhurst (2008) and others. Diaz’s films focus instead on trauma’s latency period, the depletion of a survivor’s resources, and a character’s slow psychological breakdown. Slow Cinema scholarship has so far focused largely on the films’ aesthetics and their alleged opposition to mainstream cinema. Little work has been done in connecting the films’ form to their content. Furthermore, Trauma Cinema scholarship, as trauma films themselves, has been based on the immediate and most radical signs of post-trauma, which are characterised by instantaneity; flashbacks, sudden fears of death and sensorial overstimulation. Following Lutz Koepnick’s argument that slowness offers “intriguing perspectives” (Koepnick, 2014: 191) on how trauma can be represented in art, this thesis seeks to consider the equally important aspects of trauma duration, trauma’s latency period and the slow development of characteristic symptoms. With the present work, I expand on current notions of Trauma Cinema, which places emphasis on speed and the unpredictability of intrusive memories. Furthermore, I aim to broaden the area of Slow Cinema studies, which has so far been largely focused on the films’ respective aesthetics, by bridging form and content of the films under investigation. Rather than seeing Diaz’s slow films in isolation as a phenomenon of Slow Cinema, I seek to connect them to the existing scholarship of Trauma Cinema studies, thereby opening up a reading of his films.