Orientador: Angel Humberto Corbera Mori / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T14:19:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pickering_WilliamAlfred_D.pdf: 1765707 bytes, checksum: 59850a0837dadd1c9eebab120f0def4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Xavante é uma língua da família Jê, falada por aproximadamente 13.000 indígenas que vivem no estado do Mato Grosso. O presente trabalho descreve a fonologia segmental desta língua, utilizando a abordagem fonêmica encontrada no livro Phonemics (PIKE 1971[1947]). Embora a fonologia do Xavante já tenha sido tratada por outros autores, a análise apresentada aqui contém uma variedade de observações e interpretações novas, apresentando soluções para alguns problemas que não foram resolvidos em estudos anteriores. O primeiro capítulo descreve a metodologia usada na pesquisa. Dados foram coletados através da utilização de publicações anteriores, que serviram como guia no desenvolvimento de questionários delineados para solicitar tipos específicos de dados lingüísticos. A pesquisa baseia-se em grande parte em dados solicitados a um informante, indivíduo alfabetizado em Xavante e em Português, que foram comparados com a fala de outras pessoas da mesma região dialetal. O capítulo 2 contém um breve sumário do contexto histórico e lingüístico do povo Xavante e uma revisão da literatura lingüística relevante, composta principalmente de trabalhos feitos por missionários do Summer Institute of Linguistics (SIL) e da Missão Salesiana de Mato Grosso, além da dissertação de Quintino (2000). O terceiro capítulo começa com um sumário da abordagem teórico-metodológica encontrada no livro Phonemics (1971[1947]) de Kenneth Pike. Esta abordagem foi escolhida em parte porque as análises anteriores da fonologia Xavante foram feitas a partir desta perspectiva, e os problemas fonológicos na língua podem ser claramente compreendidos quando vistos à luz das virtudes e limitações da abordagem Pikeana. Uma análise abrangente de todos os fonemas segmentais da língua é apresentada em seguida, com base na perspectiva de Pike e em trabalhos anteriores, além de dados e novas análises. Os fonemas /z,?,?/ e os segmentos de coda [p,m,b] e [j,~j] são discutidos em detalhe e interpretados de uma forma diferente dos autores anteriores. A estrutura silábica é também analisada do ponto de vista Pikeano. O capítulo 4 descreve a evolução dos três diferentes sistemas ortográficos atualmente usados entre os Xavantes, mostrando que algumas das dificuldades enfrentadas pelos criadores destas ortografias refletem problemas na análise fonológica da língua. O capítulo 5 apresenta uma análise original dos segmentos de coda em Xavante. Um aspecto problemático da abordagem de Pike, decorrente do pressuposto de que fonemas são entidades indivisíveis, é discutido neste capítulo, bem como as tentativas de Burgess (1971) e Quintino (2000) de utilizar abordagens teóricas alternativas para analisar as codas em Xavante. Em seguida, apresenta-se o argumento de que as duas codas possíveis na língua, manifestadas respectivamente pelo conjunto neutralizado [p,m,b] e os alofones [j,~j], representam dois segmentos fonológicos em contraste fonêmico na posição final da sílaba. O capítulo 6 resume criticamente o conteúdo dos capítulos anteriores e um apêndice trata dos problemas não resolvidos relacionados ao acento, ao alongamento de vogais e às alterações morfofonológicas / Abstract: The present work reanalyzes the phonology of Xavante (Jê family, 13,000 speakers, Mato Grosso State, Brazil). Based on several previous analyses and the author's own fieldwork, the segmental phonology of the language is presented from the viewpoint of Pike's Phonemics. Syllable structure is defined with reference to the distribution of segments at phrase and morpheme boundaries. The phonological problems confronted by the creators of a spelling system for the language are also described. The distributional analysis of the syllable codas in the language is used to illustrate the problems with Pike's interpretation of neutralization. The attempts by Burgess (1971) and Quintino (2000) to use alternative theoretical approaches to analyze Xavante codas are discussed, and an original solution to the problem is presented. It is argued that the two possible codas in the language, manifested respectively by the neutralized group [p,b,m] and the allophones [j,~j], represent two phonological segments in phonemic contrast in syllable-final position. A brief discussion of unresolved problems related to accent, vowel length, and morphophonological alteration is also included / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

The female hero has been marginalized through history, to the extent that theorists, from Plato and Aristotle to those of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, state that a female hero is impossible. This thesis argues that she is not impossible. Concentrating on the work of Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell, a heroic standard is proposed against which to measure both male and female heroes. This heroic standard suggests that a hero must be human, must act, must champion a heroic ethic and must undertake a quest. Should a person, male or female, comply with these criteria, that person can be considered a hero. This thesis refutes the patriarchal argument against female heroism, proposing that the argument is faulty because it has at its base a constricting male-constructed myth of femininity. This myth suggests that women are naturally docile and passive, not given to aggression and heroism, but rather to motherhood and adaptation to adverse circumstances, it does not reflect the reality of women’s natural abilities or capacity for action. Indeed, with the rise of contemporary feminist discourse the patriarchal myth of femininity is being demystified and, without the myth of femininity to constrain her, the female hero is now re-emerging in certain areas of cultural expression. The examples of female heroes discussed in this study are taken from speculative fiction, encompassing the genres of both science fiction and fantasy. Speculative fiction, which has a propensity for challenging the status quo and questioning common societal assumptions, provides the perfect platform for women writers to confront feminist issues and launch the female hero. The female hero challenges the patriarchal claim that all heroes must be masculine, she defies patriarchal power structures and she demands a re-evaluation of women’s capabilities. The female hero gives women an example of heroic activity to emulate, in place of the ‘angel in the house’ that women have had to bow to for so long. The works discussed in this thesis cover a range of authors, from those of outspoken contemporary feminist, Joanna Russ, to early speculative works like those of C.L. Moore. Lesser-known authors such as Vonda McIntyre and Tanith Lee are also discussed. / Dissertation (MA (English))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Modern European Languages / unrestricted

In Canada, almost everybody is familiar with stereotypes about ‘Native social dysfunction’. Canada’s present-day “Imaginary Indian” (Francis) is indeed associated with substance and welfare dependence as well as family violence and neglect. However, the mainstream tends not to wonder about the actual social suffering behind the image and about the causes of these supposed patterns. In Daughters Are Forever, the Sto:lo / Squamish writer and activist Lee Maracle deconstructs these racist clichés by emphasizing the impact of the colonial process on real-life Native populations. Through a Sto:lo social worker’s attempts to understand how colonial policies have affected Aboriginal motherhood, Maracle demonstrates the roots of Indigenous social ills in collective traumas inflicted over several centuries and transmitted intergenerationally. The conclusion of the protagonist, Marilyn, that “[c]olonization is such a personal process” (216) summarizes the ways in which collective trauma and cultural genocide largely condition individual traumas and grief. Her parallel journeys to help an Anishnaabe woman patient, prevent the abductions of Native Canadian children by mainstream welfare services, and mend her own toxic relationship with her daughters further demonstrate the interrelatedness of Indian policy, patriarchal institutions, and personal and familial spiritual illnesses. They also enable Maracle to show the dangerous ethnocentrism of mainstream psychology and the need to create cross-cultural methodologies and therapies appropriate to the diverse Native North American cultures. By depicting the “unresolved human dilemmas” (Preface 11) of Aboriginal characters, she strives to create social change by drawing her readers into her stories to shock them into awareness. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

The thesis examines representations of the matriarch in three Chinese Canadian texts: SKY Lee's Disappearing Moon Cafe, Wayson Choy's The Jade Peony, and Denise Chong's The Concubine's Children. The matriarch is the female head of the Chinese household who is able to gain substantial power by manipulating the assets granted to her in a patriarchal system. Dislocated from her home in China, she serves in these texts as the focal point for the collision between the New World, Canada, and the Old World, China. Confronted by a new environment, the matriarch must decide whether she will choose conformity or identity experimentation. The thesis is concerned with the way Chinese Canadian writers negotiate multiple identities through narrators who must come to terms with the divided loyalties of the women of the past. The analysis of the matriarch's identity shifts is informed by the work of the feminist theorists, Elspeth Probyn and Moira Gatens, who explore the productive potentials of rebelling against binary codes. The thesis is divided into three chapters that discuss how the texts come close to embracing identity fluidity, but cannot overcome the need to reach a coherent representation of the matriarch. The first chapter is devoted to Disappearing Moon Cafe, and argues that Lee's narrator sacrifices her female characters, albeit reluctantly, in order to privilege feminism over her Chinese heritage. The second chapter turns to The Jade Peony and discusses how Choy's child narrators give in to binary thinking by relegating Poh-Poh, the Old One, to the realm of memories to make room for the New Ways. The final chapter on The Concubine's Children explores Chong's desire to redeem a grandmother who wreaked havoc on the family when she defied traditional gender roles. The thesis concludes by determining that Lee, Choy, and Chong are reaching for a multi-voiced reading of the past, but cannot yet articulate a way out. The uncertainty of their representations of the matriarch signals their efforts to move beyond binaries to a state of coexisting identity categories. / Arts, Faculty of / English, Department of / Graduate

This paper analyzes how vulnerability is represented in the Jack Reacher series, by drawing onwork by Bryan Turner and Judith Butler. The purpose of the research is to investigate the reasonReacher’s acts of vigilantism are needed. I look at examples of vulnerability and precarity foundin the books Killing Floor and Die Trying, and argue that state neglect is the cause of economicand social vulnerability in the towns Margrave and Yorke, leading to precarity expressed ascriminal money and community subjugation controlling the towns. I conclude that the solutionpresented, through vigilantism, is reassuring but insufficient, but that the series, in representing acomplex display of vulnerability and acknowledging the insufficiency of the solution, stressesthe difficulty of presenting a simple solution to the multifaceted nature of the issue ofvulnerability.

In this study the trends of social work were examined and the importance of the family in social work practice was identified. The changing role of the school and its relevance to the total welfare of the child was historically documented. The components of the family life education movement were analyzed as were the social forces which contributed to its growth and development. The incorporation of family life education into the schools was reviewed. The active involvement of several disciplines and numerous national organizations, as well as the federal government, was identified in this process. The opposition to family life education being taught in the schools was identified as the problem to be examined in this study. The writer postulated that parents would be in favor of the school's teaching family life education if their knowledge concerning what was being taught was correct. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that if parents did not have correct information they would be more likely to disagree with the school's teaching family life education. A randomly selected parent sample was drawn from an elementary school to test the hypothetical relationship between variables. A pre-test contributed to the development of a questionnaire that was better suited for use in this study. Nine representative family life education topics were included in a matrix format and five questions were asked to measure their knowledge and attitudes. Personal data concerning the age, occupation, ages of children, education, and church affiliation was supplied by the parents. A second instrument was designed to assess what was actually being taught by the teachers of the school. The same topics were used as on the parents' questionnaire. The final response rate for the parents was 87. 5% and for the teachers the return was 65. 3%. Limitations in the data collected prevented the verification of the hypothesized relationship between the variables. However, the parents of this study reflected higher levels of education than anticipated as 60% had completed various levels of college. Their occupations indicated a higher amount of professional and white collar workers than blue collar workers. These parents supported the school's teaching of the family life topics by a definite majority. However, opposition was expressed by 17% of the sample to "human sexuality" being taught. Another 14% opposed teaching "about one's family." A significant finding of this study was the widespread uncertainty by the parents concerning what was being taught. For seven of the nine topics 40% to 60% of the sample was uncertain if it was being taught. Concern for the training and beliefs of those teaching the topics was expressed by 20% of the sample. Further study in the area of the causes of the parental ambivalence concerning the teaching of family life education and the need to compare this study' s findings and the personal profile of these parents to other schools was indicated. The paradox between the parents' support of the school teaching family life education and the uncertainty as to what was actually being taught suggests a need for further study into the causes of this phenomena.

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Treating Sandra Cisneros' The House on Mango Street and Chang-rae Lee's Native Speaker as Erziehungsroman—that is, stories whose coming-of-age process depends on the characters' education—reveals the similar process that both Esperanza Cordero and Henry Park experience as they navigate the 1960s and 1970s American school system. The most important obstacle in Esperanza's and Henry's ability to achieve academically is the contract of vagueness, the tacit agreement between federal education policy and English language learning (ELL) students to misunderstand one another. Differing cultural conceptions of education perpetuate this mutually detrimental relationship between education policy and ELL students, forcing Henry and Esperanza to choose between satisfying the cultural expectations of their ethnic communities and fulfilling the cultural expectations of their schools, a decision which initially appears mutually exclusive. Exacerbated by their school experiences, both Henry and Esperanza go through a process of rejecting and reclaiming their ethnicity as they come to terms with their ethnic identity. That both characters eventually turn to social advocacy as a solution not only to their own educational struggles but also to the ghettoization of their ethnic communities suggests cosmopolitanism as a solution to the constraints of the contract of vagueness, both for Henry and Esperanza and for their ethnic communities.

This thesis explores the cross-cultural ecotheology of contemporary American poet Li-Young Lee by looking at the intersection of the human, the natural, and the sacred in his poetry. Close readings of Lee's poetic encounters with roses, persimmons, trees, wind, and light through the lens of Christianity and Daoism illustrate the way Lee is able to merge the Eastern concepts of interconnection and mutual harmony with Western ideas of sacredness and divinity. This discussion places Lee in direct conversation with modern and contemporary ecopoets who use the creative energy of language to express our moral and ethical responsibility to the world around us. Lee's poetry explores an innately sacred and transcendent relationship with the natural world that suggests that our understanding of our human identity is intricately tied to our respect and reverence for our natural environment.

South Korea’s security discourse on the nuclear threat posed by North Korea has been dichotomised by its position within the political spectrum between the progressives and conservatives. By drawing upon Securitisation Theory (ST), this study challenges the current security discourse in South Korea, which has divided and misled the public as well as securitising actors. This study examines the security discourses of the Roh Moo-hyun (2003–2008) and Lee Myung-bak (2008–2013) administrations, since they represent the archetypes of the progressives and conservatives respectively. The results of the analysis suggest that the current security discourses that have been prevalent in South Korea do not correspond with reality and, subsequently, the discourses were not able to deal with real challenges that the nuclear threat posed. This research also explains the root cause of the distorted security discourses by applying a ‘discursive chasm’ as a preliminary concept, which indicates a discursive structure that fundamentally impedes the performance of securitising actors’ articulation, and that distorts the discursive formation (securitisation processes). The chasms consist of three elusive discourses: first, a discourse on threats that cannot simply be said to be either imminent or not imminent (nuclear weapons as materiality and discourse); second, a discourse on the other that cannot easily be defined (the difficulty of representation of North Korea); and third, a discourse on measures that cannot easily be realised (intangible extraordinary measures).