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Thesis (D.M.A.)--Boston University. This item includes the dissertation paper, handouts, as well as a video of the February 26, 2017 lecture and clarinet performance by Karen Luttik. / Géza Frid (1904-1989) was a significant Hungarian-born Dutch composer and pianist of Jewish descent. His compositional style was highly regarded in the Dutch musical scene of the 20th century; his music has been programmed on multiple occasions by the Concertgebouw Orchestra and in 1949 and 1954 won the City of Amsterdam Music Award. Major influences on Frid’s musical development started in his native Hungary where he studied with Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály before his move to the Netherlands. In 1972, he composed an unusually lovely concerto for Bb, A, Eb and bass clarinets (Op. 82) and dedicated it to George Pieterson, principle clarinet with the Concertgebouw Orchestra. Scholarly discussions of Géza Frid’s clarinet music are not to be found in either the US based International Clarinet Society’s The Clarinet, or in the Dutch based De Klarinet. Intensive World Cat library searches have yielded no recordings of this piece, and currently there is not even one recording of Frid’s Concerto for Clarinets on YouTube or in the Naxos Music Library. The Concerto for Clarinets is a significant addition to the standard clarinet repertoire and needs to be introduced to the world wide clarinet community. Furthermore, save for some short selections on the Géza Frid website set up by his son, Arthur Frid and a Wikipedia article, no translations exist of Géza Frid’s autobiographical material. His life story was exceedingly interesting, having been a Jewish composer during the World War II years who was not allowed to perform or compose for years during the German occupation of the Netherlands. Luckily he survived the war years by going into hiding; he managed as part of the musician’s resistance to find ways to perform and work illegally giving clandestine concerts and falsifying documents. These were exceedingly dangerous risks, yet ones Géza Frid and his fellow musicians were willing to take because of their music. Frid published two autobiographical books and numerous articles for the Dutch music magazine Mens en Melodie, (People and Melody) revealing his deep musical insights; especially those relating to the music of the Concerto need to be summarized and translated to English from Dutch. This paper provides a general overview of the historical aspects of Géza Frid’s life, his WWII experiences, and his position as one of many persecuted Jewish musicians at the time. Géza Frid’s autobiographical information relating to his personal friendships with Bartók and Kodály is of interest when considering his music. Summaries and some translations are made of his two Dutch language autobiographical books, In 80 Jaar de Wereld Rond (Around the World in 80 Years) and Oog in Oog Met… (Eye to Eye With…). A basic analysis of Frid’s Concerto for Clarinets is provided regarding form, the various instrument appearances, and a special feature invented by George Pieterson called the ‘tremolo special’. Since this concerto was specifically composed for the Reformed Boehm system clarinets which George Pieterson used, a discussion of the differences between the French, German and Reformed Boehm clarinet systems is included. The performance portion of this project is a historically informed performance of this piece on the specific models of clarinets for which it was written. George Pieterson passed on in April 2016, and this project is a fitting tribute of his teaching to a generation of professional clarinetists in the Netherlands including the author.

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Students in tertiary educational institutions in South Africa come from many different backgrounds and have varied educational experiences. Some students, especially those from non-English speaking backgrounds, may encounter linguistic difficulties with various academic tasks. In order for students to be successful at university, they must become academically literate. That is, they must master all the reading, writing, listening and comprehension tasks required by the disciplines in which they are studying. One such task is presented by the academic lecture which is an integral part of any course of study. Linguistically, the academic lecture can be seen as a particular genre with unique characteristics. This study investigated some linguistic characteristics of academic lectures. The discipline of Political Science, as a Social Science, was chosen because there is little research that has been done on language in the Social Sciences. The Political Science sub-disciplines of Political Philosophy, South African Politics, and International Relations were used in this research. First year lectures were recorded from each of these three sub-disciplines. The linguistic characteristics of lectures were analysed using techniques drawn from Systemic Functional linguistic theory. The analysis concentrated on the aspects mode and field as they were realised in the lectures. In addition, higher level generic structure was also analysed. The insights gained from the analysis were validated through interviews with the lecturers who gave the lectures. The aim of this research was to develop a linguistic characterisation of the lecture genre as it occurs in the three sub-disciplines of Political Science. The results of this research suggest that although there is a unified academic lecture genre, there is variation according to sub-discipline. The implications of this variation are discussed with reference to their relevance to teaching academic literacy.

Tout au long de cette thèse, l’évaluation musicale est traitée comme un objet d’étude latent visant à donner des outils pour l’apprentissage de la lecture musicale. Grâce à l’analyse des mouvements oculaires et les variables provenant de la performance, nous avons défini certaines variables qui rendent compte de l’expertise et des interactions entre différents groupes de niveaux d’expertise musicale lors de l’apprentissage d’un nouveau morceau de musique. De façon plus détaillée, nous avons observé la mise en œuvre de différentes stratégies de prise d’information, de traitement et de récupération de l’information musicale en fonction du niveau pianistique et souligné l’importance d’apprendre en interaction avec la classe et le professeur. Les stratégies sont en même temps ajustées par rapport à la confiance acquise au cours du processus d'acquisition de compétences (Bandura, 1997 ; McPherson et McCormick, 2006). En référence au débat actuel concernant la nature de la lecture de partitions, nous avons comparé les traitements musicaux et verbaux pendant une tâche de lecture « compréhensive » de textes et de partitions. Dans l’ensemble et au regard du modèle de Baddeley (1990), les ressources cognitives des musiciens pendant la lecture musicale seraient mobilisées en fonction de l’expertise et du type de style musical. / Throughout this thesis, evaluation of music performance is viewed as a latent object of study in order to provide tools for learning to read music. We have defined some variables from eye movements and music performance accounting for expert performance and interactions between skill groups when learning a new piece of music. In more details, we have observed the use of different strategies for music information intake, processes and information retrieval depending on musicians’ expertise and we have stressed the importance of learning through interaction. In the process of skill acquisition, when self-confidence is gained strategies are simultaneously adjusted (Bandura, 1997; McPherson and McCormick, 2006). In reference to the current debate about the nature of music reading, we have compared musical and verbal processing during comprehensive reading of texts and scores. On the whole, considering the model of Baddeley (1990), musicians’ cognitive resources during music reading would be mobilized depending on the expertise and the music style.

Le présent travail analyse une perspective de lecture dans le processus éducatif à partir d’une approche sémiotique pour des textes constitués de différents langages, ainsi que l’importance de la médiation didactique-pédagogique pour la formation du lecteur. L’hypothèse formulée est que l’apprentissage des processus de lecture de ce type de texte – l’accent étant mis sur la nature syncrétique de ces processus – se produit de manière rudimentaire, spontanée et non systématique, en particulier sur le rôle de l’image présent dans l’univers de la communication verbale écrite. Dès le début de la scolarisation, les élèves entrent en contact avec de nombreux objets culturels et textes présentant ces caractéristiques. Toutefois, il n’existe pas de processus systématique de médiation pour construire une lecture qui articule ces langages. La recherche sur ces entrelacements s’effectue à travers un corpus composé de trois ouvrages brésiliens de littérature infantile: Em boca fechada não entra mosca [En bouche close n’entre mouche] de Fátima Miguez et illustrée par Graça Lima (1999); Indo não sei aonde buscar não sei o quê [Allant je ne sais où chercher je ne sais quoi] écrit et illustré par Angela Lago (2000); Ah, cambaxirra, se eu pudesse...[Ah, petit oiseau, si je pouvais...], écrit par Ana Maria Machado et illustré par Graça Lima (2003). L’étude se base sur des apports théoricométhodologiques d’études sémiotiques, et plus spécifiquement sur celles d’Algirdas Julien Greimas et de Jean-Marie Floch. L’analyse qualitative des textes fait le relevé des stratégies et des interfaces entre plans d’expression et de contenu des langages présents. L’imbrication de systèmes s’opère dans la relation sémantique intra- et intertextuelle dans des récurrences et oppositions. L’articulation est identifiée dans l’homologation de contenus manifestes entre la visualité et les éléments linguistiques, tels que les répétitions, les alternances, les contrastes d’éléments eidétiques, chromatiques et topologiques (lignes, formes, couleurs, espaces, composition), les répétitions (phoniques, lexicales et syntaxiques) et les jeux de mots. Le travail en conclut que: les processus de syncrétisation produisent des effets de sens qui doivent être appréhendés dans la situation de lecture. La contribution de cette recherche au champ de connaissance éducationnel repose sur le fait qu’elle prend en compte la lecture du livre infantile dans l’interrelation entre le mot et l’image, dans les différentes dimensions qui constituent le livre dans son ensemble. D’autre part, elle montre que la rencontre entre les univers de l’art et de la littérature favorise la formation du lecteur, la modalisation de la pensée ajoutée aux processus d’humanisation de connaître et se connaître, dans un caractère émancipateur d’un sujet compétent. L’action médiatrice des enseignants est légitimée lorsqu’elle est marquée par l’expansion du concept de lecture, par la connaissance de la nature des différents langages constituant le texte – en particulier verbaux et visuels – et par la pratique de stratégies qualifiées de dialogue, qui provoquent des attitudes responsives des élèves. Dans cette perspective, la formation première des enseignants et de l’école peuvent investir dans un plus grand développement des lecteurs et, en conséquence, de la société, en reliant aux processus éducatifs l’approfondissement de l’univers de langages et une expérience englobante de la diversité de textes contemporains en tant qu’objets de lecture. / Este trabalho discute uma perspectiva de leitura no processo educativo, a partir de uma abordagem semiótica para textos constituídos por diferentes linguagens e a importância da mediação didático-pedagógica para a formação do leitor. A pressuposição trabalhada na tese é a de que a aprendizagem dos processos de leitura desse tipo de texto ocorre de forma rudimentar e espontânea, sem se efetivar de modo sistemático, quando se focaliza a natureza sincrética dos mesmos, principalmente sobre o papel da imagem que se faz presente no universo da comunicação verbal escrita. Desde o início da escolarização os estudantes entram em contato com muitos objetos culturais e textos com essas características. Porém, não há um processo sistemático de mediação para a construção de uma leitura que articule essas linguagens. O recorte para investigar a ocorrência desses entrelaçamentos, neste trabalho, focaliza três obras nacionais de literatura infantil “Em boca fechada não entra mosca”, de autoria de Fátima Miguez e ilustrada por Graça Lima (1999), “Indo não sei aonde buscar não sei o quê”, escrita e ilustrada por Angela Lago (2000) e “Ah, cambaxirra, se eu pudesse...”, escrita por Ana Maria Machado e ilustrada por Graça Lima (2003), e utiliza contribuições teóricometodológicas de estudos semióticos, principalmente as de Algirdas Julien Greimas e Jean-Marie Floch. A análise qualitativa dos textos faz o levantamento de estratégias e de interfaces entre planos de expressão e de conteúdo das linguagens ali presentes. O enlace de sistemas ocorre na relação semântica intra e extratextual em recorrências e oposições. A articulação é identificada na homologação de conteúdos manifestos entre a visualidade e os elementos lingüísticos, tais como repetições, alternâncias, contrastes de elementos eidéticos, cromáticos e topológicos (linhas, formas, cores, espaços, composição), reiterações (fônicas, lexicais e sintáticas) e jogos de palavras. Conclui-se que os processos de sincretização produzem efeitos de sentido a serem apreendidos na situação de leitura; que este estudo contribui para a pesquisa educacional ao contemplar a leitura de livros infantis como uma interrelação entre palavras e imagens sob vários aspectos que subjazem ao texto como um todo. Além disso, mostra também que a interface entre o mundo da arte e da literatura permite desenvolver a competência do leitor, bem como de seus pensamentos, além de humanizar o conhecimento e autoconhecimento de um sujeito proficiente de maneira emancipadora. A atuação mediadora dos docentes se legitima, quando marcada pela expansão do conceito de leitura, pelo conhecimento da natureza das diferentes linguagens que constituem o texto, principalmente as verbais e visuais e pela prática de estratégias qualificadas de diálogo, as quais são provocadoras de atitudes responsivas dos alunos. Nessa perspectiva, os cursos de formação inicial de docentes e a escola podem investir em um maior desenvolvimento dos leitores e, conseqüentemente, da sociedade, vinculando aos processos educativos o aprofundamento do universo de linguagens e uma experiência abrangente com a diversidade de textos contemporâneos, como objetos de leitura. / The present study assesses a reading perspective in the educational process through a semiotic approach to texts involving different types of language, and also analyzes the important role of academic and pedagogical mediation in the development of the reader. The assumption is that learning of processes for the reading of these types of texts, with focus on a syncretic nature, is rudimentary and spontaneous, rather than systematic, especially with regard to the role of image found within the universe of written verbal communication. From the very first days of school, learners come in contact with several cultural objects and texts with such characteristics. However, there is no systematic mediation process that allows for a reading strategy which addresses these types of language. The occurrence of this intertexture is investigated through the analysis of three Brazilian children’s literature books: Em boca fechada não entra mosca [A closed mouth catches no flies] written by Fátima Miguez and illustrated by Graça Lima (1999); Indo não sei aonde buscar não sei o quê [Going I don’t know where to get I don’t know what], written and illustrated by Angela Lago (2000) and Ah, cambaxirra, se eu pudesse...[Oh dear wren, if I could only...] written by Ana Maria Machado and illustrated by Graça Lima (2003). The theoretical and methodological background for this investigation is provided by semiotic studies, mainly those by Algirdas Julien Greimas and by Jean- Marie Floch. The qualitative analysis of the texts seeks to determine the strategies and interfaces between the expression and content of the languages used in these texts. The interweaving of systems occurs at the level of intratextual and extratextual semantic relations through recurrences and oppositions. This relationship is observed in the ratification of contents contemplated between visuality and linguistic elements, such as repetitions, alternations, contrasts of eidetic, chromatic, and topological elements (lines, forms, colors, spaces, composition), phonic, lexical, and syntactic recurrences and play on words (puns). In conclusion, the syncretization processes produce effects of meaning that need to be learned through reading. This study contributes towards educational research by contemplating the reading of children’s books as an interplay between words and images under the various aspects that underlie the text as a whole. Moreover, it also shows that the interface between the world of art and of literature allows developing the reader’s competence as well as his/her thoughts, in addition to humanizing the knowledge and self-knowledge of a proficient subject in an emancipatory manner. The mediating role of teachers is acknowledged, when it is marked by expansion of the concept of reading, by the knowledge of the nature of the different languages built into the text, especially verbal and visual ones, and by the practice of appropriate dialog strategies, which encourage students’ responsiveness. From this perspective, qualified teachers and school can further the development of readers and, consequently, of society as well, by incorporating an in-depth understanding of the universe of languages and comprehensive experience regarding the wide variety of contemporaneous texts as objects of reading into educational processes.

The lecture room instructional management competence of novice nurse educators (NNEs) in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) was investigated. No comprehensive set of generic roles, outcomes and competences for instructional management of nurse educators could be traced in the literature, therefore an analytical study was undertaken. Adhering to the principles for outcomes-based education, three models were established: Q a model for the professional development of nurse educators Q an Education, Training and Development nurse practitioner model, consisting of roles and outcomes for lecture room instructional management Q a model for lecture room instructional management that served as evaluation criteria used in the instrument during the quantitative survey These models were presented to, and evaluated by nurse educators of five universities. The influence of mentorship, reality shock, and professional development on the NNEs' lecture room competence was investigated. The target group consisted of NNEs, their mentors and students in nursing schools in the RSA. A number of respondents were also interviewed and observed. The analysed data indicated that NNEs were not competent when they started teaching, and needed support and supervision from mentors. Findings also indicated the positive influence of mentorship and professional development on competence acquisition. NNEs experienced reality shock requiring support to acquire competence. These aspects justify further research. The recommendations based on this study include that nursing schools use specific evaluation criteria for le<,1ure room competence and for in-service training of NNEs and mentors. Nursing schools should take a more active role in mentoring programmes. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

CUNHA, Wesclei Ribeiro. Uma alegria difícil: A paixão segundo G.H., de Clarice Lispector. 2009. 141 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Letras) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Literatura, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by Liliane oliveira (morena.liliane@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-16T14:04:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_DIS_WRCUNHA.pdf: 8151909 bytes, checksum: 6492055160d9498fdb80fac6c3629ab6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-17T12:14:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_DIS_WRCUNHA.pdf: 8151909 bytes, checksum: 6492055160d9498fdb80fac6c3629ab6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-17T12:14:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_DIS_WRCUNHA.pdf: 8151909 bytes, checksum: 6492055160d9498fdb80fac6c3629ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A presente Dissertação pretende verificar a consolidação de um novo estilo de escrita, resultante do processo de formação literária e cultural de Clarice Lispector (1920-1977), sobretudo no que concerne à apropriação e transformação de leituras realizadas por ela, para análise e interpretação de A paixão segundo G.H.(1964). Para tanto, apresentaremos o contexto em que se insere o universo ficcional clariceano, sedimentado por uma fortuna crítica da obra em estudo, a partir das categorias “campo literário” e “contexto”, juntamente com as idéias de “paratopia do escritor” e “tribos” literárias, categorias desenvolvidas, respectivamente, por Pierre Bourdieu, com As regras da arte (1996) e Dominique Maingueneau, com O contexto da obra literária (2001), a fim de compreender e discutir a condição da escritora em face do embate de forças ideológicas, históricas, filosóficas, literárias, em conflito ao longo da elaboração de sua obra. Dessa forma, faremos um levantamento de leituras de Clarice Lispector e destacaremos as influências de leitura exercidas pelas obras O lobo da estepe (1927), de Hermann Hesse e Crime e Castigo (1866), de Fiodor Dostoievski, utilizando os processos metodológicos de análise e interpretação comparativas, para, com isso, investigar o confronto da escritora com a linha dominante do romance brasileiro, marcado, principalmente, pelo viés sociológico, compreendendo a poética clariceana numa continuidade, uma tradição. Refletiremos, com isso, acerca dos desdobramentos do processo de desleitura da escritora, no tocante às relações intrapoéticas, bem como quanto ao confronto de sua poética com a tradição literária brasileira, sob a concepção de influência do crítico Harold Bloom, em A Angústia da influência (1991) e O mapa da desleitura (1995). Pretendemos, assim, fazer uma análise da superação das influências de leituras, a partir da qual podemos perceber a construção de uma nova obra, como expressão de uma autoria “autônoma”, sob as categorias estilo, linguagem e escritura, na concepção barthesiana, com O grau zero da escrita (1953) e O rumor da língua (1977), bem como verificaremos a importância do recurso intertextual paródico, nesse processo de desapropriação poética. Portanto, é mister à tessitura poética de A paixão segundo G.H. a contestação, a descoberta de novas possibilidades de leitura da realidade, como também podemos verificar uma problematização de como se engendra a construção do texto metafórico, por meio de uma via crucis imanentista, do ser e da linguagem, o “esforço humano” de Clarice Lispector, a sua paixão: uma “alegria difícil”. Este trabalho integra a pesquisa “Histórias de Leitura: Bibliotecas Pessoais”, sob a Coordenação da Profª. Drª. Odalice de Castro Silva, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras – Literatura Brasileira, da Universidade Federal do Ceará. / Cette Dissertation a l’intention de vérifier la consolidation d’un nouveau style d’écriture, résultant du processus de formation littéraire et culturelle de Clarice Lispector (1920-1977), surtout concernant l’appropriation et la transformation des lectures faites par elle même, pour l’analyse et l’interpretation de La passion selon G.H.(1964). Dans ce travail, nous présentons le contexte où l’univers fictionnel clariceano s’insère, basé sur les critiques de l’oeuvre étudiée d’après les catégories “champs littéraire” et “contexte” alliés aux idées de la “paratopie de l’écrivain” et des “tribus” littéraires, catégories developpées, par Pierre Bourdieu, dans Les Règles de l’Art (1996) et Dominique Maingueneau, dans l’oeuvre Le contexte de l’oeuvre littéraire (2001), afin de comprendre et discuter la condition de l’écrivaine face au combat d’idées entre les forces des ideologies, les forces historiques, philosophiques, littéraires, en conflit tout au long de sa création. A partir des lectures de Clarice Lispector, nous mettons en évidence l’ influence de la lecture de l’oeuvre Les loups des Steppes (1927), de Hermann Hesse et Crime et Chatiment (1866), de Fiodor Dostoievski, utilisant les processus méthodologiques d’analyse et d’interpretation comparatives, pour scruter sur la mise en présence de l’écrivaine face à la ligne dominante do roman brésilien, marqué, principalment, par le biais sociologique, comprenant la poétique clariceana dans une continuité, dans une tradition. Nous reflechissons à propos des débordements du processus de desappropriation de l’écrivain, en ce qui concerne les relations intrapoétiques et le conflit entre sa poétique et la tradition littéraire brésilienne sous le concept de Harold Bloom, dans L’angoisse de l’influence(1991). Nous proposons une analyse où l’auteur a surmonté l’influence des lectures, et a créee une nouvelle oeuvre, comme l’expression d’un auteur “autonome”, sous les categories style, langage et écriture chez Barthes, avec “Le degré zéro de l’écriture” (1953) et “Le bruissement de la langue” (1977) et nous attestons l’importance des outils intertextuels en parodie dans le processus de desappropriation poétique. Alors, c’est remarquable dans la tessiture poétique de La passion sélon G.H. l’action de contester, la découverte d’autres modes de lecture de la realité, et aussi la façon de problématiser la construction du texte métaphórique, a ravers la via crucis imanentiste, de l’être et du langage, “l’effort humain” de Clarice Lispector, sa passion: une “joie diffícile”. Ce travail intègre la recherche “Histoires de Lecture: Bibliothèques Personnelles”, qui appartient au Groupe de Recherche “ Les spaces de la Lecture: « Canons et Bibliothèques », sous la direction de la professeure. D.a. Odalice de Castro Silva, du Programme de Pós-Graduation en Lettres–Secteur Littérature Brésilienne, de l’Université Féderale du Ceará.

Cette thèse analyse dans une perspective historique quelques aspects d’une vingtaine de traductions de l’hymne national canadien « Ô Canada », publiées entre 1906 et 1931. Ce chant a été composé à l’occasion d’un important rassemblement à Québec des Sociétés Saint-Jean-Baptiste en 1880. Les paroles françaises originales du Chant national furent écrites par Adolphe Basile Routhier, sur une musique de Calixa Lavallée. Jusqu’à ce jour, le texte français est demeuré intact. Vers 1901, cette chanson patriotique canadienne-française fut introduite au Canada anglais et divers auteurs anglophones ont entrepris de la traduire ou l’adapter. Cette thèse examine particulièrement les conditions de cette appropriation à travers la traduction de 1900 à 1931. Cette période fut, particulièrement en effet, un point d’orgue dans l’évolution de la société canadienne : tensions entre certains sujets attachés à l’Empire britannique et ceux revendiquant une plus grande affirmation nationale; participation du Canada à la Guerre des Boers et à la Première Guerre mondiale; en 1919, signature comme Dominion britannique du Traité de Versailles, ce qui contribua à la montée du nationalisme canadien; reconnaissance en 1931 par le Traité de Westminster de la souveraineté des pays membres de l’Empire britannique — dont le Canada. Les traductions de ce Chant national réalisées au cours de cette période sont presque indissociables des lectures que les traducteurs canadiens-anglais ou britanniques font des changements sociaux, culturels et politiques de leur époque qui se produisent au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde. Plus qu’un texte original, ces traductions expriment les différents avatars de ces lectures identitaires. Cette approche lectorielle forme le socle de notre analyse théorique. Charles Le Blanc le résumait ainsi dans son ouvrage, Le complexe d’Hermès : « Le traducteur est tout à la fois lecteur du texte original et auteur du texte traduit. […] L’original naît de l’écriture — avec tout ce que la culture de l’écrit comporte de libertés — alors que la seconde vient de la lecture – avec tout ce que l’acte de lire présume de culture, de dispositions sentimentales, de mémoire, de réciprocité aussi ». Comme Le Blanc disait de sa traduction de Bruni : « Il s’agit bien plus de comprendre un texte pour le traduire : il faut aussi comprendre une époque et une conscience ». « La fin du travail du traducteur […] n’est pas simplement celle de livrer une version acceptable d’un grand texte. Il faut assurer également que le texte traduit puisse jouer un rôle dans le développement des idées et le progrès de la culture [de son époque] ». Bien que cette thèse ne porte pas sur l’ensemble des traductions réalisées entre les années 1900 et 1980, l’étude illustre, entre autres, que la version-traduction-adaptation-réécriture de l’hymne national canadien actuel promulgué le 1er juillet 1980 — quelques mois après l’échec référendaire du Québec — résulte elle-même d’une lecture idéologique, à tout le moins politique par nos parlementaires fédéraux soucieux de doter le Canada d’un symbole identitaire national comme fondement à cette unité nationale tant recherchée par les fédéralistes des années Trudeau- père. Cette appropriation graduelle d’un symbole patriotique canadien-français résulte du cheminement dans l’imaginaire du Canada anglais des lectures du pays rattachées aux premières traductions du Chant national. Celles apparues entre 1906 et 1931 ont déclenché et concouru à cette mainmise.

Le présent travail analyse une perspective de lecture dans le processus éducatif à partir d’une approche sémiotique pour des textes constitués de différents langages, ainsi que l’importance de la médiation didactique-pédagogique pour la formation du lecteur. L’hypothèse formulée est que l’apprentissage des processus de lecture de ce type de texte – l’accent étant mis sur la nature syncrétique de ces processus – se produit de manière rudimentaire, spontanée et non systématique, en particulier sur le rôle de l’image présent dans l’univers de la communication verbale écrite. Dès le début de la scolarisation, les élèves entrent en contact avec de nombreux objets culturels et textes présentant ces caractéristiques. Toutefois, il n’existe pas de processus systématique de médiation pour construire une lecture qui articule ces langages. La recherche sur ces entrelacements s’effectue à travers un corpus composé de trois ouvrages brésiliens de littérature infantile: Em boca fechada não entra mosca [En bouche close n’entre mouche] de Fátima Miguez et illustrée par Graça Lima (1999); Indo não sei aonde buscar não sei o quê [Allant je ne sais où chercher je ne sais quoi] écrit et illustré par Angela Lago (2000); Ah, cambaxirra, se eu pudesse...[Ah, petit oiseau, si je pouvais...], écrit par Ana Maria Machado et illustré par Graça Lima (2003). L’étude se base sur des apports théoricométhodologiques d’études sémiotiques, et plus spécifiquement sur celles d’Algirdas Julien Greimas et de Jean-Marie Floch. L’analyse qualitative des textes fait le relevé des stratégies et des interfaces entre plans d’expression et de contenu des langages présents. L’imbrication de systèmes s’opère dans la relation sémantique intra- et intertextuelle dans des récurrences et oppositions. L’articulation est identifiée dans l’homologation de contenus manifestes entre la visualité et les éléments linguistiques, tels que les répétitions, les alternances, les contrastes d’éléments eidétiques, chromatiques et topologiques (lignes, formes, couleurs, espaces, composition), les répétitions (phoniques, lexicales et syntaxiques) et les jeux de mots. Le travail en conclut que: les processus de syncrétisation produisent des effets de sens qui doivent être appréhendés dans la situation de lecture. La contribution de cette recherche au champ de connaissance éducationnel repose sur le fait qu’elle prend en compte la lecture du livre infantile dans l’interrelation entre le mot et l’image, dans les différentes dimensions qui constituent le livre dans son ensemble. D’autre part, elle montre que la rencontre entre les univers de l’art et de la littérature favorise la formation du lecteur, la modalisation de la pensée ajoutée aux processus d’humanisation de connaître et se connaître, dans un caractère émancipateur d’un sujet compétent. L’action médiatrice des enseignants est légitimée lorsqu’elle est marquée par l’expansion du concept de lecture, par la connaissance de la nature des différents langages constituant le texte – en particulier verbaux et visuels – et par la pratique de stratégies qualifiées de dialogue, qui provoquent des attitudes responsives des élèves. Dans cette perspective, la formation première des enseignants et de l’école peuvent investir dans un plus grand développement des lecteurs et, en conséquence, de la société, en reliant aux processus éducatifs l’approfondissement de l’univers de langages et une expérience englobante de la diversité de textes contemporains en tant qu’objets de lecture. / Este trabalho discute uma perspectiva de leitura no processo educativo, a partir de uma abordagem semiótica para textos constituídos por diferentes linguagens e a importância da mediação didático-pedagógica para a formação do leitor. A pressuposição trabalhada na tese é a de que a aprendizagem dos processos de leitura desse tipo de texto ocorre de forma rudimentar e espontânea, sem se efetivar de modo sistemático, quando se focaliza a natureza sincrética dos mesmos, principalmente sobre o papel da imagem que se faz presente no universo da comunicação verbal escrita. Desde o início da escolarização os estudantes entram em contato com muitos objetos culturais e textos com essas características. Porém, não há um processo sistemático de mediação para a construção de uma leitura que articule essas linguagens. O recorte para investigar a ocorrência desses entrelaçamentos, neste trabalho, focaliza três obras nacionais de literatura infantil “Em boca fechada não entra mosca”, de autoria de Fátima Miguez e ilustrada por Graça Lima (1999), “Indo não sei aonde buscar não sei o quê”, escrita e ilustrada por Angela Lago (2000) e “Ah, cambaxirra, se eu pudesse...”, escrita por Ana Maria Machado e ilustrada por Graça Lima (2003), e utiliza contribuições teóricometodológicas de estudos semióticos, principalmente as de Algirdas Julien Greimas e Jean-Marie Floch. A análise qualitativa dos textos faz o levantamento de estratégias e de interfaces entre planos de expressão e de conteúdo das linguagens ali presentes. O enlace de sistemas ocorre na relação semântica intra e extratextual em recorrências e oposições. A articulação é identificada na homologação de conteúdos manifestos entre a visualidade e os elementos lingüísticos, tais como repetições, alternâncias, contrastes de elementos eidéticos, cromáticos e topológicos (linhas, formas, cores, espaços, composição), reiterações (fônicas, lexicais e sintáticas) e jogos de palavras. Conclui-se que os processos de sincretização produzem efeitos de sentido a serem apreendidos na situação de leitura; que este estudo contribui para a pesquisa educacional ao contemplar a leitura de livros infantis como uma interrelação entre palavras e imagens sob vários aspectos que subjazem ao texto como um todo. Além disso, mostra também que a interface entre o mundo da arte e da literatura permite desenvolver a competência do leitor, bem como de seus pensamentos, além de humanizar o conhecimento e autoconhecimento de um sujeito proficiente de maneira emancipadora. A atuação mediadora dos docentes se legitima, quando marcada pela expansão do conceito de leitura, pelo conhecimento da natureza das diferentes linguagens que constituem o texto, principalmente as verbais e visuais e pela prática de estratégias qualificadas de diálogo, as quais são provocadoras de atitudes responsivas dos alunos. Nessa perspectiva, os cursos de formação inicial de docentes e a escola podem investir em um maior desenvolvimento dos leitores e, conseqüentemente, da sociedade, vinculando aos processos educativos o aprofundamento do universo de linguagens e uma experiência abrangente com a diversidade de textos contemporâneos, como objetos de leitura. / The present study assesses a reading perspective in the educational process through a semiotic approach to texts involving different types of language, and also analyzes the important role of academic and pedagogical mediation in the development of the reader. The assumption is that learning of processes for the reading of these types of texts, with focus on a syncretic nature, is rudimentary and spontaneous, rather than systematic, especially with regard to the role of image found within the universe of written verbal communication. From the very first days of school, learners come in contact with several cultural objects and texts with such characteristics. However, there is no systematic mediation process that allows for a reading strategy which addresses these types of language. The occurrence of this intertexture is investigated through the analysis of three Brazilian children’s literature books: Em boca fechada não entra mosca [A closed mouth catches no flies] written by Fátima Miguez and illustrated by Graça Lima (1999); Indo não sei aonde buscar não sei o quê [Going I don’t know where to get I don’t know what], written and illustrated by Angela Lago (2000) and Ah, cambaxirra, se eu pudesse...[Oh dear wren, if I could only...] written by Ana Maria Machado and illustrated by Graça Lima (2003). The theoretical and methodological background for this investigation is provided by semiotic studies, mainly those by Algirdas Julien Greimas and by Jean- Marie Floch. The qualitative analysis of the texts seeks to determine the strategies and interfaces between the expression and content of the languages used in these texts. The interweaving of systems occurs at the level of intratextual and extratextual semantic relations through recurrences and oppositions. This relationship is observed in the ratification of contents contemplated between visuality and linguistic elements, such as repetitions, alternations, contrasts of eidetic, chromatic, and topological elements (lines, forms, colors, spaces, composition), phonic, lexical, and syntactic recurrences and play on words (puns). In conclusion, the syncretization processes produce effects of meaning that need to be learned through reading. This study contributes towards educational research by contemplating the reading of children’s books as an interplay between words and images under the various aspects that underlie the text as a whole. Moreover, it also shows that the interface between the world of art and of literature allows developing the reader’s competence as well as his/her thoughts, in addition to humanizing the knowledge and self-knowledge of a proficient subject in an emancipatory manner. The mediating role of teachers is acknowledged, when it is marked by expansion of the concept of reading, by the knowledge of the nature of the different languages built into the text, especially verbal and visual ones, and by the practice of appropriate dialog strategies, which encourage students’ responsiveness. From this perspective, qualified teachers and school can further the development of readers and, consequently, of society as well, by incorporating an in-depth understanding of the universe of languages and comprehensive experience regarding the wide variety of contemporaneous texts as objects of reading into educational processes.